EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine - Report of an EFNS task force

European Journal of Neurology

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 560-572

  Evers, S ^a   Afra J ^b   Frese, A ^a   Goadsby, P J ^c   Linde, M ^d   May, A ^e   Sandor P S ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROSURGERY   (Hungary)

^c NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

^d Cephalea Headache Centre   (Sweden)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Guideline; Headache; Migraine; Prophylaxis; Triptans

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALMOTRIPTAN; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CAFFEINE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DICLOFENAC; DIPYRONE; DOMPERIDONE; ELETRIPTAN; ERGOT ALKALOID; ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE; FROVATRIPTAN; IBUPROFEN; METOCLOPRAMIDE; NAPROXEN; NARATRIPTAN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PHENAZONE; RIZATRIPTAN; SUMATRIPTAN; TOLFENAMIC ACID; TRIPTAN DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZOLMITRIPTAN;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; BLEEDING TENDENCY; CLINICAL FEATURE; COCHRANE LIBRARY; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DYSKINESIA; ERGOTISM; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYNDROME; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER FAILURE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; MIGRAINE; MIGRAINE WITH AURA; MIGRAINE WITHOUT AURA; NAUSEA; PARESTHESIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; STROKE; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; VOMITING;

ADVISORY COMMITTEES; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; HUMANS; MEDLINE; MIGRAINE DISORDERS; TRYPTAMINES;

EID: 33745038955     PISSN: 13515101     EISSN: 14681331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01411.x     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders,. Cephalalgia 2004 24 ( Suppl. 1 1 160.
2. Brainin M Barnes M Baron JC, et al. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces - revised recommendations 2004. European journal of neurology 2004 11 : 577 581.
3. Olesen C Steffensen FH Sorensen HT Nielsen GL Olsen J. Pregnancy outcome following prescription for sumatriptan. Headache 2000 40 : 20 24.
4. Diener HC (ed.). Therapie der Migräneattacke und Migräneprophylaxe. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie und der Deutschen Migräne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft. Stuttgart, Theime 2005.
5. Maytal J Young M Shechter A Lipton RB. Pediatric migraine and the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria. Neurology 1997 48 : 602 607.
6. Lewis D Ashwal S Hershey A Hirtz D Yonker M Silberstein S. American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Practice parameter: pharmacological treatment of migraine headache in children and adolescents: report of the American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2004 63 : 2215 2224.
7. Lewis DW. Toward the definition of childhood migraine. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2004 16 : 628 636.
8. Rasmussen BK Jensen R Schroll M Olesen J. Epidemiology of headache in a general population - a prevalence study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1991 44 : 1147 1157.
9. Scher A Stewart WF Liberman J Lipton RB. Prevalence of frequent headache in a population sample. Headache 1998 38 : 497 506.
10. Rasmussen BK. Epidemiology of headache. Cephalalgia 2001 21 : 774 777.
11. Lipton R Scher A Kolodner K Liberman J Steiner TJ Stewart WF. Migraine in the United States: epidemiology and patterns of health care use. Neurology 2002 58 : 885 894.
12. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: the utility of neuroimaging in the evaluation of headache in patients with normal neurologic examinations. Neurology 1994 44 : 1353 1354.
13. Pilgrim AJ. The methods used in clinical trials of sumatriptan in migraine. Headache 1993 33 : 280 293.
14. Chabriat H Joire JE Danchot J Grippon P Bousser MG. Combined oral lysine acetylsalicylate and metoclopramide in the acute treatment of migraine: a multicentre double-blind placebo- controlled study. Cephalalgia 1994 14 : 297 300.
15. Nebe J Heier M Diener HC. Low-dose ibuprofen in self-medication of mild to moderate headache: a comparison with acetylsalicylic acid and placebo. Cephalalgia 1995 15 : 531 535.
