Timing is everything: Antiretroviral nonadherence is associated with impairment in time-based prospective memory

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 42-52

  Woods, Steven Paul ^a,c,d   Dawson, Matthew S ^a   Weber, Erica ^a   Gibson, Sarah ^a   Grant, Igor ^a   Atkinson, J Hampton ^a,b   Atkinson, Hampton J ^d   Ellis, Ronald J ^d,d   McCutchan, J Allen ^d   Marcotte, Thomas D ^d   Hale, Braden R ^d,e   Letendre, Scott ^d   Capparelli, Edmund ^d   Schrier, Rachel ^d   Heaton, Robert K ^d   Cherner, Mariana ^d   Moore, David J ^d   Jernigan, Terry ^d   Fennema Notestine, Christine ^d   Archibald, Sarah L ^d   Hesselink, John ^d   Annese, Jacopo ^d   Taylor, Michael J ^d   Masliah, Eliezer ^d   Langford, T Dianne ^d   Richman, Douglas ^d   Smith, David M ^d   Everall, Ian ^d   Lipton, Stuart ^d   McCutchan, Allen ^d   von Jaeger, Rodney ^d   Gamst, Anthony C ^d   Cushman, Clint ^d   Masys, Daniel R ^d   Abramson, Ian ^d   Ake, Christopher ^d   Vaida, Florin ^d   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS dementia complex; Cognitive science; Human immunodeficiency virus; Neuropsychological tests; Patient compliance; Time perception

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DRUG MONITORING; ELECTRONICS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPISODIC MEMORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFORMATION SYSTEM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; MEMORY DISORDER; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE MEMORY; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TIME PERCEPTION; ENVIRONMENT; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 61949335299     PISSN: 13556177     EISSN: 14697661     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617708090012     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Albert, S.M., Flater, S.R., Clouse, R., Todak, G., Stern, Y., & Marder, K. (2003). Medication management skill in HIV: I. Evidence for adaptation of medication management strategies in people with cognitive impairment. II. Evidence for a pervasive lay model of medication efficacy. AIDS and Behavior, 7, 329-338.
2. Albert, S.M., Weber, C.M., Todak, G., Polanco, C., Clouse, R., McElhiney, M., Rabkin, J., Stern, Y., & Marder, K. (1999). An observed performance test of medication management ability in HIV: Relation to neuropsychological status and medication adherence outcomes. AIDS and Behavior, 3, 121-128.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. Andrade, A.S., McGruder, H.F., Wu, A.W., Celano, S.A., Skolasky, Jr., R.L., Selnes, O.A., Huang, I.C., & McArthur, J.C. (2005). A programmable prompting device improves adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected subjects with memory impairment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41, 875-882.
5. Antinori, A., Arendt, G., Becker, J.T., Brew, B.J., Byrd, D.A., Cherner, M., Clifford, D.B., Cinque, P., Epstein, L.G., Goodkin, K., Gisslen, M., Grant, I., Heaton, R.K., Joseph, J., Marder, K., Marra, C.M., McArthur, J.C., Nunn, M., Price, R.W., Pulliam, L., Robertson, K.R., Sacktor, N., Valcour, V., & Wojna, V.E. (2007). Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology, 69, 1789-1799.
6. Avants, S.K., Margolin, A., Warburton, L.A., Hawkins, K.A., & Shi, J. (2001). Predictors of nonadherence to HIV-related medication regimens during methadone stabilization. The American Journal on Addictions, 10, 69-78.
7. Bangsburg, D.R. (2008). Preventing HIV antiretroviral resistance through better monitoring of treatment adherence. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 197 (Suppl 3), 272-278.
8. Barclay, T.R., Hinkin, C.H., Castellon, S.A., Mason, K.I., Reinhard, M.J., Marion, S.D., Levine, A.J., & Durvasula, R.S. (2007). Age-associated predictors of medication adherence in HIV-positive adults: Health beliefs, self-efficacy, and neurocognitive status. Health Psychology, 26, 40-49.
9. Barkley, R.A., Murphy, K.R., & Bush, T. (2001). Time perception and reproduction in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 15 (3), 351-360.
10. Benedict, R.H.B., Mexhir, J.J., Walsh, K., & Hewitt, R.G. (2000). Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type-1-associated cognitive dysfunction on activities of daily living and quality of life. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 529-534.
11. Benton, A.L., Hamsher, K., & Sivan, A.B. (1994). Multilingual aphasia examination. Iowa City, IA: AJA Associates.
12. Bieliauskas, L.A., Fastenau, P.S., Lacy, M.A., & Roper, B.L. (1997). Use of the odds ratio to translate neuropsychological test scores into real-world outcomes: From statistical significance to clinical significance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuro psychology, 19, 889-896.
