Distractibility in attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The virtual reality classroom

Child Neuropsychology

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 120-135

  Adams, Rebecca ^a   Finn, Paul ^b   Moes, Elisabeth ^a   Flannery, Kathleen ^b   Rizzo, Albert ^c  

^a SUFFOLK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SAINT ANSELM COLLEGE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Monitor; Continuous Performance Test (CPT); Distractibility; Vigil; Virtual Classroom

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PHOTIC STIMULATION; QUESTIONNAIRES; SCHOOLS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;

EID: 62249214134     PISSN: 09297049     EISSN: 17444136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09297040802169077     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Anderson, P., Rothbaum, B. O., & Hodges, L. F. (2003). Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of social anxiety: Two case reports. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 240-247.
4. Aylward, G. P., Verhulst, S. J., & Bell, S. (1990). Individual and combined effects of attention deficits and learning disabilities on computerized ADD assessment. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 8 (4), 497-508.
5. Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63 (l12), 10-15.
6. Barkley, R. A., Grodzinsky, G., & DuPaul, G. J. (1992). Frontal lobe functions in Attention Deficit Disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Clinical Psychology, 20 (2), 163-188.
7. Barkley, R. A., Koplowitz, S., Anderson, T., & McMurray, M. B. (1997). Sense of time in children with ADHS: Effects of duration, distraction, and stimulant medication. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 359-369.
8. Bordnick, P., Graap, K., Copp, H., Brooks, J., & Ferrer, M. (2005). Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment in cigarette smokers. CyberPsychology & Behavior 8(5), 487-492.
9. Botella, C., Banos, R. M., Perpina, C., Villa, H., Alcaniz, M., & Rey, A. (1998). Virtual reality treatment of claustrophobia: A case report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 239-246.
10. Brodeur D. A., & Pond, M. (2001). The development of selective attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29 (3), 229-239.
11. Brown, M. B. (2000). Diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78 (2), 195-203.
12. Cegalis, J. A. (1991). Vigil: Software for testing concentration and attention, Manual. Nashua, NH: Forthought Ltd.
13. Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 201-215.
14. Difede, J., Cukor, J., Jayasinghe, N., Patt, I., Jedel, S., Spielman, L., et al. (2007). Virtual Reality exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following September 11, 2001. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1639-1647.
15. Difede, J., & Hoffman, H. G. (2002). Virtual reality exposure therapy for World Trade Center Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A case report. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(6), 529-535.
16. Emmelkamp, P. M., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. (2002). Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: A comparative evaluation in acrophobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(5), 509-516.
17. Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between continuous performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(5), 543-554.
18. rd, & Botella, C. (2002). Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: A controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(9), 983-993.
19. Glantz, K., Rizzo, A. A., & Graap, K. (2003). Virtual reality for psychotherapy: Current reality and future possibilities. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 40(1), 55-67.
20. Gold, J. I., Kim, S. H., Kant, A. J., & Rizzo, A. A. (2005). Virtual anesthesia: The use of virtual reality for pain distraction during acute medical interventions. Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain, 24, 203-210.
21. Grodzinsky, G. M., & Barkley, R. A. (1999). Predictive power of frontal lobe tests in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactive disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(1), 12-21.
22. Hooks, K., Milich, R., & Lorch, E. P. (1994). Sustained and selective attention in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23 (1), 69-77.
23. Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1993). Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(3), 203-220.
24. Mackworth, N. H. (1957). Some factors affecting vigilance. Advancements in Science, 53, 389-393.
25. Magyary, D., & Brant, P. (2002). A decision tree and clinical paths for the assessment and management of children with ADD. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23(6), 553-566.
26. McGee, R. A., Clark, S. E., & Symons, D. K. (2000). Does the Conners' Continuous Performance Test aid in ADHD diagnosis? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(5), 415-424.
27. th International Workshop on Virtual Rehabilitation, 6-10.
28. Newcorn, J., Halperin, J. M, Jensen, P. S., Abikoff, H. B., Arnold, L. E., Cantwell, D. P., et al. (2001). Symptom profiles in children with ADHD: Effects of comorbidity and gender. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 137-146.
29. Nigg, J. T., Hinshaw, S. P., & Halperin, J. M. (1996). Continuous performance test in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Methylphenidate dose response and relations with observed behaviors. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25(3), 330-340.
30. Parsons, T. D., Bowerly, T., Buckwalter, J. G., & Rizzo, A. A. (2007). A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children with ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 363-381.
31. Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (in press). Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.
32. Perugini, E. M., Harvey, E. A., Lovejoy, D. W., Sandstorm, K., & Webb, A. H. (2000). The predictive power of combined neuropsychological measures for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Child Neuropsychology, 6(2), 101-114.