16. Tfelt-Hansen P Henry P Mulder LJ Scheldewaert RG Schoenen J Chazot G. The effectiveness of combined oral lysine acetylsalicylate and metoclopramide compared with oral sumatriptan for migraine. Lancet 1995 346 : 923 926.
17. Diener HC Bussone G de Liano H, et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of effervescent acetylsalicylic acid, sumatriptan and ibuprofen in the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 2004 24 : 947 954.
18. Havanka-Kanniainen H. Treatment of acute migraine attack: ibuprofen and placebo compared. Headache 1989 29 : 507 509.
19. Kloster R Nestvold K Vilming ST. A double-blind study of ibuprofen versus placebo in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 1992 12 : 169 171.
20. Karachalios GN Fotiadou A Chrisikos N Karabetsos A Kehagioglou K. Treatment of acute migraine attack with diclofenac sodium: a double-blind study. Headache 1992 32 : 98 100.
21. Dahlöf C Björkman R. Diclofenac-K (50 and 100 mg) and placebo in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 1993 13 : 117 123.
22. The Diclofenac-K/Sumatriptan Migraine Study Group. Acute treatment of migraine attacks: efficacy and safety of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, diclofenac-potassium, in comparison to oral sumatriptan and placebo. Cephalalgia 1999 19 : 232 240.
23. Göbel H Heinze A Niederberger U Witt T Zumbroich V. Effiacy of phenazone in the treatment of acute migraine attacks: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Cephalalgia 2004 24 : 888 893.
24. Tulunay FC Ergun H Gulmez SE, et al. The efficacy and safety of dipyrone (Novalgin) tablets in the treatment of acute migraine attacks: a double-blind, cross-over, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center study. Functional Neurology 2004 19 : 197 202.
25. Myllyla VV Havanka H Herrala L, et al. Tolfenamic acid rapid release versus sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine: comparable effect in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group study. Headache 1998 38 : 201 207.
26. Lipton RB Baggish JS Stewart WF Codispoti JR Fu M. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen in the treatment of migraine: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, population-based study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000 160 : 3486 3492.
27. Lipton RB Stewart WF Ryan RE Saper J Silberstein S Sheftell F. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine in alleviating migraine headache pain - Three double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Archives of Neurology 1998 55 : 210 217.
28. Diener H Pfaffenrath V Pageler L. The fixed combination of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and caffeine is more effective than single substances and dual combination for the treatment of headache: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, single-dose, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Cephalalgia 2005 25 : 776 787.
29. Limmroth V May A Diener HC. Lysine-acetylsalicylic acid in acute migraine attacks. European Neurology 1999 41 : 88 93.
30. Bigal ME Bordini CA Tepper SJ Speciali JG. Intravenous dipyrone in the acute treatment of migraine without aura and migraine with aura: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Headache 2002 42 : 862 871.
31. Ross-Lee LM Eadie MJ Heazlewood V Bochner F Tyrer JH. Aspirin pharmacokinetics in migraine. The effect of metoclopramide. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1983 24 : 777 785.
32. Waelkens J. Dopamine blockade with domperidone: bridge between prophylactic and abortive treatment of migraine? A dose-finding study. Cephalalgia 1984 4 : 85 90.
33. Schulman E Dermott K. Sumatriptan plus metoclopramide in triptan-nonresponsive migraineurs. Headache 2003 43 : 729 733.
34. Ellis GL Delaney J DeHart DA Owens A. The efficacy of metoclopramide in the treatment of migraine headache. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1993 22 : 191 195.
35. Tfelt-Hansen P Saxena PR Dahlöf C, et al. Ergotamine in the acute treatment of migraine. A review and European consensus. Brain 2000 123 : 9 18.
36. The Multinational Oral Sumatriptan Cafergot Comparative Study Group. A randomized, double-blind comparison of sumatriptan and Cafergot in the acute treatment of migraine. European Neurology 1991 31 : 314 322.
37. Diener HC Reches A Pascual J Pascual J Pitei D Steiner TJ. Eletriptan and Cafergot Comparative Study Group. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of oral eletriptan and ergotamine plus caffeine (Cafergot) in the acute treatment of migraine: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison. European neurology 2002 47 : 99 107.