13. Bova, C.A., Fennie, K.P., Knafl, G.J., Dieckhaus, K.D., Watrous, E., & Willimas, A.B. (2005). Use of electronic monitoring devices to measure antiretroviral adherence: Practical considerations. AIDS and Behavior, 9, 103-110.
14. Butters, N., Grant, I., Haxby, J., Judd, L.L., Martin, A., McClelland, J., Pequegnat, W., Schacter, D., & Stover, E. (1990). Assessment of AIDS-related cognitive changes: Recommendations of the NIMH workshop on neuropsychological assessment approaches. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 963-978.
15. Carey, C.L., Woods, S.P., Rippeth, J.D., Heaton, R.K., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group (2006). Prospective memory in HIV-1 infection. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 536-548.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). HIV/AIDS surveillance Report, 2005, Vol. 17. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
17. Chesney, M.A., Ickovics, J.R., Chambers, D.B., Gifford, A.L., Neidig, J., Zwickl, B., & Wu, A.W. (2000). Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral medications among participants in HIV clinical trials: The AACTG adherence instruments. Patient Care Patient Care Committee & Adherence Working Group of the Outcomes Committee of the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG). AIDS Care, 12, 255-266.
18. Culbertson, W.C. & Zillmer, E.A. (2001). The Tower of London DX (TOL-DX) manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
19. Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B.A. (2000). The California Verbal Learning Test (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
20. DiIorio, C., McCarty, F., Depadilla, L., Resnicow, K., Holstad, M.M., Yeager, K., Sharma, S.M., Morisky, D.E., & Lundberg, B. (in press). Adherence to antiretroviral medication regimens: A test of a psychosocial model. AIDS and Behavior.
21. Fish, J., Evans, J.J., Nimmo, M., Martin, E., Kersel, D., Bateman, A., Wilson, B.A., & Manly, T. (2007). Rehabilitation of executive dysfunction following brain injury: "Content-free" cueing improves everyday prospective memory performance. Neuropsychologia, 45 (6), 1318-1330.
22. Gould, O.N., McDonald-Miszczak, L., & King, B. (1997). Metacognition and medication adherence: How do older adults remember? Experimental Aging Research, 23, 315-342.
23. Harrigan, P.R., Hogg, R.S., Dong, W.W., Yup, B., Wynhoven, B., Woodward, J., Brumme, C.J., Brumme, Z.L., Mo, T., Alexander, C.S., & Montaner, J.S. (2005). Predictors of HIV drug-resistance mutations in a large antiretroviral-naïve cohort initiating triple antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 191, 339-347.
24. Heaton, R.K., Grant, I., Butters, N., White, D.A., Kirson, D., Atkinson, J.H., McCutchan, J.A., Taylor, M.J., Kelly, M.D., & Ellis, R.J. (1995). The HNRC 500: Neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1 231-251.
25. Heaton, R.K., Marcotte, T.D., Mindt, M.R., Sadek, J., Moore, D.J., Bentley, H., McCutchan, J.A., Reicks, C., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group. (2004). The impact of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment on everyday functioning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 317-331.
26. Hertzog, C., Park, D., Morell, R.W., & Martin, M. (2000). Ask and ye shall receive: Behavioural specificity in the accuracy of subjective memory complaints. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 257-275.
27. Hinkin, C.H., Barclay, T.R., Castellon, S.A., Levine, A.J., Durvasula, R.S., Marion, S.D., Myers, H.F., & Longshore, D. (2007). Drug use and medication adherence among HIV-1 infected individuals. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 185-194.
28. Hinkin, C.H., Castellon, S.A., Durvasula, R.S., Hardy, D.J., Lam, M.N., Mason, K.I., Thrasher, D., Goetz, M.B., & Stefaniak, M. (2002). Medication adherence among HIV+ adults: Effects of cognitive dysfunction and regimen complexity. Neurology, 59, 1944-1950.
29. Hinkin, C.H., Hardy, D.J., Mason, K.I., Castellon, S.A., Durvasula, R.S., Lam, M.N., & Stefaniak, M. (2004). Medication adherence in HIV-infected adults: Effect of patient age, cognitive status, and substance abuse. AIDS, 18, S19-S25.
30. Ivnik, R.J., Smith, G.E., Petersen, R.C., Boeve, B.F., Kokmen, E., & Tangalos, E.G. (2000). Diagnostic accuracy of four approaches to interpreting neuropsychological test data. Neuropsychology, 14, 163-177.
31. Kløve, H. (1963). Grooved pegboard. Indiana: Lafayette Instruments.
32. Leirer, V.O., Morrow, D.G., Tanke, E.D., & Pariante, G.M. (1991). Elders' nonadherence: Its assessment and medication reminding by voice mail. The Gerontologist, 31, 514-520.
