Sensory stimulation as environmental enrichment for captive animals: A review

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Volumn 118, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 1-11

  Wells, Deborah L ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Animal welfare; Captivity; Environmental enrichment; Senses; Sensory stimulation

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL WELFARE; CAPTIVE POPULATION; CAPTIVITY; ENVIRONMENTAL CUE; INDUCED RESPONSE; SENSORY SYSTEM;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 62749140051     PISSN: 01681591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.01.002     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Andrews M.W., and Rosenblum L.A. Live-social-video reward maintains joystick task performance in bonnet macaques. Percept. Mot. Skills 77 (1993) 755-763
2. Andrews M.W., and Rosenblum L.A. Relative efficacy of video versus food-pellet reward for joystick tasks. Percept. Mot. Skills 78 (1994) 545-546
3. Arnould C., Orgeur P., Sempere A., Signoret J.P., and Verdier M. Food repulsion in 3 species of ungulates in pasture situation-the effectiveness of the odor of dog feces. Revue d Ecologie-La Terre et la Vie 48 (1993) 121-132
4. Arnould C., and Signoret J.P. Sheep food repellents: efficacy of various products, habituation, and social facilitation. J. Chem. Ecol. 19 (1993) 225-236
5. Baker W., Campbell R., and Gilbert J. Enriching the pride: scents that make sense. Shape Enrichment 6 (1997) 1-3
6. Baldwin A.L., Schwartz G.E., and Hopp D.H. Are investigators aware of environmental noise in animal facilities and that this noise may affect experimental data?. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 46 (2007) 45-51
7. Bloomsmith M.A., Keeling M.E., and Lambeth S.P. Videotapes: environmental enrichment for singly housed chimpanzees. Lab. Animal 19 (1990) 42-46
8. Bloomsmith M.A., and Lambeth S.P. Videotapes as enrichment for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biol. 19 (2000) 541-551
9. Boon M. Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii): olfactory enrichment to stimulate natural behaviour and greater activity. In: Gilbert T. (Ed). Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Zoo Research. Marwell Zoo, UK (2003) 212-224
10. Bradshaw R.H., Marchant J.N., Meredith M.J., and Broom D.M. Effects of lavender straw on stress and travel sickness in pigs. J. Alt. Comp. Med. 4 (1998) 271-275
11. Brent L., Lee D.R., and Eichberg J.W. Evaluation of two environmental enrichment devices for singly caged chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am. J. Primat. Suppl. 1 (1989) 65-70
12. Brent L., and Stone A.M. Long-term use of televisions, balls and mirrors as enrichment for paired and singly caged chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 39 (1996) 139-145
13. Brent L., and Weaver D. The physiological and behavioral effects of radio music on singly housed baboons. J. Med. Primatol. 25 (1996) 370-374
14. Buchanan-Smith H.M., Anderson D.A., and Ryan C.W. Responses of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) to faecal scents of predators and non-predators. Anim. Welf. 2 (1993) 17-32
15. Buchbauer G., Jirovetz L., Jager W., Dietrich H., Plank C., and Karamat E. Aromatherapy: evidence for the sedative effect of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. Z. fur Nat. 46c (1991) 1067-1072
16. Butler R.A. The responsiveness of rhesus monkeys to motion pictures. J. Genet. Psychol. 98 (1961) 239-245
17. Calderisi D. Different scents for different responses in predator-prey relationships as a form of enrichment in captive animals. In: Ware V., and Worley K. (Eds). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Environmental Enrichment. Sea World, Florida (1997) 155-161
18. Capitanio J.P., Boccia M.L., and Colaiannia D.J. The influence of rank on affect perception by pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Am. J. Primatol. 8 (1985) 53-59
19. Chamove A.S., and Anderson J.R. Examining environmental enrichment. In: Segal E. (Ed). Psychological well-being of primates (1989), Noyes Publications, Philadelphia 183-202