38. Christie S Göbel H Mateos V Allen C Vrijens F Shivaprakash M, Rizatriptan-Ergotamine/Caffeine Preference Study Group. Crossover comparison of efficacy and preference for rizatriptan 10 mg versus ergotamine/caffeine in migraine. European Neurology 2003 49 : 20 29.
39. Evers S Gralow I Bauer B, et al. Sumatriptan and ergotamine overuse and drug-induced headache: a clinicoepidmiologic study. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1999 22 : 201 206.
40. Ferrari MD Roon KI Lipton RB Goadsby PJ. Oral triptans (serotonin 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in acute migraine treatment: a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Lancet 2001 358 : 1668 1675.
41. Goadsby PB Lipton RB Ferrai MD. Migraine: current understanding and management. New England Journal of Medicine 2002 346 : 257 270.
42. The Oral Sumatriptan and Aspirin plus Metoclopramide Comparative Study Group. A study to compare oral sumatriptan with oral aspirin plus oral metoclopramide in the acute treatment of migraine. European Neurology 1992 32 : 177 184.
43. Geraud G Compagnon A Rossi A. Zolmitriptan versus a combination of acetylsalicylic acid and metoclopramide in the acute oral treatment of migraine: a double-blind, randomised, three-attack study. European Neurology 2002 47 : 88 98.
44. Diamond M Hettiarachchi J Hilliard B Sands G Nett R. Effectiveness of eletriptan in acute migraine: primary care for excedrin nonresponders. Headache 2004 44 : 209 216.
45. Diener HC, for the ASASUMAMIG Study Group. Efficacy and safety of intravenous acetylsalicylic acid lysinate compared to subcutaneous sumatriptan and parenteral placebo in the acute treatment of migraine. A double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, multicenter, parallel group study. Cephalalgia 1999 19 : 581 588.
46. Burstein R Collins B Jakubowski M. Defeating migraine pain with triptans: a race against the development of cutaneous allodynia. Annals of Neurology 2004 55 : 19 26.
47. Dowson A Massiou H Lainez J Cabarrocas X. Almotriptan improves response rates when treatment is within 1 hour of migraine onset. Headache 2004 44 : 318 322.
48. Limmroth V Kazarawa S Fritsche G Diener HC. Headache after frequent use of new serotonin agonists zolmitriptan and naratriptan. Lancet 1999 353 : 378.
49. Katsarava Z Fritsche G Muessig M Diener HC Limmroth V. Clinical features of withdrawal headache following overuse of triptans and other headache drugs. Neurology 2001 57 : 1694 1698.
50. Ferrari MD. How to assess and compare drugs in the management of migraine: success rates in terms of response and recurrence. Cephalalgia 1999 19 ( Suppl. 23 2 8.
51. Ferrari MD James MH Bates D, et al. Oral sumatriptan: effect of a second dose, and incidence and treatment of headache recurrences. Cephalalgia 1994 14 : 330 338.
52. O'Quinn S Davis RL Guttermann DL, et al. Prospective large-scale study of the tolerability of subcutaneous sumatriptan injection for the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 1999 19 : 223 231.
53. Welch KMA Mathew NT Stone P Rosamond W Saiers J Gutterman D. Tolerability of sumatriptan: clinical trials and post-marketing experience. Cephalalgia 2000 20 : 687 695.
54. Hall G Brown M Mo J MacRae KD. Triptans in migraine: the risks of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and death in practice. Neurology 2004 62 : 563 568.
55. Velentgas P Cole JA Mo J Sikes CR Walker AM. Severe vascular events in migraine patients. Headache 2004 44 : 642 651.
56. Bates D Ashford E Dawson R, et al. Subcutaneous sumatriptan during the migraine aura. Neurology 1994 44 : 1587 1592.
57. Olesen J Diener HC Schoenen J Hettiarachchi J. No effect of eletriptan administration during the aura phase of migraine. European journal of neurology 2004 11 : 671 677.
