The silent encroachment of the frontier: A politics of transborder trade in the Semliki Valley (Congo-Uganda)

Political Geography

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 55-65

  Raeymaekers, Timothy ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Africa; Border; Conflict; Frontier; Political economy

Indexed keywords

CROSS-BORDER RELATIONS; FRONTIER REGION; GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; POLITICAL BORDER; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL ECONOMY; TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION;

AFRICA; CENTRAL AFRICA; CONGO; EAST AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; UGANDA;

EID: 62849110774     PISSN: 09626298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2008.12.008     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. AfDB/OECD (2005). African Economic Outlook: Democratic Republic of Congo.
2. Arnaut K., and Hojbjerg C. Gouvernance et ethnographie en temps de crise. De l'étude des ordres émergents dans l'Afrique entre guerre et paix. Politique africaine (dossier 'Gouverner entre guerre et paix') 111 (2008) 5-21
3. Augé M. Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity (1995), Verso, London
4. Azarya V., and Chazan N. Disengagement from the state in Africa: reflections from the experience of Ghana and Guinea. Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 1 (1987) 106-131
5. Baud M., and van Schendel M. Toward a comparative study of borderlands. Journal of World History 8 2 (1997) 211-242
6. Bayat S. Un-civil society: the politics of the 'informal people'. Third World Quarterly 18 1 (1997) 53-72
7. In: Bierschenk T., and Sardan O. (Eds). Les pouvoirs au village: le Bénin rural entre démocratisation et decentralisation (1997), Karthala, Paris
8. Bierschenk, T., & de Sardan, O. (1999). Dezentralisierung als Staatsbildung, Neo-Kommunitarismus, Ethokratie, skeptische Dezentralisierung und dezentralisierte Kooperation. In T. Bierschenk et al. (eds) Dezentralisierung, Demokratisierung und die lokale Repräsentation des Staates: Theoretische Kontroversen und empirische Forschungen. Köln: Köppe Verlag.
9. Braeckman C. Le dinosaure: Le Zaire de Mobutu (1992), Fayard, Paris
10. Breytenbach W., Chilemba D., Brown T.A., and Plantive C. Conflicts in the Congo: From Kivu to Kabila. African Security Review 8 5 (1999)
11. Bright R.G.T. Survey and exploration in the Ruwenzori and Lake Region. Central Africa: The Geographical Journal 34 2 (1909) 128-153
12. Butonto, M.N. (2004). L'exploitation du Lac Edouard et son impact sur la situation économique des armateurs, Faculté des Sciences Economiques, Université Catholique du Graben, Butembo (DRC).
13. Callaghy, T. M. (1984) The state-society struggle: Zaire in comparative perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.
14. In: Collinson S. (Ed). Power, livelihoods and conflict: case studies in political economy analysis for humanitarian action. HPG Report 13 (2003), Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London
15. Conrad J. Heart of darkness. Plymouth (1999), Broadview Press
16. Cramer C. Civil war is not a stupid thing. accounting for violence in developing countries (2006), Hurst and Co, London
17. De Boeck F. Borderland Breccia: The mutant hero in the historical imagination of a Central-African diamond frontier. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 1 2 (2000)
18. De Certeau M. The practice of everyday life (1984), Universityof California Press, Berkeley p. 18
19. De Herdt T., and Marysse S. L'économie informelle au Zaïre: (sur)vie et pauvreté dans la période de transition. Cahiers CEDAF (1996) 21-22 s.p
20. De Sousa Santos B. The heterogenous state and legal pluralism in Mozambique. Law and Society Review 40 1 (2006) 39-76
21. Ellis F. Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries (2000), Oxford University Press, Oxford
22. Escobar, A. (2001). Culture sits in places: Reflections on globalism and subaltern strategies of localization. Political Geography, 20(2/1), 139-174.
23. Esselbein, G. et al. (no date) Economic and political foundations of state making in africa: understanding state reconstruction. Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics (unpublished paper).
24. Fabian J. Moments of freedom: anthropology and popular culture (1998), University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville pp. 120,133
