Nonneoplastic mimickers of pancreatic neoplasms

Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 133, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 439-453

  Zamboni, Giuseppe ^a,b   Capelli, Paola ^a   Scarpa, Aldo ^a   Bogina, Giuseppe ^b   Pesci, Anna ^b   Brunello, Eleonora ^a   Klöppel, Günter ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b Sacro Cuore Don Calabria ^*  (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CORTICOSTEROID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4;

ALCOHOL ABUSE; AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS; CELL INFILTRATION; CHRONIC PANCREATITIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DUODENUM; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; PANCREAS BIOPSY; PANCREAS CARCINOMA; PARADUODENAL PANCREATITIS; PLASMA CELL; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GRANULOMA, PLASMA CELL; HUMANS; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PANCREATITIS;

EID: 62249159968     PISSN: 00039985     EISSN: 15432165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Abraham SC, Wilentz RE, Yeo CJ, et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple resections) in patients without malignancy: are they all 'chronic pancreatitis'? Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:110-120.
2. Adsay NV, Basturk O, Klimstra DS, Kloppel G. Pancreatic pseudotumors: non-neoplastic solid lesions of the pancreas that clinically mimic pancreas cancer. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2004;21:2 60-267.
3. Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:682-707.
4. Imagawa A, Hanafusa T, Tamura S, et al. Pancreatic biopsy as a procedure for detecting in situ autoimmune phenomena in type 1 diabetes: close correlation between serological markers and histological evidence of cellular autoimmunity. Diabetes. 2001;50:1269-1273.
5. Landry ML, Sarma DP. Accessory spleen in the head of the pancreas. Hum Pathol. 1989;20:497.
6. Zuk RJ, Neal JW, Baithun SI. Malakoplakia of the pancreas. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1990;417:181-184.
7. Turan M, Sen M, Koyuncu A, Aydin C, Elaldi N, Arici S. Pancreatic pseudotumor due to peripancreatic tuberculous lymphadenitis. Pancreatology. 2002;2:561-564.
8. Ludwig DJ, Morimoto K, Traverso LW. Fungal pseudotumor masquerading as pancreatic cancer - a sequela of new technology? J Gastrointest Surg. 1999;3:123-126.
9. Kloppel G, Detlefsen S, Feyerabend B. Fibrosis of the pancreas: the initial tissue damage and the resulting pattern. Virchows Arch. 2004;445:1-8.
10. Witt H, Apte MV, Keim V, Wilson JS. Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1557-1573.
11. Kloppel G. Chronic pancreatitis, pseudotumors and other tumor-like lesions. Mod Pathol. 2007;20(suppl 1):113S-131S.
12. Stolte M, Weiss W, Volkholz H, Rosch W. A special form of segmental pancreatitis: "groove pancreatitis." Hepatogastroenterology. 1982;29:198-208.
13. Potet F, Duclert N. Cystic dystrophy on aberrant pancreas of the duodenal wall [in French]. Arch Fr Mal App Dig. 1970;59:223-238.
14. Adsay NV, Zamboni G. Paraduodenal pancreatitis: a clinico-pathologically distinct entity unifying "cystic dystrophy of heterotopic pancreas," "para-duodenal wall cyst," and "groove pancreatitis." Semin Diagn Pathol. 2004;21:247-254.
15. Rey P, Carrere C, Tissier S, Weber F, Casassus-Builhe D. Groove pancre atitis: diagnostic impact of dynamic radiology [in French]. Presse Med. 2003;32:1705-1706.
16. Abraham SC, Cruz-Correa M, Argani P, Furth EE, Hruban RH, Boitnott JK. Diffuse lymphoplasmacytic chronic cholecystitis is highly specific for extrahepatic biliary tract disease but does not distinguish between primary and secondary sclerosing cholangiopathy. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:1313-1320.
17. Klimstra DS, Adsay NV. Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing (autoimmune) pancreatitis. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2004;21:237-246.