58. Goadsby PJ. Role of naratriptan in clinical practice. Cephalalgia 1997 17 : 472 473.
59. Dahlöf C Cady R Poole AC. Speed of onset and efficacy of sumatriptan fast-disintegrating/rapid release tablets: results of two replicate randomised, placebo-controlled studies. Headache Care 2004 1 : 277 280.
60. The Subcutaneous Sumatriptan International Study Group. Treatment of migraine attacks with sumatriptan. New England Journal of Medicine 1991 325 : 316 321.
61. Charlesworth BR Dowson AJ Purdy A Becker WJ Boes-Hansen S Farkkila G. Speed of onset and efficacy of zolmitriptan nasal spray in the acute treatment of migraine. CNS Drugs 2003 17 : 653 667.
62. Becker WJ, on behalf of the Study Group. A placebo-controlled, dose-defining study of sumatriptan nasal spray in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 1995 15 ( Suppl. 14 271 276.
63. Ryan R Elkind A Baker CC Mullican W DeBussey S Asgharnejad M. Sumatriptan nasal spray for the acute treatment of migraine. Neurology 1997 49 : 1225 1230.
64. Tepper SJ Cochran A Hobbs S Woessner M. Sumatriptan suppositories for the acute treatment of migraine. International journal of clinical practice 1998 52 : 31 35.
65. Goldstein J Ryan R Jiang K, et al. Crossover comparison of rizatriptan 5 mg and 10 mg versus sumatriptan 25 and 50 mg in migraine. Headache 1998 38 : 737 747.
66. Tfelt-Hansen P Teall J Rodriguez F, et al. Oral rizatriptan versus oral sumatriptan: a direct comparative study in the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 1998 38 : 748 755.
67. Tfelt-Hansen P Ryan RE. Oral therapy for migraine: comparisons between rizatriptan and sumatriptan. A review of four randomized, double-blind clinical trials. Neurology 2000 55 ( Suppl. 2 S19 S24.
68. Geraud G Keywood C Senard JM. Migraine headache recurrence: relationship to clinical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic properties of triptans. Headache 2003 43 : 376 388.
69. Kangasniemi P Hedman C. Metoprolol and propranolol in the prophylactic treatment of classical and common migraine. A double-blind study. Cephalalgia 1984 4 : 91 96.
70. Olsson JE Behring HC Forssman B, et al. Metoprolol and propranolol in migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind multicenter study. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1984 70 : 160 168.
71. Steiner TJ Joseph R Hedman C Rose FC. Metoprolol in the prophylaxis of migraine: parallel group comparison with placebo and dose-ranging follow-up. Headache 1988 28 : 15 23.
72. Sorensen PS Larsen BH Rasmussen MJK, et al. Flunarizine versus metoprolol in migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind, randomized parallel group study of efficacy and tolerability. Headache 1991 31 : 650 657.
73. Wörz R Reinhardt-Benmalek B Grotemeyer KH. Bisoprolol and metoprolol in the prophylactic treatment of migraine with and without aura - a randomized double-blind cross-over multicenter study. Cephalalgia 1991 11 ( Suppl. 11 152 153.
74. Diamond S Medina JL. Double blind study of propranolol for migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1976 16 : 24 27.
75. Tfelt-Hansen P Standnes B Kangasniemi P Hakkarainen H Olesen J. Timolol vs. propranolol vs. placebo in common migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind multicenter trial. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1984 69 : 1 8.
76. Nadelmann JW Stevens J Saper JR. Propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1986 26 : 175 182.
77. Havanka-Kanniainen H Hokkanen E Myllylä VV. Long acting propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine. Comparison of the daily doses of 80 mg and 160 mg. Headache 1988 28 : 607 611.
78. Ludin H-P. Flunarizine and propranolol in the treatment of migraine. Headache 1989 29 : 218 223.
79. Holroyd KA Penzien DB Cordingley GE. Propranolol in the management of recurrent migraine: a meta-analytic review. Headache 1991 31 : 333 340.