33. Levine, A.J., Hinkin, C.H., Marion, S., Keuning, A., Castellon, S.A., Lam, M.M., Robinet, M., Longshore, D., Newton, T., Myers, H., & Durvasula, R.S. (2006). Adherence to antiretroviral medications in HIV: Differences in data collected via self-report and electronic monitoring. Health Psychology, 25, 329-335.
34. Levine, B., Robertson, I.H., Clare, L., Carter, G., Hong, J., Wilson, B.A., Duncan, J., & Stuss, D.T. (2000). Rehabilitation of executive functioning: An experimental-clinical validation of goal management training. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6 299-312.
35. Lima, V.D., Geller, J., Bangsberg, D.R., Patterson, T.L., Daniel, M., & Kerr, T. (2007). The effect of adherence on the association between depressive symptoms and mortality among HIV-infected individuals first initiating HAART. AIDS, 21, 1175-1183.
36. Liu, C., Ostrow, D., Detels, R., Hu, Z., Johnson, L., Kingsley, L., & Jacobson, L.P. (2006). Impacts of HIV infection and HAART use on quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 15, 941-949.
37. Mäntylä, T. & Carelli, M.G. (2006). Time monitoring and executive functioning: Individual and developmental differences. In J. Glicksohn & M.S. Myslobodsky (Eds.), Timing the future: The case for a time-based prospective memory (pp. 191-211). River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co.
38. Martin, E.M., Nixon, H., Pitrak, D.L., Weddington, W., Rains, N.A., Nunnally, G., Grbesic, S., Gonzalez, R., Jacobus, J., & Bechara, A. (2007). Characteristics of prospective memory deficits in HIV-seropositive substance-dependent individuals: Preliminary observations. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 496-504.
39. McDaniel, M.A. & Einstein, G.O. (2007). Prospective memory: An overview and synthesis of an emerging field. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
40. McDonald-Miszczak, L., Maris, P., Fitzgibbon, T., & Ritchie, G. (2004). A pilot study examining older adults' beliefs related to medication adherence: The BERMA Survey. Journal of Aging and Health, 16, 591-614.
41. McNair, D.M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L.F. (1981). Manual for the profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
42. Meck, W.H. (2005). Neuropsychology of timing and time perception. Brain and Cognition, 58, 1-8.
43. Mimura, M., Kinsbourne, M., & O'Connor, M. (2000). Time estimation by patients with frontal lesions and by Korsakoff amnesics. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 517-528.
44. Morgan, E.E., Woods, S.P., Weber, E., Dawson, M.S., Carey, C.L., Moran, L.M., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group. (in press). HIVassociated episodic memory impairment: Evidence of a possible differential deficit in source memory for complex visual stimuli. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.
45. Nieuwkerk, P.T., Sprangers, M.A., Burger, D.M., Hoetelmans, R.M., Hugen, P.W., Danner, S.A., van der Ende, M.E., Schneider, M.M., Schrey, G., Meenhorst, P.L., Sprenger, H.G., Kaufmann, R.H., Jambroes, M., Chesney, M.A., de Wolf, F., Lange, J.M., & The ATHENA Project. (2001). Limited patient adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection in an observational cohort study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1962-1968.
46. Osterberg, L. & Blaschke, T. (2005). Adherence to medication. New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 487-497.
47. Paterson, D.L., Potoski, B., & Capitano, B. (2002). Measurement of adherence to antiretroviral medications. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 15, S103-S106.
48. Perno, C.F., Ceccherini-Silberstein, F., De Luca, A., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Gori, C., Cingolani, A., Bellocchi, M.C., Trotta, M.P., Piano, P., Forbici, F., Scasso, A., Vullo, V., d'Arminio Monforte, A., Antinori, A., & The AdICoNA Study Group. (2002). Virologic correlates of adherence to antiretroviral medications and therapeutic failure. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 31, S118-S122.
49. Psychological Corporation. (1997). WAIS-III and WMS-III technical manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
50. Psychological Corporation. (2001). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
51. Raskin, S. (2004). Memory for intentions screening test [abstract]. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10 (Suppl 1), 110.
52. Reitan, R.M. & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
53. Robertson, K.R., Smurzynski, M., Parsons, T.D., Wu, K., Bosch, R.J., Wu, J., McCartur, J.C., Collier, A.C., Evans, S.R., & Ellis, R.J. (2007). The prevalence and incidence of neurocognitive impairment in the HAART era. AIDS, 21, 915-921.
54. Shimamura, A.P. & Jurica, P.J. (1994). Memory interference effects and aging: Findings from a test of frontal lobe function. Neuropsychology, 8, 408-412.