25. FAO (2000), Global information and early warning system on food and agriculture. Special Report: Crop and food supply situation in Kinshasa and the provinces of Bas-Congo and Bandundu of the DRC, Rome, FAO, November.
26. Goodhand J. Bandits, borderlands and opium wars: Afghan statebuilding viewed from the margins, presentation at the Markets for Peace workshop series (workshop 3: informal economic networks and political agency) (2008), DIIS, Copenhagen June25-27
27. Gramsci. Gramsci Quaderni del Carcere, edizione critica dell'Istituto Gramsci a cura di Valentino Gerratana (2007), Einaudi, Torino 2007
28. Greenhouse J. Introduction: altered states, altered lives. In: Greenhouse J. (Ed). Ethnography in unstable places: everyday lives in contexts of dramatic political change (2002), Duke University Press, Durham, NC 3-6
29. Hogan R. The frontier as social control. Theory and Society 14 (1980) 35-51
30. Human Rights Watch (2003). Covered in blood: ethnically targeted violence in northern DRC. HRW Index No. A1511, July 8.
31. International Crisis Group. The Kivus: the forgotten crucible of the Congo conflict. Africa Report No. 56 (2003) 24 January
32. Jackson S. Nos richesses sont pillées: économies de guerre et rumeurs de crime dans Les Kivus, République Démocratique du Congo. Politique Africaine 84 (2001) 117-135
33. Jewsiewicki B. The Great Depression and the making of the colonial economic system in the Belgian Congo. Francophone Africa and the Depression of the 1930s. African Economic History 4 (1977) 153-176
34. Jewsiewicki B. Le Colonat Agricole Européen au Congo-Belge, 1910-1960: Questions politiques et economiques. The Journal of African History 20 4 (1979) 559-571
35. Jourdan, L. (2004). Congo: fame di guerra. Giovani e violenza nel primo conflitto "mondiale" africano, Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze Antropologiche (XVI ciclo), Universitá degli Studi di Torino.
36. Kolossov V. Border studies: changing perspectives and theoretical approaches. Geopolitics 10 (2005) 606-632
37. Kopytoff I. The African frontier. The reproduction of traditional African societies (1987), Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis p. 11
38. Lemarchand R. The Democratic Republic of Congo: from collapse to potential reconstruction. Occasional paper (2001), University of Copenhagen, Centre of African Studies, Copenhagen
39. Le Meur P.-Y. State making and the politics of the frontier in central Benin. Development and Change 37 4 (2006) 871-900
40. Leopold M. Inside West Nile: violence, history & representation on an African frontier (Chapter 2). Oxford, Santa Fe and Kampala: James Currey (2005), School of American Research Press and Fountain Publishers
41. Lund C. Twilight institutions: public authority and local politics in Africa. Development and Change 37 4 (2006) 685-705
42. MacGaffey J. How to survive and become rich amidst devastation: the second economy in Zaire. African Affairs 82 328 (1983) 351-366
43. MacGaffey J. Entrepreneurs and parasites. The struggle for indigenous capitalism in Zaire (1987), CUP, Cambridge
44. In: MacGaffey J. (Ed). The real economy of Zaire. The contribution of smuggling and other unofficial activities to national wealth (1991), University of Pennsylvania Press, London
45. Massey D. Politics and space/time. MLR 196 (1992) 65-84
46. McNulty M. The collapse of Zaire: implosion, revolution or external sabotage?. The Journal of Modern African Studies 37 1 (1999) 53-82
47. Megoran N. The critical geopolitics of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan Ferghana Valley boundary dispute, 1999-2000. Political Geography 23 6 (2004) 731-764
48. Migdal, J.S., & Schlichte, K. (2005). Rethinking the state. In K. Schlichte (ed.) The dynamics of state. The formation and crisis of state domination. Aldershot: Ashgate.
49. Mirembe O.K. Autour de l'économie informelle en période de guerre en République Démocratique du Congo. Parcours et initiatives 1 (2002) 18-35
50. wanawavene, K.R. et al. (2006). Trafic d'armes. Enquête de terrain au Kivu (RDC). Les rapports du GRIP, 06/4. Bruxelles: GRIP.
51. Newman D., and Paasi A. Fences and neighbours in the postmodern world: boundary narratives and political geography. Progress in Human Geography 22 2 (1998) 186-207
52. Nugent P. Smugglers, secessionists and loyal citizens on the Ghana-Togo frontier: the lie of the borderlands since 1914 (p.232) (2002), James Currey, Oxford
53. In: Nugent P., and Asiwaju A.I. (Eds). African boundaries. barriers, conduits and opportunities (1996), Centre of African Studies, Edinburgh
