Neuroleptics and migraine

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 63-70

  Dusitanond, Petcharat ^a   Young, William B ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dopamine antagonists; Headache; Migraine; Neuroleptics

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CAFFEINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; DIHYDROERGOTAMINE; DIPYRONE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DROPERIDOL; ERGOTAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; HYDROMORPHONE; INDOMETACIN; KETOROLAC; LIDOCAINE; MAGNESIUM; METOCLOPRAMIDE; NARATRIPTAN; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PETHIDINE; PROCHLORPERAZINE; QUETIAPINE; SUMATRIPTAN; VALPROIC ACID; ZIPRASIDONE;

AKATHISIA; BEDTIME DOSAGE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DROWSINESS; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; EPILEPTIC AURA; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPERSENSITIVITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENTAL DISEASE; MIGRAINE; NAUSEA; PAIN; PHONOPHOBIA; PHOTOPHOBIA; QT PROLONGATION; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; THERAPY EFFECT; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WEIGHT GAIN;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BENZODIAZEPINES; BRAIN; CAFFEINE; DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS; DRUG INTERACTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; INDOMETHACIN; MALE; MIGRAINE DISORDERS; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PROCHLORPERAZINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT2A; RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT2C; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2; SEROTONIN AGONISTS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 62549166286     PISSN: 18715249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152409787601888     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Lipton, R.B.; Stewart, W. F. Prevalence and impact of migraine. Neurol. Clin., 1997, 15(1), 1-13.
2. World Health Organization. 2001. The World Health Report, 2001: Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Geneva: WHO.
3. Matchar, D.B.; Young, W.B.; Rosenberg, J.H.; Pietrzak, M.P.;
4. Silberstein., SD.; Lipton, R.B.; Ramadan, N.M. Practice parameter: Evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the american academy of neurology. Neurology, 2000, 55, 754-762.
5. Couch, J.R.; Diamond, S. Status migrainosus: causative and therapeutic aspects. Headache, 1983, 23(3), 94-101.
6. Pini, L.A.; Bertolotti, M.; Trenti, T.; Vitale, G. Disposition of naproxen after oral administration during and between migraine attacks. Headache, 1993, 33(4), 191-4.
7. Plosker, G.L.; McTavish, D. Sumatriptan. A reappraisal of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine and cluster headache. Drugs, 1994, 47(4), 622-51.
8. Ross-Lee, L.M.; Eadie, M.J.; Heazlewood, V.; Bochner, F.; Tyrer, J.H. Aspirin pharmacokinetics in migraine. The effect of metoclopramide. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1983, 24(6), 777-785.
9. Thomsen, L.L.; Dixon, R.; Lassen, L.H.; Giboens, M.; Langemark, M.; Bendtsen, L.; Daugaard, D.; Olesen, J. 311C90 (Zolmitriptan), a novel centrally and peripheral acting oral 5-hydroxytryptamine- 1D agonist: a comparison of its absorption during a migraine attack and in a migraine-free period. Cephalalgia, 1996, 16(4), 270-5.
10. Tokola, R.A. The effect of metoclopramide and prochlorperazine on the absorption of effervescent paracetamol in migraine. Cephalalgia, 1988, 8(3), 139-47.
11. Tokola, R.A.; Neuvonen, P.J. Effects of migraine attack and metoclopramide on the absorption of tolfenamic acid. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1984, 17(1), 67-75.
12. Volans, G.N. Absorption of effervescent aspirin during migraine. Br. Med. J., 1974, 4(5939), 265-8.
13. Volans, G.N. The effect of metoclopramide on the absorption of effervescent aspirin in migraine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1975, 2(1), 57-63.
14. th ed., Hardman, J.G.; Limbird, L.E.; Molinoff, P.B.; Ruddon, R.W.; Gilman, A.G., Eds.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1996, pp. 917-36.
15. Mitchelson, F. Pharmacological agents affecting emesis. A review (Part I). Drugs, 1992, 43(3), 295-315.
16. Blau, J.N. Migraine prodromes separated from the aura: complete migraine. BMJ, 1980, 281(6241), 658-60.
17. Russell, M.B.; Rasmussen, B.K.; Fenger, K.; Olesen, J. Migraine without aura and migraine with aura are distinct clinical entities: a study of four hundred and eighty-four male and female migraineurs from the general population. Cephalalgia, 1996, 16(4), 239-45.