20. Chikahisa S., Sano A., Kitaoka K., Miyamoto K.I., and Sei H. Anxiolytic effect of music depends on ovarian steroid in female mice. Behav. Brain Res. 179 (2007) 50-59
21. Christensen J.W., and Rundgren M. Predator odour per se does not frighten domestic horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 112 (2008) 136-145
22. Clark F., and King A.J. A critical review of zoo-based olfactory enrichment. In: Hurst J.L., Beynon R.J., Roberts S.C., and Wyatt T.D. (Eds). Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 11 (2008), Springer, New York 391-398
23. Clarke C.H., and Jones R.B. Effects of prior video stimulation on open-field behaviour in domestic chicks. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 66 (2000) 107-117
24. Coile D.C., Pollitz C.H., and Smith J.C. Behavioral determination of critical flicker fusion in dogs. Physiol. Behav. 45 (1989) 1087-1092
25. D'Eath R.B. Can video images imitate real stimuli in animal behaviour experiments?. Biol. Rev. 73 (1998) 267-292
26. Diego M.A., Jones N.A., Field T., Hernandez-Reif M., Schanberg S., Kuhn C., McAdam V., Galamaga R., and Galamaga M. Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. Int. J. Neurosci. 96 (1998) 217-224
27. Drea C.M., and Scordata E.S. Olfactory communication in the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta): form and function of multimodal signals. In: Hurst J.L., Beynon R.L., Roberts S.C., and Wyatt T.D. (Eds). Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 11 (2008), Springer, New York 91-102
28. Driessen B., Peeters E., and Geers R. Influence of olfactory substances on the heart rate and lying behaviour of pigs during transport simulation. Anim. Welf. 17 (2008) 155-160
29. Ellis, S.L.H., 2007. Sensory enrichment for cats (Felis silvestris catus) housed in an animal rescue shelter. Ph.D. Thesis. Queen's University Belfast, UK.
30. Ellis S.L.H., and Wells D.L. The influence of visual stimulation on the behaviour of cats housed in a rescue shelter. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 113 (2008) 166-174
31. Engel C. Wild Health: How Animals Keep themselves Well and What we can Learn from them (2002), Houghton Mifflin, Boston
32. Estelles M.G., and Mills D.S. Signs of travel-related problems in dogs and their response to treatment with dog-appeasing pheromone. Vet. Rec. 159 (2006) 143
33. Evans A. Moosic is for cows, too. Hoard's Dairyman 135 (1990) 721
34. Falewee C., Gaultier E., Lafont C., Bougrat L., and Pageat P. Effect of a synthetic equine maternal pheromone during a controlled fear-eliciting situation. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 101 (2006) 144-153
35. Foss T.S. Liquid potpourri and cats-essence of trouble. Vet. Tech. 23 (2002) 686-689
36. Fritz J., Howell S.M., and Schwandt M.L. Colored light as environmental enrichment for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Lab. Primate Newslett. 36 (1995) 1-4
37. Gallup G.G. Chimpanzees: self-recognition. Science 167 (1970) 86-87
38. Gallup G.G., and Suarez S.D. Social responding to mirrors in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)-effects of temporary mirror removal. J. Comp. Psychol. 105 (1991) 376-379
39. Gilleta K.S., Vrbancic M.I., Elias L.J., and Saucier D.M. A Mozart effect for women on a mental rotations task. Percept. Mot. Skills 96 (2003) 1086-1092
40. Graham L., Wells D.L., and Hepper P.G. The influence of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 91 (2005) 143-153
41. Graham L., Wells D.L., and Hepper P.G. The influence of visual stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Anim. Welf. 14 (2005) 143-148
42. Gvaryahu G., Cunningham, van Tienhoven D.L., and Filial imprinting A. Environmental enrichment and music application effects on behavior and performance of meat strain chicks. Poult. Sci. 68 (1989) 211-217
43. Hart W.M. The temporal responsiveness of vision. In: Hart W.M. (Ed). Adler's Physiology of the Eye: Clinical Application (1992), Mosby Year Book Inc., St Louis 548-578
