Post-national Europe - Without cosmopolitan guarantees

Race and Class

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 20-37

  Hansen, Peo ^a  

^a LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cosmopolitanism; European integration; Nation state; Refugees; Sweden

Indexed keywords

EID: 62849092767     PISSN: 03063968     EISSN: 17413125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0306396809102994     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. C. Bildt, Hallning, svensk, europ © (Stockholm, Bonniers, 1991), pp. 105-6. All translations from Swedish sources are mine.
2. C. Bildt, Hallning, svensk, europ (Stockholm, Bonniers, 1991), All translations from Swedish sources are mine. Ibid., p. 108.
3. C. Bildt, Hallning, svensk, europ Ibid., p. 110.
4. I describe its independence as 'relative' because of Sweden's close relations and semi-secret cooperation with the western powers and NATO during the cold war. Even though the Swedish Right was perfectly aware of the fact that, when it came down to it, Sweden was solidly positioned within the western camp, it nonetheless persisted in trying to make it appear as if Sweden's western commitment always hung in the balance. This may suggest that what most upset the Right had little to do with any real fear of Sweden abandoning the western camp altogether but, rather, was to do with the Social Democrat's audacity to be of western Europe while simultaneously being a frequent immanent critic of western countries' foreign policy. In the eyes of the Right, Social Democrat Sweden personified precisely those traits of disloyalty and treachery that cosmopolitans had traditionally been accused of in Europe.
5. Expressen (22 June 2007).
6. B. Elmbrant, Palme (Stockholm, Fischer & Rye, 1989); 'Sweden's Olof Palme: "neutral but not silent" ', Time (29 January 1973 ).
7. 'Sweden offers safe haven to Iraqi refugees', CBC / Radio Canada (14 September 2007). < http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/arsenault/ 20070914.html> ;.
8. 'Iraqi refugees in Sweden: "anything is better than Baghdad"', Spiegel Online (18 April 2007). < http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/ 0,1518,477952,00.html> ;.
9. 'Iraq war refugees turn to Sweden, not US', ABC News (15 March 2007), < http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/IraqCoverage/story?id=2954702&page=1> ;;
10. 'Iraqi refugees find sanctuary, and fellow Iraqis, in Sweden', New York Times (16 January 2007).
11. 'Iraqi refugees: our problem or Sweden's?', Washington Post (18 June 2007 ).
12. Shahram Khosravi, 'Sweden: detention and deportation of asylum seekers', Race & Class (Vol. 50, no. 4, April 2009 ).
13. European Council on Refugees and Exiles, 'Europe must extend solidarity to Iraqi refugees in the EU', PR2/2/2007/Ext/RW (15 February 2007 ).
14. 'Billstrom interviewed on Iraq refugees in Sweden', Middle East Online (26 September 2007). < http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id= 22365> ;.
15. 'Billstrom interviewed on Iraq refugees in Sweden', Middle East Online 2007 Ibid.
16. 'Billstrom interviewed on Iraq refugees in Sweden', Middle East Online 2007 Ibid.
17. Quoted in C. Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State: the United States, Germany, and Great Britain (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999). p. 93.
18. Quoted in C. Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State: the United States, Germany, and Great Britain (1999). p. 93.Ibid., p. 93.
19. A. Sivanandan, 'Racism: the road from Germany', Race & Class (Vol. 34, no. 3, January 1993). pp. 72-3.
20. Joppke, op. cit., p. 93, emphasis in original.
21. Statistics Netherlands, 'Lowest number of asylum requests in EU for 20 years' (24 April 2007), < www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/ artikelen/archief/2007/2007-2182-wm1.htm> ;.
22. Home Office, 'Asylum numbers down, new drive on removals - home secretary' (24 February 2004). < http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press- releases/Asylum-Numbers-Down, -New-Drive-O>.
23. Studio Ett (7 February 2008). < http://sr.se/webbradio/webbradio.asp? type=broadcast&Id=1000533&BroadcastDate=&IsBlock=1> ;.
24. F. Webber, 'Europe 1992', Race & Class (Vol. 31, no. 2, October 1989);
25. L. Fekete, 'The deportation machine: Europe, asylum and human rights', Race & Class (Vol. 47, no. 1, July 2005).
26. U. Beck, The Cosmopolitan Vision (Cambridge, Polity, 2006). p. 166.
27. U. Beck, The Cosmopolitan Vision Ibid., pp. 170-1, 167.