18. Drummond, P.D.; Lance, J.W. Neurovascular disturbances in headache patients. Clin. Exp. Neurol., 1984, 20, 93-9.
19. Giffin, N.J.; Ruggiero, L.; Lipton, R.B.; Silberstein, S.D.; Tved- skov, J.F.; Olesen, J.; Altman, J.; Goadsby, P.J.; Macrae, A. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Neurology, 2003, 60(6), 935-40.
20. Sicuteri, F. Dopamine, the second putative protagonist in headache. Headache, 1977, 17(3), 129-31.
21. Cerbo, R.; Barbanti, P.; Buzzi, M.G.; Fabbrini, G.; Brusa, L.; Roberti, C.; Zanette, E.; Lenzi, G.L. Dopamine hypersensitivity in migraine: role of the apomorphine test. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1997, 20(1), 36-41.
22. Blin, O.; Azulay, J.P.; Masson, G.; Aubrespy, G.; Serratrice, G. Apomorphine-induced yawning in migraine patients: enhanced responsiveness. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1991, 14(1), 91-5.
23. Del Bene, E.; Poggioni, M.; De Tommasi, F. Video assessment of yawning induced by sublingual apomorphine in migraine. Headache, 1994, 34(9), 536-8.
24. Del Zompo, M.; Lai, M.; Loi,V.; Pisano, M.R. Dopamine hyper-sensitivity in migraine: role in apomorphine syncope. Headache, 1995, 35(4), 222-4.
25. Fozard, J.R. The 5-hydroxytryptamine-nitric oxide connection: the key link in the initiation of migraine? Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 1995, 329(1), 111-9.
26. Leone, M.; Attanasio, A.; Croci, D.; Filippini, G.; D'Amico, D.; Grazzi, L.; Nespolo, A.; Bussone, G. The serotonergic agent m- chlorophenylpiperazine induces migraine attacks: A controlled study. Neurology, 2000, 55(1), 136-9.
27. Bes, A.; Dupui, P.; Guell, A.; Bessoles, G.; Geraud, G. Pharmacological exploration of dopamine hypersensitivity in migraine patients. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res., 1986, 6(3), 189-92.
28. Piccini, P.; Pavese, N.; Palombo, C.; Pittella, G.; Distante, A.; Bonuccelli, U. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in migraine and tension-type headache after apomorphine administration: double-blind crossover versus placebo study. Cephalalgia, 1995, 15(5), 399-403.
29. Edvinsson, L.; Hardebo, J.E.; McCulloch, J.; Owman, C. Vasomotor response of cerebral blood vessels to dopamine and dopaminergic agonists. Adv. Neurol., 1978, 20, 85-96.
30. Villalon, C.M.; Ramirez-San Juan, E.; Sanchez-Lopez, A.; Bravo, G.; Willems, E.W.; Saxena, P.R.; Centurion, D. Pharmacological profile of the vascular responses to dopamine in the canine external carotid circulation. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2003, 92(4), 165-72.
31. Chen, J.F.; Qin, Z.H.; Szele, F.; Bai, G.; Weiss, B. Neuronal localization and modulation of the D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in brain of normal mice and mice lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine. Neuropharmacology, 1991, 30(9), 927-41.
32. Lazarov, N.; Pilgrim, C. Localization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the rat mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus by immuno-cytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Neurosci. Lett., 1997, 236(2), 83-6.
33. Peterfreund, R.A.; Kosofsky, B.E.; Fink, J.S. Cellular localization of dopamine D2 receptor messenger RNA in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Anesth. Analg., 1995, 81(6), 1181-5.
34. Peroutka, S.J.; Wilhoit, T.; Jones, K. Clinical susceptibility to migraine with aura is modified by dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) Ncol alleles. Neurology, 1997, 49(1), 201-6.
35. Del Zompo, M.; Cherchi, A.; Palmas, M.A.; Ponti, M.; Bocchetta, A.; Gessa, G.L.; Piccardi, M.P. Association between dopamine receptor genes and migraine without aura in a Sardinian sample. Neurology, 1998, 51(3), 781-6.