44. Hetland L. Listening to music enhances spatial-temporal reasoning: evidence for the Mozart effect. J. Aesthet. Ed. 34 (2000) 105-148
45. Holmes R.J. Environmental enrichment for confined dogs and cats. Proceedings of the Postgraduate Committee in Veterinary Science, vol. 214 (1993), University of Sydney 191-197
46. Houpt K., Marrow M., and Seeliger M. A preliminary study of the effect of music on equine behavior. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 20 (2000) 691-737
47. Howell S., Schwandt M., Fritz J., Roeder E., and Nelson C. A stereo music system as environmental enrichment for captive chimpanzees. Lab. Anim. 32 (2003) 31-36
48. Humphrey N.K. Colour and brightness preferences in monkeys. Nature 229 (1971) 615-617
49. Humphrey N.K., and Keeble G.R. Interactive effects of unpleasant light and unpleasant sound. Nature 253 (1975) 346-347
50. Hurst J.L., Beynon R.J., Roberts S.C., and Wyatt T.D. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates (2008), Springer, New York
51. Jones R.B., Larkins C., and Hughes B.O. Approach/avoidance responses of domestic chicks to familiar and unfamiliar video images of biologically neutral stimuli. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 48 (1996) 81-98
52. Jones R.B., and Rayner S. Music in the hen house: a survey of its incidence and perceived benefits. Poult. Sci. 78 S1 (1999) 110
53. Jones S.E., and Phillips C.J.C. The effects of mirrors on the welfare of caged rabbits. Anim. Welf. 14 (2005) 195-202
54. Kagawa D., Jokura H., Ochiai R., Tokimitsu I., and Tsubone H. The sedative effects and mechanism of action of cedrol inhalation with behavioral pharmacological evaluation. Planta Med. 69 (2003) 637-641
55. Keasar T., Bilu Y., Motro U., and Shmida A. Foraging choices of bumblebees on equally rewarding artificial flowers of different colors. Israel J. Plant Sci. 45 (1997) 223-233
56. Keeling L.J., and Hurnik J.F. Chickens show socially facilitated feeding-behavior in response to a video image of a conspecific. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36 (1993) 223-231
57. Kelber A. Innate preferences for flower features in the hawkmoth Macroglossum stellatarum. J. Exp. Biol. 200 (1997) 827-836
58. Komiya M., Takeuchi T., and Harada E. Lemon oil vapour causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 172 (2006) 240-249
59. Komori T., Matsumoto T., Motomura E., and Shiroyama T. The sleep-enhancing effect of valerian inhalation and sleep-shortening effect of lemon inhalation. Chem. Senses 31 (2006) 731-737
60. Kovar K.A., Gropper B., and Ammon H.T.P. Blood levels of 1, 8-cineole and locomotor activity of mice after inhalation and oral administration of rosemary oil. Planta Med. 53 (1987) 315-319
61. Ladd J.K., Albright J.L., Beck A.M., and Ladd B.T. Behavioral and physiological studies on the effect of music on animals. J. Anim. Sci. 70 (1992) 170
62. Lambeth S.P., and Bloomsmith M.A. Mirrors as enrichment for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Lab. Anim. Sci. 42 (1992) 261-266
63. Landsberg G. Feline behaviour and welfare. JAVMA 208 (1996) 502-505
64. Lim W.C., Seo J.M., Lee C.I., and Lee B.C. Stimulative and sedative effects of essential oils upon inhalation in mice. Archiv. Pharm. Res. 28 (2005) 770-774
65. Lincoln H., Andrews M.W., and Rosenblum L.A. Environmental structure influences use of multiple video-task devices by socially housed pigtail macaques. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 41 (1994) 135-143
66. Lutz C.K., and Novak M.A. Environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates: theory and application. ILAR News 46 (2005) 178-191
67. Markowitz H., Aday C., and Gavazzi A. Effectiveness of acoustic 'prey': environmental enrichment for a captive African leopard (Panthera pardus). Zoo Biol. 14 (1995) 371-379
68. Mastrota F.N., and Mench J.A. Colour avoidance in northern bobwhites: effects of age, sex and previous experience. Anim. Behav. 50 (1995) 519-526
69. McAfee L.M., Mills D.S., and Cooper J.J. The use of mirrors for the control of stereotypic weaving behaviour in the stabled horse. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 78 (2002) 159-173