18. Palazzo JP, Chang CD. Inflammatory pseudotumour of the pancreas. Histopathology. 1993;23:475-477.
19. Detlefsen S, Sipos B, Feyerabend B, Kloppel G. Pancreatic fibrosis associated with age and ductal papillary hyperplasia. Virchows Arch. 2005;447:800-805.
20. Kojima M, Sipos B, Klapper W, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis: frequency, IgG4 expression, and clonality of T and B cells. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31:521-528.
21. Notohara K, Burgart LJ, Yadav D, Chari S, Smyrk TC. Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis with periductal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration: clinicopathologic features of 35 cases. Am J SurgPathol. 2003;27:1119-1127.
22. Zamboni G, Luttges J, Capelli P, et al. Histopathological features of diagnostic and clinical relevance in autoimmune pancreatitis: a study on 53 resection specimens and 9 biopsy specimens. Virchows Arch. 2004;445:552-563.
23. Hardacre JM, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Sohn TA, et al. Results of pancreaticoduodenectomy for lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2003;237:853-858, discussion 858-859.
24. Weber SM, Cubukcu-Dimopulo O, Palesty JA, et al. Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis: inflammatory mimic of pancreatic carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:129-137, discussion 137-129.
25. Ball WP, Baggenstoss AH, Bargen JA. Pancreatic lesions associated with chronic ulcerative colitis. Arch Pathol (Chic). 1950;50:347-358.
26. Sarles H, Sarles JC, Muratore R, Guien C. Chronic inflammatory sclerosis of the pancreas - an autonomous pancreatic disease? Am J Dig Dis. 1961;6:688-698.
27. Sood S, Fossard DP, Shorrock K. Chronic sclerosing pancreatitis in Sjogren's syndrome: a case report. Pancreas. 1995;10:419-421.
28. Kawaguchi K, Koike M, Tsuruta K, Okamoto A, Tabata I, Fujita N. Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis with cholangitis: a variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis extensively involving pancreas. Hum Pathol. 1991;22:387-395.
29. Ectors N, Maillet B, Aerts R, et al. Non-alcoholic duct destructive chronic pancreatitis. Gut. 1997;41:263-268.
30. Takase M, Suda K. Histopathological study on mechanism and background of tumor-forming pancreatitis. Pathol Int. 2001;51:349-354.
31. Yamaguchi K, Chijiiwa K, Saiki S, Nakatsuka A, Tanaka M. "Mass-forming" pancreatitis masquerades as pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Pancreatol. 1996;20:27-35.
32. Yoshida K, Toki F, Takeuchi T, Watanabe S, Shiratori K, Hayashi N. Chronic pancreatitis caused by an autoimmune abnormality: proposal of the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40:1561-1568.
33. Deshpande V, Chicano S, Finkelberg D, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis: a systemic immune complex mediated disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:1537-1545.
34. Cavallini G, Frulloni L. Autoimmunity and chronic pancreatitis: a concealed relationship. JOP. 2001;2:61-68.
35. Pearson RK, Longnecker DS, Chari ST, et al. Controversies in clinical pancreatology: autoimmune pancreatitis: does it exist? Pancreas. 2003;27:1-13.
36. Deshpande V, Mino-Kenudson M, Brugge W, Lauwers GY. Autoimmune pancreatitis: more than just a pancreatic disease?: a contemporary review of its pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129:1148-1154.
37. Kawa S, Ota M, Yoshizawa K, et al. HLA DRB10405-DQB10401 haplotype is associated with autoimmune pancreatitis in the Japanese population. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:1264-1269.
38. Umemura T, Ota M, Hamano H, Katsuyama Y, Kiyosawa K, Kawa S. Genetic association of Fc receptor-like 3 polymorphisms with autoimmune pancreatitis in Japanese patients. Gut. 2006;55:1367-1368.
