메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 373-380

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and expert testimony

Author keywords

Bioethics; Forensic medicine; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Pain medicine; Sociocultural

Indexed keywords

BIOETHICS; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN REGION; CHRONIC PAIN; COURT; EXPERT WITNESS; FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION; FORENSIC PATHOLOGY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; LEGAL EVIDENCE; MEDICAL EXPERT; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PAIN ASSESSMENT; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SOCIAL ASPECT; STANDARDIZATION; VALIDATION PROCESS; BRAIN; FORENSIC MEDICINE; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSIOLOGY; STANDARDS;

EID: 62349142221     PISSN: 15262375     EISSN: 15264637     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00567.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (13)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 85069123621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chair, Committee On Science And Law, are your thoughts your own? "Neuroprivacy" and the legal implications of brain imaging
    • Mandell A. Chair, Committee On Science And Law, are your thoughts your own? "Neuroprivacy" and the legal implications of brain imaging. Record 2005;60:2.
    • (2005) Record , vol.60 , pp. 2
    • Mandell, A.1
  • 2
    • 26844499996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The legality of the use of psychiatric neuroimaging in intelligence interrogation
    • Thompson SK. The legality of the use of psychiatric neuroimaging in intelligence interrogation. Cornell Law Rev 2005;90:1601-38.
    • (2005) Cornell Law Rev , vol.90 , pp. 1601-1638
    • Thompson, S.K.1
  • 3
    • 34548548059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain and behavior: Limitations in the legal use of functional magnetic resonance imaging
    • Tancredi LR, Brodie JD. The brain and behavior: Limitations in the legal use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Law Med 2007;33:271-94.
    • (2007) Am J Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 271-294
    • Tancredi, L.R.1    Brodie, J.D.2
  • 4
    • 34548757188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging the mind, minding the image: An historical introduction to brain imaging and the law
    • Koshbin S, Stephens L. Imaging the mind, minding the image: An historical introduction to brain imaging and the law. Am J Law Med 2007;33:171-2.
    • (2007) Am J Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 171-172
    • Koshbin, S.1    Stephens, L.2
  • 5
    • 1642512347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The deceptive brain
    • Spence SA. The deceptive brain. J R Soc Med 2004;97:6-9.
    • (2004) J R Soc Med , vol.97 , pp. 6-9
    • Spence, S.A.1
  • 6
    • 10044290700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging
    • Spence SA, Hunter MD, Farrow TF, et al. A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004;359:1755-62.
    • (2004) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci , vol.359 , pp. 1755-1762
    • Spence, S.A.1    Hunter, M.D.2    Farrow, T.F.3
  • 7
    • 0041126336 scopus 로고
    • Check your crystal ball at the courthouse door, please: Exploring the past, understanding the present, and worrying about the future of scientific evidence
    • Faigman DL, Porter E, Saks ML. Check your crystal ball at the courthouse door, please: Exploring the past, understanding the present, and worrying about the future of scientific evidence. Cardozo Law Rev 1994;15:1799-810.
    • (1994) Cardozo Law Rev , vol.15 , pp. 1799-1810
    • Faigman, D.L.1    Porter, E.2    Saks, M.L.3
  • 9
    • 0028387214 scopus 로고
    • Spin-echo and gradient-echo EPI of human brain activation using BOLD contrast: A comparative study at 1.5 T
    • Bandettini PA, Wong EC, Jesmanowicz A, Hinks RS, Hyde JS. Spin-echo and gradient-echo EPI of human brain activation using BOLD contrast: A comparative study at 1.5 T. NMR Biomed 1994;7:12-20.
    • (1994) NMR Biomed , vol.7 , pp. 12-20
    • Bandettini, P.A.1    Wong, E.C.2    Jesmanowicz, A.3    Hinks, R.S.4    Hyde, J.S.5
  • 10
    • 0036713457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BOLD fMRI identifies limbic, paralimbic, and cerebellar activation during air hunger
    • Evans KC, Banzett RB, Adams L, et al. BOLD fMRI identifies limbic, paralimbic, and cerebellar activation during air hunger. J Neurophysiol 2002;88:1500-11.