70. McCraty R., Barrios-Choplin B., Atkinson M., and Tomasino D. The effects of different types of music on mood, tension and mental clarity. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 4 (1998) 75-84
71. McDermott J., and Hauser M. Nonhuman primates prefer slow tempos but dislike music overall. Cognition 104 (2007) 654-668
72. McGlone J.J., and Anderson D.L. Synthetic maternal pheromone stimulates feeding behaviour and weight gain in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (2008) 3179-3183
73. McGlone J.J., Curtis S.E., and Banks E.M. Evidence for aggression modulating pheromones in prepubertal pigs. Behav. Neur. Biol. 47 (1987) 27-39
74. Meunier L.D., Duktig J.T., and Landi M.S. Modifications of stereotypic behaviour in rhesus monkeys using videotapes, puzzlefeeders, and foraging boxes. Lab. Anim. Sci. 39 (1989) 479
75. Mills D.S., and Davenport K. Evidence for the importance of visual stimuli in the control of equine weaving behaviour. Anim. Sci. 74 (2002) 95-101
76. Morrow-Tesch J., and McGlone J.J. Sensory systems and nipple attachment behaviour in neonatal pigs. Physiol. Behav. 47 (1990) 1-4
77. Morrow-Tesch J., and McGlone J.J. Sources of maternal odors and the development of odor preferences in baby pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 68 (1990) 3563-3571
78. Moss M., Cook J., Wesnes K., and Duckett P. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int. J. Neurosci. 113 (2003) 15-38
79. Murray K.G., Winnettmurray K., Cromie E.A., Minor M., and Meyers E. The influence of seed packaging and fruit color on feeding preferences of American robins. Vegetatio 108 (1993) 217-226
80. Napier J.R., and Napier P.H. The Natural History of the Primates (1986), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
81. Newberry R.C. Environmental enrichment: increasing the biological relevance of captive environments. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 44 (1995) 229-243
82. Novak M.A., and Drewson K.H. Enriching the lives of captive primates: issues and problems. In: Segal E. (Ed). Housing, Care and Psychological Well-being of Captive and Laboratory Primates (1989), Noyes Publications, New Jersey 135-160
83. O'Neill P. A room with a view for captive primates: issues, goals, related research and strategies. In: Segal E. (Ed). Housing, Care and Psychological Well-being of Captive and Laboratory Primates (1989), Noyes Publications, New Jersey 135-160
84. Ogden J.J., Lindburg D.G., and Maple T.L. A preliminary study of the effects of ecologically relevant sounds on the behaviour of captive lowland gorillas. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 39 (1994) 163-176
85. Ostrower S., and Brent L. Olfactory enrichment for captive chimpanzees: responses to different odors. Lab. Primate Newslett. 36 (2000) 8-12
86. Pageat P., and Tessier Y. Usefulness of a porcine pheromone analogue in the reduction of aggression between weaners on penning: behavioural study. Proceedings of the 15th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress. Birmingham, UK (1998)
87. Papoutsoglou S.E., Karakatsouli N., Louizos E., Chadio S., et al. Effect of Mozart's music (Romanze-Andante of "Eine Kleine Nacht Musik", sol major, K525) stimulus on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) physiology under different light conditions. Aquacultural Eng. 36 (2007) 61-72
88. Parrott R.F., Houpt K.A., and Misson B.H. Modification of the responses of sheep to isolation stress by the use of mirror panels. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 19 (1988) 331-338
89. Pearson J. On a roll: novel objects and scent enrichment for Asiatic lions. Shape Enrichment 11 (2002) 7-10
90. Peterson E.A. Noise and laboratory animals. Lab. Anim. Sci. 30 (1980) 422-439
91. Petherick J.C., and Blackshaw J.K. A review of the factors influencing the aggressive and agonistic behaviour of the domestic pig. Austral. J. Exp. Agricult. 27 (1987) 605-611
92. Pfaff J., and Stecker M. Loudness level and frequency content of noise in the animal house. Lab. Anim. 10 (1976) 111-117