36. Akerman, S.; Goadsby, P.J. Dopamine and migraine: biology and clinical implications. Cephalalgia, 2007, 27(11), 1308-14.
37. Lea, R.A.; Dohy, A.; Jordan, K.; Quinlan, S.; Brimage, P.J.; Griffiths, L.R. Evidence for allelic association of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene (DBH) with susceptibility to typical migraine. Neurogenetics, 2000, 3(1), 35-40.
38. Shepherd, A.G.; Lea, R.A.; Hutchins, C.; Jordan, K.L.; Brimage, P.J.; Griffiths, L.R. Dopamine receptor genes and migraine with and without aura: an association study. Headache, 2002, 42(5), 346-51.
39. Maude, S.; Curtin, J.; Breen, G.; Collier, D.; Russell, G.; Shaw, D.; St Clair, D. The -141C Ins/Del polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is not associated with either migraine or Parkinson's disease. Psychiatr. Genet., 2001, 11(1), 49-52.
40. Rebaudengo, N.; Rainero, I.; Parziale, A.; Rosina, F.; Pavanelli, E.; Rubino, E.; Mazza, C.; Ostacoli, L.; Furlan, P.M. Lack of interaction between a polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and the clinical features of migraine. Cephalalgia, 2004, 24(6), 503-7.
41. Stochino, M.E.; Asuni, C.; Congiu, D.; Del Zompo, M.; Severino, G. Association study between the phenotype migraine without aura-panic disorder and dopaminergic receptor genes. Pharmacol. Res., 2003, 48(5), 531-4.
42. Cevoli, S.; Mochi, M.; Scapoli, C.; Marzocchi, N.; Pierangeli, G.; Pini, L.A.; Cortelli, P.; Montagna, P. A genetic association study of dopamine metabolism-related genes and chronic headache with drug abuse. Eur. J. Neurol., 2006, 13(9), 1009-13.
43. McCallum, L.K.; Fernandez, F.; Quinlan, S.; Macartney, D.P.; Lea, R.A.; Griffiths, L.R. Association study of a functional variant in intron 8 of the dopamine transporter gene and migraine susceptibility. Eur. J. Neurol., 2007, 14(6), 706-7.
44. Fernandez, F.; Lea, R.A.; Colson, N.J.; Bellis, C.; Quinlan, S.; Griffiths, L.R. Association between a 19 bp deletion polymorphism at the dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) locus and migraine with aura. J. Neurol. Sci., 2006, 251(1-2), 118-23.
45. Silberstein, S.D.; Rosenberg, J. Multispecialty consensus on diagnosis and treatment of headache. Neurology, 2000, 54(8), 1553.
46. Morgenstern, L.B.; Huber, J.C.; Luna-Gonzales, H.; Saldin, K.R.; Grotta, J.C.; Shaw, S.G.; Knudson, L.; Frankowski, R.F. Headache in the emergency department. Headache, 2001, 41(6), 537-541.
47. Richer, L.; Graham, L.; Klassen, T.; Rowe, B. Emergency department management of acute migraine in children in Canada: a practice variation study. Headache, 2007, 47(5), 703-10.
48. Jones, J.; Sklar, D.; Dougherty, J.; White, W. Randomized double-blind trial of intravenous prochlorperazine for the treatment of acute headache. JAMA, 1989, 261(8), 1174-1176.
49. Lu, S.R.; Fuh, J.L.; Juang, K.D.; Wang, S.J. Repetitive intravenous prochlorperazine treatment of patients with refractory chronic daily headache. Headache, 2000, 40(9), 724-729.
50. Kabbouche, M.A.; Vockell, A.L.; LeCates, S.L.; Powers, S.W.; Hershey, A.D. Tolerability and effectiveness of prochlorperazine for intractable migraine in children. Pediatrics, 2001, 107(4), E62.
51. Ginder, S.; Oatman, B.; Pollack, M. A prospective study of i.v. magnesium and i.v. prochlorperazine in the treatment of headaches. J. Emerg. Med., 2000, 18(3), 311-315.
52. Jones, J.; Pack, S.; Chun, E. Intramuscular prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide as single-agent therapy for the treatment of acute migraine headache. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 1996, 14(3), 262-264.