    • (2002) J Neurophysiol , vol.88 , pp. 1500-1511
    • Evans, K.C.1    Banzett, R.B.2    Adams, L.3
  • 12
    • 19344363946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the interpretation of temporal differences of BOLD fMRI responses to nociceptive stimulation
    • Iannetti GD, Brooks JC. On the interpretation of temporal differences of BOLD fMRI responses to nociceptive stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2005;93:3718-9.
    • (2005) J Neurophysiol , vol.93 , pp. 3718-3719
    • Iannetti, G.D.1    Brooks, J.C.2
  • 13
    • 0141760377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BOLD effects in different areas of the cerebral cortex during painful mechanical stimulation
    • Ringler R, Greiner M, Kohlloeffel L, Handwerker HO, Forster C. BOLD effects in different areas of the cerebral cortex during painful mechanical stimulation. Pain 2003;105:445-53.
    • (2003) Pain , vol.105 , pp. 445-453
    • Ringler, R.1    Greiner, M.2    Kohlloeffel, L.3    Handwerker, H.O.4    Forster, C.5
  • 14
    • 0027403503 scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of magnetic resonance image signals of a rat brain to changes in the cerebral venous blood oxygenation
    • Ogawa S, Lee TM, Barrere B. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance image signals of a rat brain to changes in the cerebral venous blood oxygenation. Magn Reson Med 1993;29:205-10.
    • (1993) Magn Reson Med , vol.29 , pp. 205-210
    • Ogawa, S.1    Lee, T.M.2    Barrere, B.3
  • 15
    • 0027263961 scopus 로고
    • Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison of signal characteristics with a biophysical model
    • Ogawa S, Menon RS, Tank DW, et al. Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison of signal characteristics with a biophysical model. Biophys J 1993;64:803-12.
    • (1993) Biophys J , vol.64 , pp. 803-812
    • Ogawa, S.1    Menon, R.S.2    Tank, D.W.3
  • 17
    • 0007313911 scopus 로고
    • The Daubert decision: An update on the Frye rule
    • Steinberg CE. The Daubert decision: An update on the Frye rule. Newsl Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1993;18:66-9.
    • (1993) Newsl Am Acad Psychiatry Law , vol.18 , pp. 66-69
    • Steinberg, C.E.1
  • 19
    • 0020363918 scopus 로고
    • "The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer," overview of a report of the Surgeon General
    • Koop CE, Luoto J. "The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer," overview of a report of the Surgeon General. Public Health Rep 1982;97:318-24.
    • (1982) Public Health Rep , vol.97 , pp. 318-324
    • Koop, C.E.1    Luoto, J.2
  • 20
    • 0035258626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarettes and the US Public Health Service in the 1950s
    • Parascandola M. Cigarettes and the US Public Health Service in the 1950s. Am J Public Health 2001;91:196-205.
    • (2001) Am J Public Health , vol.91 , pp. 196-205
    • Parascandola, M.1
  • 21
    • 0021088032 scopus 로고
    • The surgeon general's "epidemiologic criteria for causality." A critique
    • Burch PR. The surgeon general's "epidemiologic criteria for causality." A critique. J Chronic Dis 1983;36:821-36.
    • (1983) J Chronic Dis , vol.36 , pp. 821-836
    • Burch, P.R.1
  • 22
    • 85047693561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung cancer, chronic disease epidemiology, and medicine, 1948-1964
    • Talley C, Kushner HI, Sterk CE. Lung cancer, chronic disease epidemiology, and medicine, 1948-1964. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2004;59:329-74.
    • (2004) J Hist Med Allied Sci , vol.59 , pp. 329-374
    • Talley, C.1    Kushner, H.I.2    Sterk, C.E.3
  • 24
    • 85069122753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anonymous. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U. S. 579, 597 (1993)
    • Anonymous. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U. S. 579, 597 (1993). 2005.
    • (2005)
  • 25
    • 0037130649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inconsistency in evidentiary standards for medical testimony, disorder in the courts
    • Kassirer JP, Cecil JS. Inconsistency in evidentiary standards for medical testimony, disorder in the courts. JAMA 2002;288:1382-7.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 1382-1387
    • Kassirer, J.P.1    Cecil, J.S.2
  • 26
    • 0141452067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Daubert standard, a primer for pain specialists
    • Kulich RJ, Driscoll J, Prescott J, et al. The Daubert standard, a primer for pain specialists. Pain Med 2003;4(1):1-6.