93. Pfister J.A., Müller-Schwarze D., and Balph D.F. Effects of predator fecal odors on feed selection by sheep and cattle. J. Chem. Ecol. 16 (1990) 573-583
94. Piller C.A.K., Stookey J.M., and Watts J.M. Effects of mirror-image exposure on heart rate and movement of isolated heifers. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 63 (1999) 93-102
95. Platt D.M., and Novak M.A. Videostimulation as enrichment for captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 52 (1997) 139-155
96. Plimpton E.H., Swartz K.B., and Rosenblum L.A. Responses of juvenile bonnet macaques to social stimuli presented through color videotapes. Dev. Psychobiol. 14 (1981) 109-115
97. Plotnik J.M., de Waal F.B.M., and Reiss D. Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 17053-17057
98. Powell D.M. Preliminary evaluation of environmental enrichment techniques for African lions (Panthera leo). Anim. Welf. 4 (1995) 361-370
99. Prayitno D.S., Phillips C.J., and Omed H. The effects of colour lighting on the behaviour and production of meat chickens. Poult. Sci. 76 (1997) 452-457
100. Ragneskog H., Brane G., Karlsson I., and Kihlgren M. Influence of dinner music on food intake and symptoms common in dementia. Scan. J. Caring Sci. 10 (1996) 11-17
101. Rauscher F.H., Shaw G.L., and Ky K.N. Music and spatial task performance. Nature 365 (1993) 611
102. Reiss D., and Marino L. Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) 5937-5942
103. Richardson J.A. Potpourri hazards in cats. Vet. Med. 94 (1999) 1010-1012
104. Roberts A., and Williams J.M.G. The effect of olfactory stimulation on fluency, vividness of imagery and associated mood-a preliminary study. Br. J. Med. Psych. 65 (1992) 197-199
105. Rumbaugh D.M., Richardson W.K., Washburn D.A., Savage-Rumbaugh E.S., and Hopkins W.D. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), video tasks, and implications for stimulus-response spatial contiguity. J. Comp. Psychol. 103 (1989) 32-38
106. Sahgal A., Roderick Pratt S., and Iversen S.D. Response preferences of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) within wavelength and line-tilt dimensions. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 24 (1975) 377-381
107. Sales G.D., Milligan S.R., and Khirnykh K. Sources of sound in the laboratory animal environment: a survey of the sounds produced by procedures and equipment. Anim. Welf. 8 (1999) 97-115
108. Schuett E.B., and Frase B.A. Making scents: using the olfactory senses for lion enrichment. Shape Enrichment 10 (2001) 1-3
109. Schwartz G.E., Whitehorn D., Hernon J.C., and Jones M. Subjective and respiratory differences of fragrances: interactions with hedonics. Psychophysiology 23 (1986) 460
110. Shaw D., Annett J.M., Doherty B., and Leslie J.C. Anxiolytic effects of lavender oil inhalation on open-field behaviour in rats. Phytomedicine 14 (2007) 613-620
111. Shepherdson D.J., Bemment N., Carman M., and Reynolds S. Auditory enrichment for Lar gibbons Hylobates lar at London Zoo. Int. Zoo Yrbk 28 (1989) 256-260
112. Shepherdson D.J., Mellen J.D., and Hutchins M. Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals (1998), Smithsonian Institution Press, London
113. Sheppard G., and Mills D.S. Evaluation of dog-appeasing pheromone as a potential treatment for dogs fearful of fireworks. Vet. Rec. 152 (2003) 432-436
114. Sherwin C.M. Mirrors as potential environmental enrichment for individually housed laboratory mice. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 87 (2004) 95-103
115. Sherwin C.M., and Glen E.F. Cage colour preference and effects of home cage colour on anxiety in laboratory mice. Anim. Behav. 66 (2003) 1085-1092
116. Skiebiel A.L., Trevino H.S., and Naugher K. Comparison of several types of enrichment for captive felids. Zoo Biol. 26 (2007) 371-381
117. Sousou S.D. Effects of melody and lyrics on mood and memory. Percept. Mot. Skills 85 (1997) 31-40
118. Spielman, J.S., 2000. Olfactory enrichment for captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions (Panthera leo), using a synthetic analogue of feline facial pheromone. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Edinburgh, UK.