39. Okazaki K, Uchida K, Ohana M, et al. Autoimmune-related pancreatitis is associated with autoantibodies and a Th1/Th2-type cellular immune response. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:573-581.
40. Gough SC, Walker LS, Sansom DM. CTLA4 gene polymorphism and autoimmunity. Immunol Rev. 2005;204:102-115.
41. Umemura T, Ota M, Yoshizawa K, et al. Association of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 gene polymorphisms with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Japanese. Hepatol Res. 2008;38:689-695.
42. Chang MC, Chang YT, Tien YW, et al. T-cell regulatory gene CTLA-4 polymorphism/haplotype association with autoimmune pancreatitis. Clin Chem. 2007;53:1700-1705.
43. Miyoshi H, Uchida K, Taniguchi T, et al. Circulating naive and CD4+CD25 high regulatory T cells in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2008;36:133-140.
44. Zen Y, Fujii T, Harada K, et al. Th2 and regulatory immune reactions are increased in immunoglobin G4-related sclerosing pancreatitis and cholangitis. Hepatology. 2007;45:1538-1546.
45. Yamada K, Kawano M, Inoue R, et al. Clonal relationship between infiltrating immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-positive plasma cells in lacrimal glands and circulating IgG4-positive lymphocytes in Mikulicz's disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2008;152:432-439.
46. Frulloni L, Bovo P, Brunelli S, et al. Elevated serum levels of antibodies to carbonic anhydrase I and II in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2000;20:382-388.
47. Asada M, Nishio A, Uchida K, et al. Identification of a novel autoantibody against pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2006;33:20-26.
48. Hamano H, Kawa S, Horiuchi A, et al. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:732-738.
49. Procacci C, Carbognin G, Biasiutti C, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis: possibilities of CT characterization. Pancreatology. 2001;1:246-253.
50. Abraham SC, Leach S,Yeo CJ, et al. Eosinophilic pancreatitis and increased eosinophils in the pancreas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:334-342.
51. Zen Y, Harada K, Sasaki M, et al. IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis with and without hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor, and sclerosing pancreatitis-associated sclerosing cholangitis: do they belong to a spectrum of sclerosing pancreatitis? Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28:1193-1203.
52. Hirano K, Komatsu Y, Yamamoto N, et al. Pancreatic mass lesions associated with raised concentration ofIgG4. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2038-2040.
53. Hirano K, Kawabe T, Komatsu Y, et al. High-rate pulmonary involvement in autoimmune pancreatitis. Intern Med J. 2006;36:58-61.
54. Zhang L, Notohara K, Levy MJ, Chari ST, Smyrk TC. IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration in the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:23-28.
55. Kamisawa T, Egawa N, Nakajima H. Autoimmune pancreatitis is a systemic autoimmune disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2811-2812.
56. Prasad P, Salem RR, Mangla R, Aslanian H, Jain D, Lee J. Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreato-cholangitis: a case report and review of the literature. Yale J Biol Med. 2004;77:143-148.
57. Kamisawa T, Nakajima H, Egawa N, Funata N, Tsuruta K, Okamoto A. IgG4-related sclerosing disease incorporating sclerosing pancreatitis, cholangitis, sialadenitis and retroperitoneal fibrosis with lymphadenopathy. Pancreatology. 2006;6:132-137.
58. Mendes FD, Jorgensen R, Keach J, et al. Elevated serum IgG4 concentration in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2070-2075.
59. Kawamura E, Habu D, Higashiyama S, et al. A case of sclerosing cholangitis with autoimmune pancreatitis evaluated by FDG-PET. Ann Nucl Med. 2007;21:223-228.
60. Okazaki K. Is primary sclerosing cholangitis different from sclerosing cholangitis with autoimmune pancreatitis? J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:600-601.
61. Hastier P, Buckley MJ, Le Gall P, Bellon S, Dumas R, DelmontJ. Firstreport of association of chronic pancreatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and systemic sclerosis. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43:2426-2428.