53. Seim, M.B.; March, J.A.; Dunn, K.A. Intravenous ketorolac vs intravenous prochlorperazine for the treatment of migraine headaches. Acad. Emerg. Med., 1998, 5(6), 573-576.
54. Tanen, D.A.; Miller, S.; French, T.; Riffenburgh, R.H. Intravenous sodium valproate versus prochlorperazine for the emergency department treatment of acute migraine headaches: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Ann. Emerg. Med., 2003, 41(6), 847-53.
55. Sharma, S.; Prasad, A.; Nehru, R.; Anand, K.S.; Rishi, R.K.; Chaturvedi, S.; Bapna, J.S.; Sharma, D.R. Efficacy and tolerability of prochlorperazine buccal tablets in treatment of acute migraine. Headache, 2002, 42(9), 896-902.
56. Brousseau, D.C.; Duffy, S.J.; Anderson, A.C.; Linakis, J.G. Treatment of pediatric migraine headaches: a randomized, double-blind trial of prochlorperazine versus ketorolac. Ann. Emerg. Med., 2004, 43(2), 256-62.
57. Damen, L.; Bruijn, J.K.; Verhagen, A.P.; Berger, M.Y.; Passchier, J.; Koes, B.W. Symptomatic treatment of migraine in children: a systematic review of medication trials. Pediatrics, 2005, 116(2), e295-302.
58. Tietjen, G.E.; Athanas, K.; Utley, C.; Herial, N.A.; Khuder, S.A. The combination of naratriptan and prochlorperazine in migraine treatment. Headache, 2005, 45(6), 751-3.
59. Rozen, T.D. Aborting a prolonged migrainous aura with intravenous prochlorperazine and magnesium sulfate. Headache, 2003, 43(8), 901-3.
60. Drotts, D.L.; Vinson, D.R. Prochlorperazine induces akathisia in emergency patients. Ann. Emerg. Med., 1999, 34(4 Pt 1), 469-475.
61. Olsen, J.C.; Keng, J.A.; Clark, J.A. Frequency of adverse reactions to prochlorperazine in the ED. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 2000, 18(5), 609-611.
62. Collins, R.W.; Jones, J.B.; Walthall, J.D.; Chisholm, C.D.; Giles, B.K.; Brizendine, E.J.; Cordell, W.H. Intravenous administration of prochlorperazine by 15-minute infusion versus 2-minute bolus does not affect the incidence of akathisia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Emerg. Med., 2001, 38(5), 491-496.
63. Siow, H.C.; Young, W.B.; Silberstein, S.D. Neuroleptics in headache. Headache, 2005, 45(4), 358-71.
64. Wang, S.J.; Silberstein, S.D.; Young, W.B. Droperidol treatment of status migrainosus and refractory migraine. Headache, 1997, 37(6), 377-382.
65. Miner, J.R.; Fish, S.J.; Smith, S.W.; Biros, M.H. Droperidol vs. prochlorperazine for benign headaches in the emergency department. Acad. Emerg. Med., 2001, 8(9), 873-879.
66. Richman, P.B.; Allegra, J.; Eskin, B.; Doran, J.; Reischel, U.; Kaiafas, C.; Nashed, A.H. A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of intramuscular droperidol for the treatment of acute migraine headache. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 2002, 20(1), 39-42.
67. Silberstein, S.D.; Young, W.B.; Mendizabal, J.E.; Rothrock, J.F.; Alam, A.S. Acute migraine treatment with droperidol: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology, 2003, 60(2), 15- 321.
68. Richman, P.B.; Reischel, U.; Ostrow, A.; Irving, C.; Ritter, A.; Allegra, J.; Eskin, B.; Szucs, P.; Nashed, A.H. Droperidol for acute migraine headache. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 1999, 17(4), 398-400.
69. Silberstein, S.D.; Young, W.B. Migraine aura and prodrome. Semin. Neurol., 1995, 15(2), 175-182.
70. Waelkens, J. Dopamine blockade with domperidone: bridge between prophylactic and abortive treatment of migraine? A dose-finding study. Cephalalgia, 1984, 4(2), 85-90.
71. Colman, I.; Brown, M.D.; Innes, G.D.; Grafstein, E.; Roberts, T.E.; Rowe, B.H. Parenteral metoclopramide for acute migraine: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 2004, 329(7479), 1369-73.