119. Struthers E.J., and Campbell J. Scent-specific behavioral response to olfactory enrichment in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). XVIth Congress of the International Primatological Society and the XIXth Conference of the American Society of Primatology. Wisconsin, USA (1996)
120. Tarou L.R., Kuhar C.W., Adcock D., Bloomsmith M.A., and Maple T.L. Computer-assisted enrichment for zoo-housed orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Anim. Welf. 13 (2004) 445-453
121. Terlouw E.M.C., Boissy A., and Blinet P. Behavioural responses of cattle to the odours of blood and urine from conspecifics and to the odour of faeces from carnivores. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 57 (1998) 9-21
122. Tod E., Brander D., and Waran N. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 93 (2005) 295-308
123. Torrice A.F. Color therapy: the body prism. In: Hope A., and Walch M. (Eds). The Colour Compendium (1990), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 75-76
124. Tromborg C.T., Mitchell G., Markowitz H., and Morgan K. Sound and its significance for captive primates. Am. J. Primat. 30 (1993) 352-353
125. Turner J.G., Bauer C.A., and Rybak L.P. Noise in animal facilities: why it matters. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 46 (2007) 10-13
126. Uetake K., Hurnik J.F., and Johnson L. Effect of music on voluntary approach of dairy cows to an automatic milking system. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 53 (1997) 175-182
127. Umezu T., Sakata A., and Hiroyasu I. Ambulation promoting effect of peppermint oil and identification of its active constituents. Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 69 (2001) 383-390
128. van de Weerd, H.A., Baumans, V., 1995. Environmental enrichment in rodents. In: Smith, C.P., Taylor (Eds.), Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Laboratory Animals: 1965-1995. AWIC Resource Series 2, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, ME and Universities Federation of Animal Welfare, Herts, UK, pp. 145-212.
129. Videan E.N., Fritz J., Howell S., and Murphy J. Effects of two types and genres of music on social behaviour in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 46 (2007) 66-70
130. Warm J.S., and Dember W.N. Effects of fragrances on vigilance performance and stress. Perfume Flavor 15 (1990) 15-18
131. Wells D.L. A review of environmental enrichment for kennelled dogs, Canis familiaris. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 85 (2004) 307-317
132. Wells D.L. Aromatherapy for travel-induced excitement in domestic dogs. JAVMA 229 (2006) 964-967
133. Wells D.L., Coleman D., and Challis M.G. A note on the effect of auditory stimulation on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 100 (2006) 327-332
134. Wells D.L., and Egli J.M. The influence of olfactory enrichment on the behaviour of black-footed cats, Felis nigripes. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 85 (2004) 107-119
135. Wells D.L., Graham L., and Hepper P.G. The influence of auditory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Anim. Welf. 11 (2002) 385-393
136. Wells D.L., Graham L., and Hepper P.G. The influence of length of time spent in a rescue shelter on the behaviour of kennelled dogs. Anim. Welf. 11 (2002) 317-325
137. Wells D.L., and Hepper P.G. The behaviour of dogs in a rescue shelter. Anim. Welf. 1 (1992) 171-186
138. Wells D.L., Hepper P.G., Coleman D., and Challis M.G. A note on the effect of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 106 (2007) 155-160
139. Wells D.L., and Irwin R.M. Auditory stimulation as enrichment for zoo-housed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Anim. Welf. 17 (2008) 335-340
140. Wells D.L., McDonald C.L., and Ringland J.E. Color preferences in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psych. 122 (2008) 213-219
141. Wisniewski, E.W., 1977. Behavioral modification of milking parlour entrance order in dairy cattle trained by operant conditioning methods. Ph.D. Thesis. Purdue University, West Layfayette, IN, USA.
142. Yalch R.F., and Spangenberg E.R. The effects of music in a retail setting on real and perceived shopping times. J. Bus. Res. 49 (2000) 139-147
143. Yamada K., Miura T., Mimaki Y., and Sashida Y. Effect of inhalation of chamomile oil vapour on plasma ACTH level in ovariectomized rats under restriction stress. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 19 (1996) 1244-1246
144. Young R.J. Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals (2003), Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford
145. Zhang J.X., Sun L.X., Bruce K.E., and Novotony M.V. Chronic exposure to cat odor enhances aggression, urinary attractiveness and sex pheromones of mice. J. Ethol. 26 (2008) 279-286