33. Powers, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (in press). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders.
34. Psychological Corporation (2002). Vigil Continuous Performance Test. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
35. Radosh, A., & Gittelman, R. (1981). The effect of appealing distractors on the performance of hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9, 179-189.
36. Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1998). BASC monitor for ADHD manual and software guide. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.
37. Riccio, C. A., Reynolds, C. R., & Lowe, P. A. (2001). Clinical applications of Continuous Performance Tests. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
38. Rizzo, A. A., Buckwalter, J. G., Bowerly, T., Van Der Zaag, C., Humphrey, L., Neumann, et al. (2000). The virtual classroom: A virtual reality environment for the assessment and rehabilitation of attention deficits. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(3), 483-499.
39. Rizzo, A. A. Klimchuk, D., Mitura, R., Bowerly, T., Buckwalter, J. G., & Parsons, T. (2006). A virtual reality scenario for all seasons: The virtual classroom. CNS Spectrums,11(1), 35-44.
40. Rizzo, A. A., Reger, G., Gahm G., Difede, J., & Rothbaum, B. O. (in press). Virtual reality exposure therapy for combat related PTSD. In P. Shiromani, T. Keane, & J. LeDoux (Eds.), The neurobiology of PTSD.
41. Rizzo, A. A., Schultheis, M. T., Kerns, K., & Mateer, C. (2004). Analysis of assets for virtual reality applications in neuropsychology. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 14(1/2), 207-239.
42. Rizzo, A. A., Wiederhold, M., & Buckwalter, J. G. (1998). Basic issues in the use of virtual environments for mental health applications. In G. Riva, B. Wiederhold, & E. Molinari (Eds.), Virtual reality in clinical psychology and neuroscience (pp. 21-42). Amsterdam, NL: IOS Press.
43. Rose, F. D., Brooks, B. M., & Rizzo, A. A. (2005). Virtual reality in brain damage rehabilitation: Review. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(3), 241-262.
44. Rothbaum, B. O., Anderson, P., Zimand, E., Hodges, L., Lang, D., & Wilson, J. (2006). Virtual reality exposure therapy and standard (in vivo) exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying. Behavior Therapy, 37(1), 80-90.
45. Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Anderson, P. L., Price, L., & Smith, S. (2002). Twelve-month follow-up of virtual reality and standard exposure therapies for the fear of flying. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 428-432.
46. Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Kooper, R., Opdyke, D., Williford, J. S., & North, M. (1995). Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(4), 626-628.
47. Rothbaum, B., Hodges, L., Ready, D., Graap, K., & Alarcon, R. (2001). Virtual reality exposure therapy for Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 617-622.
48. Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Smith, S., Lee, J. H., & Price, L. (2000). A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 1020-1026.
49. Rovet, J. F., & Hepworth, S. (2001). Dissociating attention deficits in children with ADHD and congenital hypothyroidism using multiple CPTs. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42, 1049-1056.
50. Rowland, A. S., Lesesne, C. A., & Abramowiz, A. J. (2002). The epidemiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADD): A public health view. Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8(3), 162-170.
51. Schultheis, M. T., Himelstein, J., & Rizzo, A. A. (2002). Virtual reality and neuropsychology: Upgrading the current tools. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 17, 378-394.
52. Schultheis, M. T., & Rizzo, A. A. (2002). New directions in neuropsychology: Virtual reality technology. The American Psychological Association Division of Clinical Neuropsychology Newsletter 40, 20 (2), 3-8.
53. Shallice, T., Marzocchi, G. M., Silvano, C., Del Savio, M., Meuter, R. F., & Rumiati, R. I. (2002). Executive function profile of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 21(1), 43-71.
54. Siedman, L. J., Biederman, J., Weber, W., Hatch, M., & Faraone, S. V. (1998). Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 44(4), 260-268.
55. Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., Wilens, T. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2002). Overview and neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 3-9.
56. Staller, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls: Epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs, 20(2), 107-123.
57. Stewart, J. C., Yeh, S. C., Jung, Y., Yoon, H., Whitford, M., Chen, S., Li, L., McLaughlin, M., Rizzo, A. A., & Winstein, C. J. (2007). Intervention to enhance skilled arm and hand movements after stroke: A feasibility study using a new virtual reality system. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 4(21), 1-18.
58. Teicher, M. H., Lowen, S. B., Polcari, A., Foley, M., & McGreenery, C. E. (2004). Novel strategy for the analysis of CPT data provides new insight into the effects of methylphenidate on attentional states in children with ADHD. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psycholpharmacology, 14(2), 219-232.
59. Tirosh, E., Perets-Dubrovsky, S., Davidovitch, M., & Hocherman, S. (2006). Visuomotor tracking related to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Neurology, 21(6), 503-507.
60. U.S. Department of Defense. (2000). Continuous Performance Tests (CPTs) for Diagnosis and Titration of Medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (TRICARE Management Activity Contract No. MDA906-00D-0001). Aurora, CO.
61. van Mouric, R., Oosterlaan, J., Heslenfeld, D. J., Konig, C. E., & Sergeant, J. A. (2007). When distraction is not distracting: A behavioral and ERP study on distraction in ADHD. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(8), 1855-1865.
62. West, J., Douglas, G., Houghton, S., Lawrence, V., Whiting, K., & Glasgow, K. (2000). Time perception in boys with attention-deficit /Hyperactivity disorder according to time duration, distraction, and Mode of Presentation. Child Neuropsychology, 6(4), 241-250.