80. Gawel MJ Kreeft J Nelson RF Simard D Arnott WS. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of flunarizine to propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1992 19 : 340 345.
81. van de Ven LLM Franke CL Koehler PJ. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with bisoprolol: a placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1997 17 : 596 599.
82. Stellar S Ahrens SP Meibohm AR Reines SA. Migraine prevention with timolol. A double-blind crossover study. JAMA 1984 252 : 2576 2580.
83. Johannsson V Nilsson LR Widelius T, et al. Atenolol in migraine prophylaxis a double-blind cross-over multicentre study. Headache 1987 27 : 372 374.
84. Louis P. A double-blind placebo-controlled prophylactic study of flunarizine in migraine. Headache 1981 21 : 235 239.
85. Diamond S Schenbaum H. Flunarizine, a calcium channel blocker, in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Headache 1983 23 : 39 42.
86. Amery WK Caers LI Aerts TJL. Flunarizine, a calcium entry blocker in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1985 25 : 249 254.
87. Bono G Manzoni GC Martucci N, et al. Flunarizine in common migraine: Italian cooperative trial. II. Long- term follow-up. Cephalalgia 1985 5 ( Suppl. 2 155 158.
88. Centonze V Tesauro P Magrone D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of flunarizine in the prophylaxis of migraine. Cephalalgia 1985 5 ( Suppl. 2 163 168.
89. Nappi G Sandrini G Savoini G Cavallini A de Rysky C Micieli G. Comparative efficacy of cyclandelate versus flunarizine in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Drugs 1987 33 ( Suppl. 2 103 109.
90. Freitag FG Diamond S Diamond M. A placebo controlled trial of flunarizine in migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia 1991 11 ( Suppl. 11 157 158.
91. Bassi P Brunati L Rapuzzi B Alberti E Mangoni A. Low dose flunarizine in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1992 32 : 390 392.
92. Diamond S Freitag FG. A double blind trial of flunarizine in migraine prophylaxis. Headache Quarterly 1993 4 : 169 172.
93. Balkan S Aktekin B Önal Z. Efficacy of flunarizine in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Gazi Medical Journal 1994 5 : 81 84.
94. Diener H Matias-Guiu J Hartung E, et al. Efficacy and tolerability in migraine prophylaxis of flunarizine in reduced doses: a comparison with propranolol 160 mg daily. Cephalalgia 2002 22 : 209 221.
95. Gerber WD Schellenberg R Thom M, et al. Cyclandelate versus propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine - a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Functional Neurology 1995 10 : 27 35.
96. Diener HC Föh M Iaccarino C, et al. Cyclandelate in the prophylaxis of migraine: a randomized, parallel, double-blind study in comparison with placebo and propranolol. Cephalalgia 1996 16 : 441 447.
97. Siniatchkin M Gerber WD Vein A. Clinical efficacy and central mechanisms of cyclandelate in migraine: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Functional Neurology 1998 13 : 47 56.
98. Diener H Krupp P Schmitt T Steitz G Milde K Freytag S, On behalf of the Study Group. Cyclandelate in the prophylaxis of migraine: a placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 2001 21 : 66 70.
99. Kaniecki RG. A comparison of divalproex with propranolol and placebo for the prophylaxis of migraine without aura. Archives of Neurology 1997 54 : 1141 1145.
100. Klapper J, on behalf of the Divalproex Sodium in Migraine Prophylaxis Study Group. Divalproex sodium in migraine prophylaxis: a dose-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1997 17 : 103 108.
101. Silberstein SD Collins SD Carlson H. Safety and efficacy of once-daily, extended-release divalproex sodium monotherapy for the prophylaxis of migraine headaches. Cephalalgia 2000 20 : 269.
102. Freitag F Collins S Carlson H, et al. A randomized trial of divalproex sodium extended-release tablets in migraine prophylaxis. Neurology 2002 58 : 1652 1659.