54. Paasi A. Generations and the 'development' of border studies. Geopolitics 10 (2005) 663-671
55. Probst, P., & Spittler, G. (eds.) (2004). Between resistance and expansion: explorations of local vitality in Africa. Münster: LIT Verlag.
56. Prunier G. Le magendo. Essai sur quelques aspects marginaux des échanges commerciaux en Afrique orientale. Politique Africaine 9 (1983) 53-62
57. Prunier G. L'Ouganda et les guerres congolaises. Politique Africaine 75 (1999) 43-59
58. Prunier G. Rebel movements and proxy warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99). African Affairs 103 412 (2004) 359-383
59. Raeymaekers, T. (2006). Conflict and food security in Beni-Lubero, (French and English), report for FAO-Food Security Information for Action. Roma: FAO.
60. Raeymaekers, T. (2007). The power of protection. governance and transborder trade on the Congo-Ugandan frontier. Unpublished Phd Thesis, University of Ghent (Belgium).
61. Raeymaekers, T. Protection for sale? War and the transformation of regulation on the Congo-Ugandan border, Development and Change, in press.
62. Remotti F. Etnografia nande (2 Vol.), Vol. I: Società, matrimoni, potere (1933), Il Segnalibro, Torino
63. Reyntjens F. The privatisation and criminalisation of public space in the geopolitics of the Great Lakes region. Journal of Modern African Studies 43 4 (2005) 587-607
64. Roberts A.F. Review: Moments of freedom: anthropology and popular culture by Johannes Fabian. African Studies Review 42 3 (1999) 85-86
65. Roitman J. The politics of informal markets in sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies 28 4 (1990) 671-696
66. Roitman J. The garrison-entrepôt. Cahiers d'études Africaines, 150-152, XXXVIII 4 2 (1998) 297-329
67. Roitman J. Fiscal disobedience. An anthropology of economic regulation in Central Africa (2005), Princeton University Press., Princeton and Oxford p. 11
68. Scott J.C. The moral economy of the peasant (1974), Yale University Press., New Haven
69. Scott, J (in press) The last great enclosure: keeping the state at bay in upland Southeast Asia.
70. Shah A. Markets of protection. The 'terrorist' Maoist movement and the state in Jharkhand, India. Critique of Anthropology 26 3 (2006) 297-314
71. Solidarités (2008), Synthèse mensuelle des déplacés internes par territoire. April.
72. Swyngedouw E. Territorial organization and the space/technology nexus. Transactions of the. Institute of British Geographers, New Series 17 4 (1992) 417-433
73. Swyngedouw E. Neither global nor local-'glocalization' and the politics of scale. In: Cox K. (Ed). Spaces of globalization. reasserting the power of the local (1997), The Guilford Press, New York
74. Trefon, T. (2002). The political economy of sacrifice: the Kinois and the state. Review of African Political Economy, 93/94, 481-498.
75. Tull D., and Mehler A. The hidden costs of power-sharing: reproducing insurgent violence in Africa. African Affairs 104 416 (2005) 375-398
76. Van Acker, F., & Vlassenroot, K. (2000). Youth and conflict in Kivu: 'Komona clair'. The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance s.p. [online]. Available from http://www.jha.ac/greatlakes/b004.htm [accessed 27/11/2006].
77. Veit, A. (2007). The politics of uncertainty. international intervention and armed groups in Ituri (DR Congo), Paper presented at the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Chicago, 28 February-3 March.
78. Vlassenroot K., and Raeymaekers T. New political orders in the DR Congo? The transformation of regulation. Afrika Focus 21 2 (2008) 39-52
79. Vwakyanakazi, M. (1982). African traders in Butembo, eastern Zaire (1960-1980). A case study of informal entrepreneurship in a cultural context of Central Africa (pp. 116, 309). Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
80. Wacquant L. Three pernicious premises in the study of the American ghetto. Events and Debates (1997) 341-353
81. Watts M. The sinister political life of community economies of violence and governable spaces in the Niger Delta, Nigeria (pp. 3-4). Working Paper 3. Institute of International Studies (2004), University of California, Berkeley
82. Wilson T.M., and Donnan H. Border identities. Nation and state at international boundaries (1998), Cambridge University, Cambridge Press
83. Wilson, T.M., & Donnan, H. (1999). Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state (p. 155). Oxford/New York: Berg.