Racial discrimination in English professional football: Evidence from an empirical analysis of players' career progression

Cambridge Journal of Economics

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 295-316

  Goddard, John ^c   Wilson, John O S ^a,b  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Professional football; Racial discrimination; Transition probabilities

Indexed keywords

AGE; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; LABOR MARKET; RACIAL DISPARITY; RACIAL IDENTITY;

EID: 62549162679     PISSN: 0309166X     EISSN: 14643545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cje/ben038     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Becker, G. 1971. The economics of discrimination, 2nd edn. Chicago, University of Chicago Press,
2. Bellemore, F. A. 2001. Racial and ethnic employment discrimination: promotion in Major League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 2, 356-68
3. Berri, D. J., Schmidt, M. B. and Brook, S. L. 2004. Stars at the gate, Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 5, 33-50
4. Berri, D. J. 2006. National Basketball Association, in Fizel, J. (ed.), Handbook of Sports Economics Research, New York, M.E. Sharpe
5. Bodvarsson, Ö. and Brastow, R. T. 1998. Do employers pay for consistent performance? Evidence from the NBA, Economic Inquiry, vol. 36, 145-60
6. Brown, E., Spiro, R. and Keenan, D. 1991. Wage and nonwage discrimination in professional basketball: Do fans affect it? American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 50, 333-45
7. Burdekin, R. C., Hossfeld, R. T. and Kilholm Smith, J. 2005. Are NBA fans becoming indifferent to race? Evidence from the 1990s, Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 6, 144-59
8. Buzzacchi, L., Szymanski, S. and Valletti, T. M. 2003. Equality of opportunity and equality of outcome: Open leagues, closed leagues and competitive balance, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, vol. 3, 167-86
9. Cappellari, L. 1999. 'Low-pay transitions and attrition bias in Italy: an analysis using simulation based techniques', Mimeo, University of Warwick
10. Cappellari, L. and Jenkins, S. P. 2002A. 'Modelling low income transitions', ISER Working Papers, 2002-8
11. Cappellari, L. and Jenkins, S. P. 2002B. Who stays poor? Who becomes poor? Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey, Economic Journal, vol. 112, C60-7
12. Conlin, M. and Emerson, P. M. 2006. Discrimination in hiring v. retention and promotion: An empirical analysis of within firm treatment of workers in the NFL, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, vol. 22, 115-36
13. Depken II, C. A. and Ford, J. M. 2006. Customer-based discrimination against major league baseball players: Additional evidence from All-star ballots, Journal of Socio-Economics, vol. 35, 1061-77
14. Dey, M. S. 1997. Racial differences in National Basketball Association players' salaries: Another look, American Economist, vol. 41, 84-90
15. Dobson, S. and Goddard, J. 2001. The economics of football, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
16. Eschker, E., Perez, S. J. and Siegler, M. V. 2004. The NBA and the influx of international basketball players, Applied Economics, vol. 36, 1009-20
17. Foley, M. and Smith, F. H. 2007. Consumer discrimination in professional sports: New evidence from Major League Baseball, Applied Economics Letters, vol. 14, 951-5
18. Forrest, D. and Simmons, R. 2000. Employment rights in team sports: towards free agency, Paper presented 18 October 2000 to the Institute of Economic Affairs seminar on the Economics of Sports
19. Frick, B. 2006. Salary determination and the pay-performance relationship in professional soccer: Evidence from Germany, pp. 125-46 in Roriguez, P, Kesenne, S, and Garcia, J. (eds), Sports economics after 50 years: Essays in honor of Simon Rottenberg, Oviedo, Ediciones de la Universidad de Oviedo
20. Frick, B. 2007. The football players' labor market: Empirical evidence from the major European leagues, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol. 54, 422-46
21. Geweke, J. 1989. 'Efficient simulation from the multivariate Normal distribution subject to linear inequality constraints and the evaluation of constraint probabilities', Mimeo, Duke University, Durham, NC
22. Groothius, P. A. and Hill, J. R. 2007. 'Exit discrimination in major league baseball, 1990-2004', Economics Working Paper 07-02, Appalachian State University