103. Brandes J Saper J Diamond M, et al. Topiramate for migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004 291 : 965 973.
104. Diener H Tfelt-Hansen P Dahlöf C, et al. Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis: results from a placebo-controlled trial with propranolol as an active control. Journal of Neurology 2004 251 : 943 950.
105. Mei D Capuano A Vollono C, et al. Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis: a randomised double-blind versus placebo study. Neurological sciences 2004 25 : 245 250.
106. Silberstein SD Neto W Schmitt J Jacobs D. Topiramate in migraine prevention: results of a large controlled trial. Archives of Neurology 2004 61 : 490 495.
107. Steiner TJ Findley LJ Yuen AWC. Lamotrigine versus placebo in the prophylaxis of migraine with and without aura. Cephalalgia 1997 17 : 109 112.
108. Lampl C Buzath A Klinger D Neumann K. Lamotrigine in the prophylactic treatment of migraine aura - a pilot study. Cephalalgia 1999 19 : 58 63.
109. Mathew NT Rapoport A Saper J, et al. Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 2001 41 : 119 128.
110. Peto R Gray R Collins R Wheatly K Hennekens C Jamrozik K. Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in male british doctors. BMJ 1988 296 : 313 316.
111. Buring JE Peto R Hennekens CH. Low-dose aspirin for migraine prophylaxis. JAMA 1990 264 : 1711 1713.
112. Welch KMA Ellis DJ Keenan PA. Successful migraine prophylaxis with naproxen sodium. Neurology 1985 35 : 1304 1310.
113. Ziegler DK Ellis DJ. Naproxen in prophylaxis of migraine. Archives of Neurology 1985 42 : 582 584.
114. Bellavance AJ Meloche JP. A comparative study of naproxen sodium, pizotyline and placebo in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1990 30 : 710 715.
115. Mikkelsen BM Falk JV. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with tolfenamic acid: a comparative double-blind crossover study between tolfenamic acid and placebo. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1982 66 : 105 111.
116. Mikkelsen B Pedersen KK Christiansen LV. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with tolfenamic acid, propranolol and placebo. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1986 73 : 423 427.
117. Evers S Mylecharane E. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory and miscellaneous drugs in migraine prophylaxis. In : Olesen J Goadsby PJ Ramadan N Tfelt-Hansen P Welch KMA, eds. The Headaches, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott, 2005 : 551 564.
118. Gomersall JD Stuart A. Amitriptyline in migraine prophylaxis: changes in pattern of attacks during a controlled clinical trial. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 1973 36 : 684 690.
119. Couch JR Hassanein RS. Amitriptyline in migraine prophylaxis. Archives of Neurology 1979 36 : 695 699.
120. Ziegler DK Hurwitz A Hassanein RS Kodanaz HA Preskorn SH Mason J. Migraine prophylaxis. A comparison of propranolol and amitriptyline. Archives of Neurology 1987 44 : 486 489.
121. Ziegler DK Hurwitz A Preskorn S Hassanein R Seim J. Propranolol and amitriptyline in prophylaxis of migraine: pharmacokinetic and therapeutic effects. Archives of Neurology 1993 50 : 825 830.
122. Zeeberg I Orholm M Nielsen JD Honore PLF Larsen JJV. Femoxetine in the prophylaxis of migraine - a randomised comparison with placebo. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1981 64 : 452 459.
123. Orholm M Honoré PF Zeeberg I. A randomized general practice group-comparative study of femoxetine and placebo in the prophylaxis of migraine. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1986 74 : 235 239.
124. Adly C Straumanis J Chesson A. Fluoxetine prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1992 32 : 101 104.
125. Steiner TJ Ahmed F Findley LJ MacGregor EA Wilkinson M. S-fluoxetine in the prophylaxis of migraine: a phase II double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1998 18 : 283 286.
126. d'Amato CC Pizza V Marmolo T Giordano E Alfano V Nasta A. Fluoxetine for migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind trial. Headache 1999 39 : 716 719.