62. Kamisawa T, Egawa N, Inokuma S, et al. Pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function and salivary gland function in autoimmune pancreatitis before and after steroid therapy. Pancreas. 2003;27:235-238.
63. Dooreck BS, Katz P, Barkin JS. Autoimmune pancreatitis in the spectrum of autoimmune exocrinopathy associated with sialoadenitis and anosmia. Pancreas. 2004;28:105-107.
64. Merino JL, Fernandez Lucas M, Teruel JL, et al. Membranous nephropathy associated to autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic pancreatitis and suprarenal insufficiency [in Spanish]. Nefrologia. 2004;24:376-379.
65. Bartholomew LG, Cain JC, Woolner LB, Utz DC, Ferris DO. Sclerosing cholangitis: its possible association with Riedel's struma and fibrous retroperitonitis: report of two cases. N Engl J Med. 1963;269:8-12.
66. Renner IG, Ponto GC, Savage WT III, Boswell WD. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis producing common bile duct and pancreatic duct obstruction. Gastroenterology. 1980;79:348-351.
67. Chutaputti A, Burrell MI, Boyer JL. Pseudotumor of the pancreas associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis: a dramatic response to corticosteroid therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:1155-1158.
68. Uchida K, Okazaki K, Asada M, et al. Case of chronic pancreatitis involving an autoimmune mechanism that extended to retroperitoneal fibrosis. Pancreas. 2003;26:92-94.
69. Comings DE, Skubi KB, Van Eyes J, Motulsky AG. Familial multifocal fibrosclerosis: findings suggesting that retroperitoneal fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and pseudotumor of the orbit may be different manifestations of a single disease. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66:884-892.
70. Levey JM, Mathai J. Diffuse pancreatic fibrosis: an uncommon feature of multifocal idiopathic fibrosclerosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:640-642.
71. Uchiyama-Tanaka Y, Mori Y, Kimura T, et al. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with autoimmune-related pancreatitis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:e18-e25.
72. Takeda S, Haratake J, Kasai T, Takaeda C, Takazakura E. IgG4-associated idiopathic tubulointerstitial nephritis complicating autoimmune pancreatitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:474-476.
73. Nishi H, Tojo A, Onozato ML, et al. Anti-carbonic anhydrase II antibody in autoimmune pancreatitis and tubulointerstitial nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:1273-1275.
74. Taniguchi T, Ko M, Seko S, et al. Interstitial pneumonia associated with autoimmune pancreatitis. Gut. 2004;53:770, author reply 770-771.
75. CheukW,Yuen HK, Chu SY, Chiu EK, Lam LK, Chan JK. Lymphadenopathy of IgG4-related sclerosing disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:671-681.
76. Yoshimura Y, Takeda S, Ieki Y, Takazakura E, Koizumi H,TakagawaK. IgG4-associated prostatitis complicating autoimmune pancreatitis. Intern Med. 2006;45:897-901.
77. Sakata N, Tashiro T, Uesugi N, et al. IgG4-positive plasma cells in inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm: the possibility of an aortic manifestation of IgG4-related sclerosing disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:553-559.
78. Ghazale AH, Chari ST, Vege SS. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008;10:115-121.
79. Kamisawa T, Egawa N, Nakajima H, Tsuruta K, Okamoto A. Morphological changes after steroid therapy in autoimmune pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004;39:1154-1158.
80. Aoki S, Nakazawa T, Ohara H, et al. Immunohistochemical study of autoimmune pancreatitis using anti-IgG4 antibody and patients' sera. Histopathology. 2005;47:147-158.
81. Ito T, Nishimori I, Inoue N, et al. Treatment for autoimmune pancreatitis: consensus on the treatment for patients with autoimmune pancreatitis in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(suppl 18):50-58.
82. Kamisawa T, Okamoto A. Prognosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(suppl 18):59-62.
83. Ghazale A, Chari ST, Zhang L, et al. Immunoglobulin G4-associated cholangitis: clinical profile and response to therapy. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:706-715.