    • (2003) Pain Med , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-6
    • Kulich, R.J.1    Driscoll, J.2    Prescott, J.3
  • 27
    • 34548810220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FMRI and BF meet FRE: Brain imaging and the federal rules of evidence
    • Petit M Jr. FMRI and BF meet FRE: Brain imaging and the federal rules of evidence. Am J Law Med 2007;33:319-40.
    • (2007) Am J Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 319-340
    • Petit Jr., M.1
  • 28
    • 34548834999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain detection and the privacy of subjective experience
    • Kolber AJ. Pain detection and the privacy of subjective experience. Am J Law Med 2007;33:433-56.
    • (2007) Am J Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 433-456
    • Kolber, A.J.1
  • 30
    • 85069122118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future is now: Reducing victimization through advances in criminal justice techniques
    • Daniels DJ. The future is now: Reducing victimization through advances in criminal justice techniques. American Society of Criminology 54th Annual Meeting; 2002:1-10.
    • (2002) American Society of Criminology 54th Annual Meeting , pp. 1-10
    • Daniels, D.J.1
  • 31
    • 85069124068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anonymous. Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U.S. 361, 106 L. Ed. 2d 306, 109 S. Ct. 2969 (1989)
    • Anonymous. Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U.S. 361, 106 L. Ed. 2d 306, 109 S. Ct. 2969 (1989). 2004.
    • (2004)
  • 32
    • 85069127756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anonymous. In In Re Kevin Nigel Stanford, U.S.: U.S. S. Ct
    • Anonymous. In Re Kevin Nigel Stanford. In Re Kevin Nigel Stanford, U.S.: U.S. S. Ct.; 2002. p. 968.
    • (2002) Re Kevin Nigel Stanford , pp. 968
  • 34
    • 85069123085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anonymous. Neal S. Smith, Plaintiff, v. Continental Casualty Company, Defendant. Smith v. Continental Casualty, 276 F. Supp. 2d: U.S. Dist
    • Anonymous. Neal S. Smith, Plaintiff, v. Continental Casualty Company, Defendant. Smith v. Continental Casualty, 276 F. Supp. 2d: U.S. Dist.; 2003.
    • (2003)
  • 35
    • 62349107206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center News Release. Report Researchers at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
    • Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center News Release. Brain imaging confirms that people feel pain differently. Report Researchers at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, 2003.
    • (2003) Brain Imaging Confirms That People Feel Pain Differently
  • 36
    • 0030944465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain-related somatosensory evoked magnetic fields following lower limb stimulation
    • Kitamura Y, Kakigi R, Hoshiyama M, et al. Pain-related somatosensory evoked magnetic fields following lower limb stimulation. J Neurol Sci 1997;145:187-94.
    • (1997) J Neurol Sci , vol.145 , pp. 187-194
    • Kitamura, Y.1    Kakigi, R.2    Hoshiyama, M.3
  • 37
    • 0035903799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural and functional anatomical correlates of deception in humans
    • Spence SA, Farrow TF, Herford AE, et al. Behavioural and functional anatomical correlates of deception in humans. Neuroreport 2001;12:2849-53.
    • (2001) Neuroreport , vol.12 , pp. 2849-2853
    • Spence, S.A.1    Farrow, T.F.2    Herford, A.E.3
  • 38
    • 28744458833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telling truth from lie in individual subjects with fast event-related fMRI
    • Langleben DD, Loughead JW, Bilker WB, et al. Telling truth from lie in individual subjects with fast event-related fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2005;26:262-72.
    • (2005) Hum Brain Mapp , vol.26 , pp. 262-272
    • Langleben, D.D.1    Loughead, J.W.2    Bilker, W.B.3
  • 39
    • 0036331277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain activity during simulated deception: An event-related functional magnetic resonance study
    • Langleben DD, Schroeder L, Maldjian JA, et al. Brain activity during simulated deception: An event-related functional magnetic resonance study. Neuroimage 2002;15:727-32.