127. Saper JR Silberstein SD Lake AE Winters ME. Double-blind trial of fluoxetine: chronic daily headache and migraine. Headache 1994 34 : 497 502.
128. Schrader H Stovner LJ Helde G Sand T Bovim G. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. BMJ 2001 322 : 19 22.
129. Tronvik E Stovner LJ Helde G Sand T Bovim G. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with an angiotensin II receptor blocker. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002 289 : 65 69.
130. Schoenen J Jacquy J Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis - a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1998 50 : 466 470.
131. Sandor PS di Clemente L Coppola G, et al. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomised controlled trial. Neurology 2005 64 : 713 715.
132. Peikert A Wilimzig C Köhne-Volland R. Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia 1996 16 : 257 263.
133. Pfaffenrath V Wessely P Meyer C, et al. Magnesium in the prophylaxis of migraine - a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1996 16 : 436 440.
134. Diener HC Rahlfs VW Danesch U. The first placebo-controlled trial of a special butterbur root extract for the prevention of migraine: reanalysis of efficacy criteria. European Neurology 2004 51 : 89 97.
135. Lipton RB Göbel H Einhäupl KM Wilks K Mauskop A. Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine. Neurology 2004 63 : 2240 2244.
136. Pfaffenrath V Diener HC Fischer M Friede M Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Investigators. The efficacy and safety of Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) in migraineprophylaxis - a double-blind, multicentre, randomized placebo-controlled dose-response study. Cephalalgia 2002 22 : 523 532.
137. Pittler MH Ernst E. Feverfew for preventing migraine. Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2004 CD002286.
138. Silberstein SD. Methysergide. Cephalalgia 1998 18 : 421 435.
139. Mylecharane EJ. 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. Journal of Neurology 1991 238 ( Suppl. 1 S45 S52.
140. Canonico PL Scapagnini U Genazzani E Zanotti A. Dihydroergokryptine (DEK) in the prophylaxis of common migraine: double-blind clinical study vs placebo. Cephalalgia 1989 9 ( Suppl. 10 446 447.
141. Brin MF Swope DM O'Brian C Abbasi S Pogoda JM. Botox® for migraine: double-blind, placebo-controlled, region-specific evaluation. Cephalalgia 2000 20 : 421 422.
142. Silberstein S Mathew N Saper J Jenkins S. Botulinum toxin type A as a migraine preventive treatment. Headache 2000 40 : 445 450.
143. Evers S Vollmer-Haase J Schwaag S Rahmann A Husstedt IW Frese A. Botulinum toxin A in the prophylactic treatment of migraine - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 2004 24 : 838 843.
144. Dodick DW Mauskop A Elkind AH DeGryse R Brin MF Silberstein SD, BOTOX CDH Study Group. Botulinum toxin type A for the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache: subgroup analysis of patients not receiving other prophylactic medications: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2005 45 : 315 324.
145. Walach H Haeusler W Lowes T, et al. Classical homeopathic treatment of chronic headaches. Cephalalgia 1997 17 : 119 126.
146. Whitmarsh TE Coleston-Shields DM Steiner TJ. Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of homoeopathic prophylaxis of migraine. Cephalalgia 1997 17 : 600 604.
147. Straumsheim P Borchgrevink C Mowinckel P Kierulf H Hafslund O. Homeopathic treatment of migraine: a double blind, placebo controlled trial of 68 patients. The British homoeopathic journal 2000 89 : 4 7.
148. Brandes JL Visser WH Farmer MV, et al. Montelukast for migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2004 44 : 581 586.
149. Vahedi K Taupin P Djomby R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of acetazolamide in migraine prophylaxis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Neurology 2002 249 : 206 211.
150. Goldstein DJ Offen WW Klein EG, et al. Lanepitant, an NK-1 antagonist, in migraine prevention. Cephalalgia 2001 21 : 102 106.