84. Dehner LP. The enigmatic inflammatory pseudotumours: the current state of our understanding, or misunderstanding. J Pathol. 2000;192:277-279.
85. Dehner LP, Coffin CM. Idiopathic fibrosclerotic disorders and other inflammatory pseudotumors. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1998;15:161-173.
86. Rasanen O, Jokinen K, Dammert K. Sclerosing inflammation of the submandibular salivary gland (Kuttner tumour): a progressive plasmacellular ductitis. Acta Otolaryngol. 1972;74:297-301.
87. Williams SB, Foss RD, Ellis GL. Inflammatory pseudotumors of the major salivary glands: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of six cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16:896-902.
88. Kroft SH, Stryker SJ, Winter JN, Ergun G, Rao MS. Inflammatory pseudo-tumor of the pancreas. Int J Pancreatol. 1995;18:277-283.
89. Wreesmann V, van Eijck CH, Naus DC, van Velthuysen ML, Jeekel J, Mooi WJ. Inflammatory pseudotumour (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour) of the pancreas: a report of six cases associated with obliterative phlebitis. Histopathology. 2001;38:105-110.
90. Esposito I, Bergmann F, Penzel R, et al. Oligoclonal T-cell populations in an inflammatory pseudotumor of the pancreas possibly related to autoimmune pancreatitis: an immunohistochemical and molecular analysis. Virchows Arch. 2004;444:119-126.
91. DeRubertis BG, McGinty J, Rivera M, Miskovitz PF, Fahey TJ III. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for inflammatory pseudotumor of the pancreas. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1001.
92. Casadei R, Piccoli L, Valeri B, et al. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the pancreas resembling pancreatic cancer: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Chir Ital. 2004;56:849-858.
93. Zen Y, KasaharaY, Horita K, et al. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the breast in a patient with a high serum IgG4 level: histologic similarity to sclerosing pancreatitis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:275-278.
94. Zhao MF, Tian Y, Guo KJ, Ma ZG, Liao HH. Common bile ductobstruction due to fibrous pseudotumor of pancreas associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:3078-3079.
95. Abrebanel P, Sarfaty S, Gal R, Chaimoff C, Kessler E. Plasma cell granuloma of the pancreas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1984;108:531-532.
96. Walsh SV, Evangelista F, Khettry U. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the pancreaticobiliary region: morphologic and immunocytochemical study of three cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:412-418.
97. Petter LM, Martin JK Jr, Menke DM. Localized lymphoplasmacellular pancreatitis forming a pancreatic inflammatory pseudotumor. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73:447-450.
98. Eckstein RP, Hollings RM, Martin PA, Katelaris CH. Pancreatic pseudotumor arising in association with Sjogren's syndrome. Pathology. 1995;27:284-288.
99. Jafri SZ, Bree RL, Agha FP, Schwab RE. Inflammatory pseudotumor from sclerosing cholangitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1983;7:902-904.
100. Nonomura A, Minato H, Shimizu K, Kadoya M, Matsui O. Hepatic hilar inflammatory pseudotumor mimicking cholangiocarcinoma with cholangitis and phlebitis - a variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis? Pathol Res Pract. 1997;193:519-525, discussion 526.
101. Fukushima N, Suzuki M, Abe T, Fukayama M. A case of inflammatory pseudotumour of the common bile duct. Virchows Arch. 1997;431:219-224.
102. Diakowska D, Knast W, Diakowski W, Grabowski K, Szelachowski P, Pelczar P. Abnormal metabolism of triglycerides fractions in chronic pancreatitis and results after the operation treatment [in Polish]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005;18:629-633.
103. Ghazale A, Chari S. Is autoimmune pancreatitis a risk factor for pancreatic cancer? Pancreas. 2007;35:376.
104. Fukui T, Mitsuyama T, Takaoka M, Uchida K, Matsushita M, Okazaki K. Pancreatic cancer associated with autoimmune pancreatitis in remission. Intern Med. 2008;47:151-155.