    • (2002) Neuroimage , vol.15 , pp. 727-732
    • Langleben, D.D.1    Schroeder, L.2    Maldjian, J.A.3
  • 40
    • 0742322755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional imaging of pain in patients with primary fibromyalgia
    • Cook DB, Lange G, Ciccone DS, et al. Functional imaging of pain in patients with primary fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2004;31:364-78.
    • (2004) J Rheumatol , vol.31 , pp. 364-378
    • Cook, D.B.1    Lange, G.2    Ciccone, D.S.3
  • 41
    • 0036093275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia
    • Gracely RH, Petzke F, Wolf JM, Clauw DJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1333-43.
    • (2002) Arthritis Rheum , vol.46 , pp. 1333-1343
    • Gracely, R.H.1    Petzke, F.2    Wolf, J.M.3    Clauw, D.J.4
  • 42
    • 0035895705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging the pain of low back pain: Functional magnetic resonance imaging in combination with monitoring subjective pain perception allows the study of clinical pain states
    • Apkarian AV, Krauss BR, Fredrickson BE, Szeverenyi NM. Imaging the pain of low back pain: Functional magnetic resonance imaging in combination with monitoring subjective pain perception allows the study of clinical pain states. Neurosci Lett 2001;299:57-60.
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.299 , pp. 57-60
    • Apkarian, A.V.1    Krauss, B.R.2    Fredrickson, B.E.3    Szeverenyi, N.M.4
  • 43
    • 1042301967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain
    • Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Grant MA, et al. Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:613-23.
    • (2004) Arthritis Rheum , vol.50 , pp. 613-623
    • Giesecke, T.1    Gracely, R.H.2    Grant, M.A.3
  • 44
    • 0242270595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights into the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain through functional brain imaging
    • Casey KL, Lorenz J, Minoshima S. Insights into the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain through functional brain imaging. Exp Neurol 2003;184(suppl 1):S80-8.
    • (2003) Exp Neurol , vol.184 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Casey, K.L.1    Lorenz, J.2    Minoshima, S.3
  • 46
    • 0035098538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study: Technical case report
    • Roux FE, Ibarrola D, Lazorthes Y, Berry I. Chronic motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study: Technical case report. Neurosurgery 2001;48:681-7.
    • (2001) Neurosurgery , vol.48 , pp. 681-687
    • Roux, F.E.1    Ibarrola, D.2    Lazorthes, Y.3    Berry, I.4
  • 47
    • 0035553788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain: Correlations between pain relief and functional imaging studies
    • Sol JC, Casaux J, Roux FE, et al. Chronic motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain: Correlations between pain relief and functional imaging studies. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2001;77:172-6.
    • (2001) Stereotact Funct Neurosurg , vol.77 , pp. 172-176
    • Sol, J.C.1    Casaux, J.2    Roux, F.E.3
  • 49
    • 0034808992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New perspectives in EEG/MEG brain mapping and PET/fMRI neuroimaging of human pain
    • Chen AC. New perspectives in EEG/MEG brain mapping and PET/fMRI neuroimaging of human pain. Int J Psychophysiol 2001;42:147-59.
    • (2001) Int J Psychophysiol , vol.42 , pp. 147-159
    • Chen, A.C.1
  • 50
    • 0036672382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acupuncture: The search for biologic evidence with functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography techniques
    • Cho ZH, Oleson TD, Alimi D, Niemtzow RC. Acupuncture: The search for biologic evidence with functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography techniques. J Altern Complement Med 2002;8:399-401.
    • (2002) J Altern Complement Med , vol.8 , pp. 399-401
    • Cho, Z.H.1    Oleson, T.D.2    Alimi, D.3    Niemtzow, R.C.4
  • 51
    • 0027962631 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral responses to pain in patients with atypical facial pain measured by positron emission tomography
    • Derbyshire SW, Jones AK, Devani P, et al. Cerebral responses to pain in patients with atypical facial pain measured by positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1166-72.