23. Hajivassiliou, V., McFadden, D. and Ruud, P. 1996. Simulation of multivariate normal rectangle probabilities and their derivatives, Journal of Econometrics, vol. 72, 85-134
24. Hamilton, B. H. 1997. Racial discrimination and professional basketball salaries in the 1990s, Applied Economics, vol. 29, 287-96
25. Hanssen, A. F. and Andersen, T. 1999. Has discrimination lessened over time? A test using baseball's all-star vote, Economic Inquiry, vol. 37, 326-52
26. Hoang, H. and Rascher, D. 1999. The NBA, exit discrimination and career earnings, Industrial Relations, vol. 38, 69-91
27. Heckman, J. 1979. Sample selection bias as a specification error, Econometrica, vol. 47, 153-61
28. Hugman, B. 1998. The PFA Premier and Football League players' records, 1946-1998, Harpenden, Queen Anne Press
29. Jiobu, R. M. 1988. Racial inequality in a public arena: The case of professional baseball, Social Forces, vol. 67, no. 2, 524-34
30. Kahn, L. M. 1991. Discrimination in professional sports: A survey of the literature, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 44, 395-418
31. Kahn, L. M. 2000. The sports business as a labor market laboratory, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 14, 75-94
32. Kahn, L. M. 2006. Race, performance, pay and retention among national basketball association head coaches, Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 7, 119-49
33. Kahn, L. M. and Sherer, P. D. 1988. Racial differences in professional basketball players' compensation, Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 6, 40-61
34. Kanazawa, M. T. and Funk, J. P. 2001. Racial discrimination in professional basketball: Evidence from Nielsen Ratings, Economic Inquiry, vol. 39, 599-608
35. Koch, J. V. and Vander Hill, C.W. 1988. Is there discrimination in the 'black man's game'? Social Science Quarterly, vol. 69, 83-94
36. Lanfranchi, P. and Taylor, M. 2001. Moving with the ball: The migration of professional footballers, Oxford, Berg
37. Madden, J. F. 2004. Differences in the success of NFL coaches by race, 1990-2002: Evidence of last hire, first fire, Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 5, 6-19
38. McCormick, R. E. and Tollison, R. D. 2001. Why do black basketball players work more for less money? Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, vol. 44, 201-19
39. McGovern, P. 2002. Globalization or internationalization? Foreign footballers in the English League, 1946-96, Sociology, vol. 36, 23-42
40. Mixon, F. G., Jr and Trevino, L. J. 2004. How race affects dismissals of college football coaches, Journal of Labor Research, vol. 25, 647-58
41. Noll, R. G. 2002. The economics of promotion and relegation in sports leagues: The case of English football, Journal of Sports Economics vol. 3, 169-203
42. Pedace, R. 2008. Earnings, performance, and nationality discrimination in a highly competitive labor market as an analysis of the English professional soccer league, Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 9, 115-140
43. Preston, I. and Szymanski, S. 2000. Racial discrimination in English football, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol. 47, 342-63
44. Roderick, M. 2006. A very precarious profession: Uncertainty in the working lives of professional footballers, Work, Employment and Society, vol. 20, 245-65
45. Rosen, S. and Sanderson, A. 2001. Labour markets in professional sports, Economic Journal, vol. 111, F47-68
46. Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research. 2002. 'Racism and football, fact sheet 6', Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research, University of Leicester
47. Szymanski, S. 2000. A market test for discrimination in the English professional soccer leagues, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 108, 590-603
48. Todd, J. R. 2003. Voting for the baseball hall of fame: The effect of race on election date, Industrial Relations, vol. 12, 87-100
49. Todd, J. R., Brown, R. W. and Miles, S. E. 2002. Measuring discrimination in Major League Baseball: Evidence from the baseball hall of fame, Applied Economics, vol. 34, 167-78
50. Vasili, P. 2000. Colouring over the white line: The history of black footballers in Britain, Edinburgh, Mainstream
51. Wilson, D. P. and Ying, Y. H. 2003. Nationality preferences for labour in the international football industry, Applied Economics, vol. 35, 1551-60