72. Tfelt-Hansen, P.; Olesen, J.; Aebelholt-Krabbe, A.; Melgaard, B.; Veilis, B. A double blind study of metoclopramide in the treatment of migraine attacks. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 1980, 43(4), 369-71.
73. Tek, D.S.; McClellan, D.S.; Olshaker, J.S.; Allen, C.L.; Arthur, D.C. A prospective, double-blind study of metoclopramide hydrochloride for the control of migraine in the emergency department. Ann. Emerg. Med., 1990, 19(10), 1083-7.
74. Ellis, G.L.; Delaney, J.; DeHart, D.A.; Owens, A. The efficacy of metoclopramide in the treatment of migraine headache. Ann. Emerg. Med., 1993, 22(2), 191-5.
75. Coppola, M.; Yealy, D.M.; Leibold, R.A. Randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for emergency department treatment of migraine headache. Ann. Emerg. Med., 1995, 26(5), 541-6.
76. Klapper, J.A.; Stanton, J.S. Ketorolac versus DHE and metoclopramide in the treatment of migraine headaches. Headache, 1991, 31(8), 523-524.
77. Cameron, J.D.; Lane, P.L.; Speechley, M. Intravenous chlorpromazine vs intravenous metoclopramide in acute migraine headache. Acad. Emerg. Med., 1995, 2(7), 597-602.
78. Cicek, M.; Karcioglu, O.; Parlak, I.; Ozturk, V.; Duman, O.; Serinken, M.; Guryay, M. Prospective, randomised, double blind, controlled comparison of metoclopramide and pethidine in the emergency treatment of acute primary vascular and tension type headache episodes. Emerg. Med. J., 2004, 21(3), 323-6.
79. Cete, Y.; Dora, B.; Ertan, C.; Ozdemir, C.; Oktay, C. A randomized prospective placebo-controlled study of intravenous magnesium sulphate vs. metoclopramide in the management of acute migraine attacks in the Emergency Department. Cephalalgia, 2005, 25(3), 199-204.
80. Fernandes Filho, S.M.; Costa, M.S.; Fernandes, M.T.; Foerster, M.V. Comparison of intravenous dipyrone to intravenous metoclo-pramide in the treatment of acute crisis of migraine: randomized clinical trial. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr., 2006, 64(4), 1005-8.
81. Griffith, J.D.; Mycyk, M.B.; Kyriacou, D.N. Metoclopramide versus hydromorphone for the emergency department treatment of migraine headache. J. Pain., 2008, 9(1), 88-94.
82. Friedman, B.W.; Corbo, J.; Lipton, R.B.; Bijur, P.E.; Esses, D.; Solorzano, C.; Gallagher, E.J. A trial of metoclopramide vs sumatriptan for the emergency department treatment of migraines. Neurology, 2005, 64(3), 463-468.
83. Friedman, B.W.; Esses, D.; Solorzano, C.; Dua, N.; Greenwald, P.; Radulescu, R.; Chang, E.; Hochberg, M.; Campbell, C.; Aghera, A.; Valentin, T.; Paternoster, J.; Bijur, P.; Lipton, R.B.; Gallagher, E.J. A randomized controlled trial of prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for treatment of acute migraine. Ann. Emerg. Med., 2008, 52(4), 399-406.
84. Jungmann, E.; Schoffling, K. Akathisia and metoclopramide. Lancet, 1982, 2(8291), 221.
85. Beightol, R.W.; Coupal, J.J.; Shih, W.J. Prevention of metoclopramide-induced akathisia during gastric emptying imaging. J. Nucl. Med., 1991, 32(8), 1644-5.
86. Schroeder, J.A.; Wolfe, W.M.; Thomas, M.H.; Tsueda, K. Heine, M.F.; Loyd, G.E.; Vogel, R.L.; Hood, G.A. The effect of intravenous ranitidine and metoclopramide on behavior, cognitive function, and affect. Anesth. Analg., 1994, 78(2), 359-64.
87. Miller, L.G.; Jankovic, J. Metoclopramide-induced movement disorders. Clinical findings with a review of the literature. Arch. Intern. Med., 1989, 149(11), 2486-92.