105. Chari ST, Smyrk TC, Levy MJ, et al. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1010-1016, quiz 1934.
106. Deshpande V, Mino-Kenudson M, Brugge WR, et al. Endoscopic ultra sound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of autoimmune pancreatitis: diagnostic criteria and pitfalls. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:1464-1471.
107. Bang SJ, Kim MH, Kim do H, et al. Is pancreatic core biopsy sufficient to diagnose autoimmune chronic pancreatitis? Pancreas. 2008;36:84-89.
108. Alexander S, Bourke MJ, Williams SJ, Bailey A, Gill A, Kench JG. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis with intraductal biliary biopsy and treatment of stricture with serial placement of multiple biliary stents. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:396-399.
109. Suda K, Takase M, Fukumura Y, et al. Histopathologic characteristics of autoimmune pancreatitis based on comparison with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2005;30:355-358.
110. Kloppel G. Pseudocysts and other non-neoplastic cysts of the pancreas. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2000;17:7-15.
111. Adsay NV, Klimstra DS, Compton CC. Cystic lesions of the pancreas: introduction. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2000;17:1-6.
112. Hruban RH, Pitman MB, Klimstra DS. Tumors of the Pancreas. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 2007. Atlas of Tumor Pathology; 4th series, fascicle 6.
113. Kosmahl M, Egawa N, Schroder S, Carneiro F, Luttges J, Kloppel G. Mucinous nonneoplastic cyst of the pancreas: a novel nonneoplastic cystic change? Mod Pathol. 2002;15:154-158.
114. Howard JM. Cystic neoplasms and true cysts of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. 1989;69:651-665.
115. Adsay NV, Hasteh F, Cheng JD, Klimstra DS. Squamous-lined cysts of the pancreas: lymphoepithelial cysts, dermoid cysts (teratomas), and accessory-splenic epidermoid cysts. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2000;17:56-65.
116. Pilcher CS, Bradley EL III, Majmudar B. Enterogenous cyst of the pancreas. Am J Gastroenterol. 1982;77:576-577.
117. Marchevsky AM, Zimmerman MJ, Aufses AH Jr, Weiss H. Endometrial cyst of the pancreas. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:1589-1591.
118. Lee JS, Kim HS, Jung JJ, Han SW, Kim YB. Ancient schwannoma of the pancreas mimicking a cystic tumor. Virchows Arch. 2001;439:697-699.
119. Becker V, Mischke U. Groove pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol. 1991;10:173-182.
120. Klöppel G, Solcia E, Longnecker D, Capella C, Sobin L. Histological Typing of Tumours of the Exocrine Pancreas. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1996:23. World Health Organization International Histological Classification of Tumours.
121. Léger L, Lemaigre G, Lenriot J. Kystes sur hété rotopies pancréatiques de la paroi duodénale. Nouv Press Med. 1974;3:2309-2314.
122. Eloit S, Charles JF, L'Heveder G, Balouet G, Leroy JP. Dystrophie kystique sur pancréas aberrant. Sem Hop Paris. 1987;63:2545-2549.
123. Palazzo L, Roseau G, Chaussade S, et al. Dystrophie kystique sur pancreas aberrant de la paroi duodenale (DKPA) associée à la pancreatite chronique calcificante alcoolique (PCCA): une affection frequente et meconnue (resume). Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1992;16(suppl 2 bis):141A.
124. Fekete F, Noun R, Sauvanet A, Flejou JF, Bernades P, Belghiti J. Pseudotumor developing in heterotopic pancreas. World J Surg. 1996;20:295-298.
125. Colardelle P, Chochon M, Larvon L, Palazzo L, Fléejou J, Andrieu J. Dystrophie kystique sur pancreas aberrant antro-bulbaire. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1994;18:277-280.