151. Facchinetti F Fioroni L Sances G Romano G Nappi G Genazzani AR. Naproxen sodium in the treatment of premenstrual symptoms: a placebo-controlled study. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1989 28 : 205 208.
152. Sargent J Solbach P Damasio H, et al. A comparison of naproxen sodium to propranolol hydrochloride and a placebo control for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. Headache 1985 25 : 320 324.
153. Szekely B Merryman S Croft H Post G. Prophylactic effects of naproxen sodium on perimenstrual headache: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1989 9 ( Suppl. 10 452 453.
154. Sances G Martignoni E Fioroni L Blandini F Facchinetti F Nappi G. Naproxen sodium in menstrual migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Headache 1990 30 : 705 709.
155. Newman L Mannix LK Landy S, et al. Naratriptan as short-term prophylaxis in menstrually associated migraine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2001 41 : 248 256.
156. Silberstein SD Elkind AH Schreiber C Keywood C. A randomized trial of frovatriptan for the intermittent prevention of menstrual migraine. Neurology 2004 63 : 261 269.
157. De Lignieres B Mauvais-Javis P Mas JML Mas JL Touboul PJ Bousser MG. Prevention of menstrual migraine by percutaneous oestradiol. BMJ 1986 293 : 1540.
158. Dennerstein L Morse C Burrows G Oats J Brown J Smith M. Menstrual migraine: a double blind trial of percutaneous oestradiol. Gynecological Endocrinology 1988 2 : 113 120.
159. Pradalier A Vincent D Beaulieu PH Baudesson G Launay J-M. Correlation between estradiol plasma level and therapeutic effect on menstrual migraine. In : Proceedings of the 10th Migraine Trust Symposium. London 1994 : 129 132.
160. Smits MG van den Meer YG Pfeil JPJM Rijnierse JJMM Vos AJM. Perimenstrual migraine: effect of Estraderm® TTS and the value of contingent negative variation and exteroceptive temporalis muscle suppression test. Headache 1994 34 : 103 106.
161. Källen B Lygner PE. Delivery outcome in women who used drugs for migraine during pregnancy with special reference to sumatriptan. Headache 2001 41 : 351 356.
162. Fox AW Chambers CD Anderson PO Diamond ML Spierings EL. Evidence-based assessment of pregnancy outcome after sumatriptan exposure. Headache 2002 42 : 8 15.
163. Evers S Pothmann R Überall M Naumann E Gerber WD. Therapie idiopathischer Kopfschmerzen im Kindesalter. Nervenheilkunde 2001 20 : 306 315.
164. Überall MA Wenzel D. Intranasal sumatriptan for the acute treatment of migraine in children. Neurology 1999 52 : 1507 1510.
165. Winner P Rothner AD Saper J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sumatriptan nasal spray in the treatment of acute migraine in adolescents. Pediatrics 2000 106 : 989 997.
166. Ahonen K Hämäläinen M Rantala H Hoppu K. Nasal sumatriptan is effective in treatment of migraine attacks in children: a randomized trial. Neurology 2004 62 : 883 887.
167. Hämäläinen ML Hoppu K Santavuori P. Sumatriptan for migraine attacks in children: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Do children with migraine attacks respond to oral sumatriptan differently from adults Neurology 1997 48 : 1100 1103.
168. Evers S. Drug treatment of migraine in children. A comparative review. Paediatric drugs 1999 1 : 7 18.
169. Winner P Lewis D Visser H Jiang K Ahrens S Evans JK, Rizatriptan Adolescent Study Group. Rizatriptan 5 mg for the acute treatment of migraine in adolescents: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2002 42 : 49 55.
170. Solomon GD Cady RK Klapper JA Earl NL Saper JR Ramadan NM. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of 2.5 mg zolmitriptan for the acute treatment of migraine. Neurology 1997 49 : 1219 1225.
171. Tepper SJ Donnan GA Dowson AJ, et al. A long-term study to maximise migraine relief with zolmitriptan. Current medical research and opinion 1999 15 : 254 271.