88. Bateman, D.N.; Darling, W.M.; Boys, R.; Rawlins, M.D. Extrapyramidal reactions to metoclopramide and prochlorperazine. QJM, 1989, 71(264), 307-11.
89. Parlak, I.; Atilla, R.; Cicek, M.; Parlak, M.; Erdur, B.; Guryay, M.; Sever, M.; Karaduman, S. Rate of metoclopramide infusion affects the severity and incidence of akathisia. Emerg. Med. J., 2005, 22(9), 621-4.
90. Parlak, I.; Erdur, B.; Parlak, M.; Ergin, A.; Turkcuer, I.; Tomruk, O.; Ayrik, C.; Ergin, N. Intravenous administration of metoclopramide by 2 min bolus vs 15 min infusion: does it affect the improvement of headache while reducing the side effects? Postgrad. Med. J., 2007, 83(984), 664-668.
91. Members of the task force:, Evers, S.; Afra, J.; Frese, A.; Goadsby, P.J.; Linde, M.; May, A.; Sándor, P.S. EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine - report of an EFNS task force. Eur. J. Neurol., 2006, 13(6), 560-72.
92. McEwen, J.I.; O'Connor, H.M.; Dinsdale, H.B. Treatment of migraine with intramuscular chlorpromazine. Ann. Emerg. Med., 1987, 16(7), 758-63.
93. Bigal, M.E.; Bordini, C.A.; Speciali, J.G. Intravenous chlorpromazine in the emergency department treatment of migraines: a randomized controlled trial. J. Emerg. Med., 2002, 23(2), 141-8.
94. Bell, R.; Montoya, D.; Shuaib, A.; Lee, M.A. A comparative trial of three agents in the treatment of acute migraine headache. Ann. Emerg. Med., 1990, 79(10), 1079-82.
95. Kelly, A.M.; Ardagh, M.; Curry, C.; D'Antonio, J.; Zebic, S. Intravenous chlorpromazine versus intramuscular sumatriptan for acute migraine. J. Accid. Emerg. Med., 1997, 14(4), 209-211.
96. Shrestha, M.; Singh, R.; Moreden, J.; Hayes, J.E. Ketorolac vs chlorpromazine in the treatment of acute migraine without aura. A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Arch. Intern. Med., 1996, 156(15), 1725-1728.
97. Dollery, C. Therapeutic. Drugs, Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, 1991; Vol. 2, H1-H4.
98. Fisher, H. A new approach to emergency department therapy of migraine headache with intravenous haloperidol: a case series. J. Emerg. Med., 1995, 13(1), 119-22.
99. Monzillo, P.H.; Nemoto, P.H.; Costa, A.R.; Sanvito, W.L. Acute treatment of migraine in emergency room: comparative study between dexametasone and haloperidol. Preliminary results. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr., 2004, 62(2B), 513-8.
100. Honkaniemi, J.; Liimatainen, S.; Rainesalo, S.; Sulavuori, S. Haloperidol in the acute treatment of migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache, 2006, 46(5), 781-787.
101. Schreiber, S.; Getslev, V.; Backer, M.M.; Weizman, R.; Pick, C.G. The atypical neuroleptics clozapine and olanzapine differ regarding their antinociceptive mechanisms and potency. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1999, 64(1), 75-80.
102. Silberstein, S.D.; Peres, M.F.; Hopkins, M.M.; Shechter, A.L.; Young, W.B.; Rozen, T.D. Olanzapine in the treatment of refractory migraine and chronic daily headache. Headache, 2002, 42(6), 515-518.
103. Seeger, T.F.; Seymour, P.A.; Schmidt, A.W.; Zorn, S.H.; Schulz, D.W.; Lebel, L.A.; McLean, S.; Guanowsky, V.; Howard, H.R.; Lowe, J.A. Ziprasidone (CP-88,059): a new antipsychotic with combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1995, 275(1), 101-13.
104. Pfizer Ireland. Geodon (ziprasidone HCL). Summary of product characteristics, 2002.
105. Caley, C.F.; Cooper, C.K. Ziprasidone: the fifth atypical antipsychotic. Ann. Pharmacother., 2002, 36(5), 839-51.
106. Cahill, C.M.; Hardiman, O.; Murphy, K.C. Treatment of refractory chronic daily headache with the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone- -a case series. Cephalalgia, 2005, 25(10), 822-826.