126. Martin E. Paraampullary duodenal cysts: their relationship with chronic pancreatitis. In: The Sphincter of Oddi. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 1977:156-162.
127. Vankemmel M, Paris JC, Houcke M, Laurent JC, Burzynski A. Paraduodenal cysts near Vater's ampulla and chronic pancreatitis [in French]. Med Chir Dig. 1975;4:181-185.
128. Becker V. Bauchspeicheldüse. In: Doerr W SG, Ühlinger E, ed. Spezielle Pathologische Anatomie. Bd. VI. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 1973.
129. Shudo R, Obara T, Tanno S, et al. Segmental groove pancreatitis accompanied by protein pl gs in Santorini's duct. J Gastroenterol. 1998;33:289-294.
130. Abraham SC, Lee JH, Boitnott JK, Argani P, F rth EE, W TT. Microsatellite instability in intrad ctal papillary neoplasms of the biliary tract. Mod Pathol. 2002;15:1309-1317.
131. Procacci C, Graziani R, Zamboni G, et al. Cystic dystrophy of the duo-denal wall: radiologic findings. Radiology. 1997;205:741-747.
132. Sahin P, Pozsar J, Simon K, Illyes G, Laszlo F, Topa L. A toimm ne pancreatitis associated with immune-mediated inflammation of the papilla of Vater: report on two cases. Pancreas. 2004;29:162-166.
133. Kamisawa T, Tu Y, Nakajima H, Egawa N, Tsuruta K, Okamoto A. Usefulness of biopsying the major duodenal papilla to diagnose autoimmune pancreatitis: a prospective study using IgG4-immunostaining. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:2031-2033.
134. Kubota K, Iida H, Fujisawa T, et al. Clinical significance of swollen duodenal papilla in autoimmune pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2007;35:e51-e60.
135. Lai E, Tompkins R. Heterotopic pancreas: review of a 26 year experience. Am J Surg. 1986;151:697-700.
136. Klöppel G, Lenzen S. Anatomy and physiology of the endocrine pancreas. In: Kloppel G, Lenzen S, eds. Pancreatic Pathology. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 1984:133-153.
137. Ohta T, Nagakawa T, Kobayashi H, et al. Histomorphological study on the minor duodenal papilla. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1991;26:356-362.
138. Cavallini G, Talamini G, Vaona B, et al. Effect of alcohol and smoking on pancreatic lithogenesis in the course of chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1994;9:42-46.
139. Cavallini G. Is chronic pancreatitis a primary disease of the pancreatic ducts?: a new pathogenetic hypothesis. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1993;25:391-396.
140. Yamaguchi K, Tanaka M. Groove pancreatitis masquerading as pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1992;163:312-318.
141. Shudo R, Yazaki Y, Sakurai S, et al. Groove pancreatitis: report of a case and review of the clinical and radiologic features of groove pancreatitis reported in Japan. Intern Med. 2002;41:537-542.
142. Bauchu J, Vergeau B, Nizou C, Vergos M, Andre JL. Le pancreas divisum. J Chir (Paris). 1993;130:457-464.
143. Blair J, Russel C, Cotton PB. Resection for pancreatitis in patients with pancreas divisum. Ann Surg. 1984;200:590-594.
144. Cotton P. Congenital anomaly of pancreas divisum as cause of obstructive pain and pancreatitis. Gut. 1980;21:105-114.
145. Ajjan RA, McIntosh RS,Waterman EA, et al. Analysis of the T-cell receptor Valpha repertoire and cytokine gene expression in Sjogren's syndrome. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:179-185.
146. Varshney S, Johnson CD. Pancreas divisum. Int J Pancreatol. 1999;25:135-141.
147. Renzulli P, Muller C, Uhl W, Scheurer U, Buchler MW. Impacted papilla minor stone in pancreas divisum causing severe acute pancreatitis: a case for early ERCP in acute pancreatitis of unknown origin. Digestion. 1999;60:281-283.