55. Shum, D., Ungvari, G.S., Tang, W.K., & Leung, J.P. (2004). Performance of schizophrenia patients on time-, event-, and activity-based prospective memory tasks. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 693-701.
56. Simoni, J.M., Frick, P.A., Pantalone, D.W., & Turner, B.J. (2003). Antiretroviral adherence interventions: A review of current literature and ongoing studies. Topics in HIV Medicine, 11, 185-198.
57. Smith, G., Della Sala, S., Logie, R.H., & Maylor, E.A. (2000). Prospective and retrospective memory in normal aging and dementia: A questionnaire study. Memory, 8, 311-321.
58. Stern, R.A., Javorsky, D.J., Singer, E.A., Singer Harris, N.G., Somerville, J.A., Duke, L.M., Thompson, J.A., & Kaplan, E. (1999). The Boston Qualitative Scoring System for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (BQSS): Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
59. Twamley, E.W., Woods, S.P., Zurhellen, C.H., Vertinski, M., Narvaez, J.M., Mausbach, B.T., Patterson, T.L., & Jeste, D.V. (2008). Neuropsychological substrates and everyday functioning implications of prospective memory impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 106, 42-49.
60. van den Broek, M.D., Downes, J., Johnson, Z., Dayus, B., & Hilton, N. (2000). Evaluation of an electronic memory aid in the neuro psychological rehabilitation of prospective memory deficits. Brain Injury, 14, 455-462.
61. Vedhara, K., Wadsworth, E., Norman, P., Searle, A., Mitchel, J., Macrae, N., O'Mahony, M., Kemple, T., & Memel, D. (2004). Habitual prospective memory in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: Implications for medication adherence. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 9, 17-27.
62. Wagner, G.J. (2002). Predictors of antiretroviral adherence as measured by self-report, electronic monitoring, and medication diaries. AIDS Patient Care STDs, 16, 599-608.
63. Waldrop-Valverde, D., Ownby, R.L., Wilkie, F.L., Mack, A., Kumar, M., & Metsch, L. (2006). Neurocognitive aspects of medication adherence in HIV-positive injecting drug users. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 287-297.
64. Woods, S.P., Carey, C.L., Moran, L.M., Dawson, M.S., Letendre, S.L., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group. (2007a). Frequency and predictors of self-reported memory complaints in individuals infected with HIV. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 187-195.
65. Woods, S.P., Dawson, M.S., Carey, C.L., Morgan, E.E., Scott, J.C., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group. (2006a). Increased cognitive load exacerbates HIV-1-associated time-based prospective memory impairment [abstract]. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12 (Suppl 1), 148.
66. Woods, S.P., Iudicello, J.E., Moran, L.M., Carey, C.L., Dawson, M.S., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group. (2008a). HIV-associated prospective memory impairment increases risk of dependence in everyday functioning. Neuropsychology, 22, 110-117.
67. Woods, S.P., Moran, L.M., Carey, C.L., Dawson, M.S., Iudicello, J.E., Gibson, S., Grant, I., Atkinson, J.H., & The HNRC Group. (2008b). Prospective memory in HIV infection: Is "remembering to remember" a unique predictor of self-reported medication management? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 257-270.
68. Woods, S.P., Moran, L.M., Dawson, M.S., Carey, C.L., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group. (2008). Psychometric characteristics of the Memory for Intentions Screening Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 864-878.
69. Woods, S.P., Morgan, E.E., Marquie-Beck, J., Carey, C.L., Grant, I., Letendre, S.L., & The HNRC Group. (2006b). Markers of macrophage activation and axonal injury are associated with prospective memory in HIV-1 disease. Cognitive & Behavioral Neurology, 19, 217-221.
70. Woods, S.P., Rippeth, J.D., Frol, A.B., Levy, J.K., Ryan, E., Soukup, V.M., Hinkin, C.H., Lazzaretto, D., Cherner, M., Marcotte, T.D., Gelman, B.B., Morgello, S., Singer, E.J., Grant, I., & Heaton, R.K. (2004). Interrater reliability of clinical ratings and neurocognitive diagnoses in HIV. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 759-778.
71. Woods, S.P., Scott, J.C., Sires, D.A., Grant, I., Heaton, R.K., Tröster, A.I., & The HNRC Group. (2005). Action (verb) fluency: Test-retest reliability, normative standards, and construct validity. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 408-415.
72. Woods, S.P., Twamley, E.W., Dawson, M.S., Narvaez, J.M., & Jeste, D.V. (2007b). Deficits in cue detection and intention retrieval under lie prospective memory impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 90, 344-350.
73. World Health Organization. (1998). Composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI, version 2.1). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.