107. Daniel, D.G. Tolerability of ziprasidone: an expanding perspective. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2003, 64 (Suppl. 19), 40-9.
108. LaPorta, L.D. Relief from migraine headache with aripiprazole treatment. Headache, 2007, 47(6), 922-6.
109. Peroutka,S.J. Beyond monotherapy: rational polytherapy in migraine. Headache, 1998, 38(1), 18-22.
110. Silberstein, S.D.; Ruoff, G. Combination therapy in acute migraine treatment: the rationale behind the current treatment options. Postgrad. Med., 2006, Apr., Spec No: 20-6.
111. Krymchantowski, A.V. Acute treatment of migraine. Breaking the paradigm of monotherapy. BMC Neurol., 2004, Jan. 28; 4: 4.
112. Krymchantowski, A.V.; Bigal, M.E. Polytherapy in the preventive and acute treatment of migraine: fundamentals for changing the approach. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2006, 6(3), 283-9.
113. Sandrini, G.; Cerbo, R.; Del Bene, E.; Ferrari, A.; Genco, S.; Grazioli, I.; Martelletti, P.; Nappi, G.; Pinessi, L.; Sarchielli, P.; Tamburro, P.; Uslenghi, C.; Zanchin, G. Efficacy of dosing and redosing of two oral fixed combinations of indomethacin, prochlorperazine and caffeine compared with oral sumatriptan in the acute treatment of multiple migraine attacks: A double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, parallel group, multicentre study. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 2007, 67(8), 1256-69.
114. Ferrari, A.; Savino, G.; Gallesi, D.; Pinetti, D.; Bertolini, A.; Sances, G.; Coccia, C.P.; Pasciullo, G.; Leone, S.; Loi, M.; Sternieri, E. Effect of overuse of the antimigraine combination of indomethacin, prochlorperazine and caffeine (IPC) on the disposition of its components in chronic headache patients. Pharmacol. Res., 2006, 54(2), 142-9.
115. Thomas, S.H. Drugs, QT interval abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmias. Adverse Drug React. Toxicol. Rev., 1994, 73(2), 77-102.
116. Garson, A. Jr. How to measure the QT interval-what is normal? Am. J. Cardiol., 1993, 72(6), 14B-16B.
117. Morganroth, J.; Brozovich, F.V.; McDonald, J.T.; Jacobs, R.A. Variability of the QT measurement in healthy men, with implications for selection of an abnormal QT value to predict drug toxicity and proarrhythmia. Am. J. Cardiol., 1991, 67(8), 774-776.
118. Kapur, S.; Zipursky, R.; Jones, C.; Remington, G.; Houle, S. Relationship between dopamine D (2) occupancy, clinical response, and side effects: a double-blind PET study of first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2000, 757(4), 514-520.
119. Baldessarini, R.J. The pharmacology of tardive dyskinesias. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1973, 130(1), 82-6.
120. Scordo, M.G.; Spina, E.; Romeo, P.; Dahl, M.L.; Bertilsson, L.; Johansson, I.; Sjoqvist, F. CYP2D6 genotype and antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenic patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 56(9-10), 679-683.
121. Correll, C.U.; Schenk, E.M. Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 2008, 27(2), 151-6.
122. th ed.; Brunton, L.L.; Lazo, J.S.; Parker, K.L., Eds.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 2005, pp. 461-500.
123. Factor, S.A. Pharmacology of atypical antipsychotics. Clin. Neuro-pharmacol., 2002, 25(3), 153-157.
124. Miyamoto, S.; Duncan, G.E.; Marx, C.E.; Lieberman, J.A. Treatments for schizophrenia: A critical review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. Mol. Psychiatry, 2005, 70(1), 79-104.
125. Gardner, D.M.; Baldessarini, R.J.; Waraich, P. Modern antipsychotic drugs: A critical overview. CMAJ, 2005, 772(13), 1703-1711.
126. Woerner, M.G.; Alvir, J.M.; Saltz, B.L.; Lieberman, J.A.; Kane, J.M. Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly: rates and risk factors. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1998, 155, 1521-8.