    • (1994) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 1166-1172
    • Derbyshire, S.W.1    Jones, A.K.2    Devani, P.3
  • 52
    • 0028846132 scopus 로고
    • Unilateral decrease in thalamic activity observed with positron emission tomography in patients with chronic neuropathic pain
    • Iadarola MJ, Max MB, Berman KF, et al. Unilateral decrease in thalamic activity observed with positron emission tomography in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Pain 1995;63:55-64.
    • (1995) Pain , vol.63 , pp. 55-64
    • Iadarola, M.J.1    Max, M.B.2    Berman, K.F.3
  • 53
    • 0033495492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of changes in opioid receptor binding in vivo during trigeminal neuralgic pain using [11C]diprenorphine and positron emission tomography
    • Jones AK, Kitchen ND, Watabe H, et al. Measurement of changes in opioid receptor binding in vivo during trigeminal neuralgic pain using [11C]diprenorphine and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999;19:803-8.
    • (1999) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.19 , pp. 803-808
    • Jones, A.K.1    Kitchen, N.D.2    Watabe, H.3
  • 55
    • 0344286169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parietal and cingulate processes in central pain. A combined positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of an unusual case
    • Peyron R, Garcia-Larrea L, Gregoire MC, et al. Parietal and cingulate processes in central pain. A combined positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of an unusual case. Pain 2000;84:77-87.
    • (2000) Pain , vol.84 , pp. 77-87
    • Peyron, R.1    Garcia-Larrea, L.2    Gregoire, M.C.3
  • 56
    • 0033762853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional neuroimaging: Enhanced understanding of migraine pathophysiology
    • Cutrer FM, O'Donnell A, Sanchez del RM. Functional neuroimaging: Enhanced understanding of migraine pathophysiology. Neurology 2000;55:S36-45.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.55
    • Cutrer, F.M.1    O'Donnell, A.2    Sanchez del, R.M.3
  • 58
    • 0037145098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional characterization of human second somatosensory cortex by magnetoencephalography
    • Lin YY, Forss N. Functional characterization of human second somatosensory cortex by magnetoencephalography. Behav Brain Res 2002;135:141-5.
    • (2002) Behav Brain Res , vol.135 , pp. 141-145
    • Lin, Y.Y.1    Forss, N.2
  • 59
    • 0032997492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical activation during oesophageal stimulation: A neuromagnetic study
    • Loose R, Schnitzler A, Sarkar S, et al. Cortical activation during oesophageal stimulation: A neuromagnetic study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1999;11:163-71.
    • (1999) Neurogastroenterol Motil , vol.11 , pp. 163-171
    • Loose, R.1    Schnitzler, A.2    Sarkar, S.3
  • 61
    • 0034533992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging of chronic pain: Phantom limb and musculoskeletal pain
    • Wiech K, Preissl H, Birbaumer N. Neuroimaging of chronic pain: Phantom limb and musculoskeletal pain. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000;113:13-8.
    • (2000) Scand J Rheumatol Suppl , vol.113 , pp. 13-18
    • Wiech, K.1    Preissl, H.2    Birbaumer, N.3
  • 62
    • 0034114407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of distraction on pain-related somatosensory evoked magnetic fields and potentials following painful electrical stimulation
    • Yamasaki H, Kakigi R, Watanabe S, Hoshiyama M. Effects of distraction on pain-related somatosensory evoked magnetic fields and potentials following painful electrical stimulation. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2000;9:165-75.
    • (2000) Brain Res Cogn Brain Res , vol.9 , pp. 165-175
    • Yamasaki, H.1    Kakigi, R.2    Watanabe, S.3    Hoshiyama, M.4
  • 63
    • 0037988722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered central somatosensory processing in chronic pain patients with "hysterical" anesthesia
    • Mailis-Gagnon A, Giannoylis I, Downar J, et al. Altered central somatosensory processing in chronic pain patients with "hysterical" anesthesia. Neurology 2003;60:1501-7.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 1501-1507
    • Mailis-Gagnon, A.1    Giannoylis, I.2    Downar, J.3
  • 64
    • 33747456439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An emotion-based approach to freedom of speech
    • Wright RG. An emotion-based approach to freedom of speech. Loyola Univ Chicago Law J 2003;34:429.
    • (2003) Loyola Univ Chicago Law J , vol.34 , pp. 429
    • Wright, R.G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.