28. D. Archibugi, 'Principles of cosmopolitan democracy', in D. Archibugi, D. Held and M. K öhler (eds), Re-imagining Political Community: studies in cosmopolitan democracy (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1998);
29. R. Braidotti, 'Gender and power in a post-nationalist European Union', NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research (Vol. 12, no. 3, 2004 ).
30. A. Giddens, The Third Way: the renewal of social democracy (Cambridge, Polity, 1998)
31. D. Held, 'Global social democracy', in A. Giddens (ed), The Progressive Manifesto: new ideas for the centre-Left (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2003)
32. M. Kaldor, 'Reconceptualizing organized violence', in Archibugi, Held and Köhler (eds), op. cit.;
33. J. Habermas, The Divided West (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2006).
34. For a thorough delineation and critical scrutiny of the various cosmopolitan and post-national perspectives and positions, see C. Calhoun, Nations Matter: culture, history, and the cosmopolitan dream ( London, Routledge, 2007 ).
35. Beck, op. cit, p. 168.
36. U. Beck and E. Grande, Cosmopolitan Europe (Cambridge, Polity, 2007), p. 2;
37. see also Giddens, op. cit., pp. 142-7.
38. Beck, op. cit., p. 174;
39. Beck and Grande, op. cit., p. 22.
40. P. Hainsworth, 'France says no: the 29 May 2005 referendum on the European constitution', Parliamentary Affairs (Vol. 59, no. 1, 2006 ).
41. For a substantiation of this point, as well as a comprehensive analysis of the referenda, see S. Watkins, 'Continental tremors', New Left Review (No. 33, 2005 ).
42. Quoted in ibid., p. 7.
43. Quoted in European Policy Centre, 'After the French and Dutch referenda: what prospects for the treaty?' (June 2005). < http://www.epc.eu/en/er.asp? AI=508&LV=293&PG=ER/EN/detail&TYP=ER&see=y&t=2> ;.
44. Watkins, op. cit, p. 7.
45. A. Geddes, 'Lobbying for migrant inclusion in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy (Vol. 7, no. 4, 2000). p. 640.
46. Ecre, Broken Promises - Forgotten Principles (London, ECRE Secretariat, 2004). p. 3.
47. Commission of the European Communities, On the managed entry in the EU of persons in need of international protection and the enhancement of the protection capacity of the regions of origin, COM(2004) 410 final (Brussels, 4. 6, 2004), p. 6, emphasis in original.
48. Commission of the European Communities, Towards a common asylum procedure and uniform status, valid throughout the Union, for persons granted asylum, COM(2000) 755 final (Brussels, 22. 11, 2000), p. 10.
49. Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper on a Community Return Policy on Illegal Residents, COM(2002) 175 final (Brussels, 10. 4, 2002), p. 8.
50. Quoted in L. Kubosova, 'EU has limits in respecting Muslim traditions, says Frattini', Euobserver (9 October 2006 ).
51. F. Frattini, 'Enhanced mobility, vigorous integration strategy and zero tolerance on illegal employment', Speech/07/526, High-level Conference on legal Immigration (Lisbon, 13 September 2007). p. 5.
52. E. Kofman, 'Figures of the cosmopolitan: privileged nationals and national outsiders', Innovation (Vol. 18, no. 1, 2005). p. 92.
53. Here a proviso should be added: one of the coalition partners in the current Swedish government, the Liberal Party (folkpartiet), has been flirting with Islamophobia for several years; and, as the holder of the Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality, the Liberal Party has been pushing for policies of this kind. Until recently, however, the Moderate Party (the largest coalition partner) and the prime minister have, for the most part, only shown lukewarm interest in such an agenda. Developments from Autumn 2008 indicate, however, that the Moderate Party seems to be gearing up to play the 'integration' card in the 2010 election, calling for stiffer 'cultural value-related' integration demands to be placed on certain groups of migrants and minorities.
54. Beck, op. cit, pp. 166-7.
55. J.H.H. Weiler, The Constitution of Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999). pp. 244, 251.
56. Beck and Grande, op. cit, p. 19.
57. Beck, op. cit, p. 176.
58. U. Beck and A. Giddens, 'Nationalism has now become the enemy of Europe's nations', Guardian (4 October 2005 ).
59. J. Habermas and J. Derrida, 'February 15, or what binds Europeans together: a plea for a common foreign policy, beginning in the core of Europe', Constellations (Vol. 10, no. 3, 2003). pp. 292-3.
60. Beck, op. cit, p. 174.
61. Beck and Grande, op. cit, p. 25.
62. Calhoun, op. cit, p. 1.