Racial Identification among Multiracial Youth: Implications for Adjustment

Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 203-225

  Herman, Melissa R ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Multiethnic society; Multiracial population; Multiracial youth; Racial identification; Racial identity development

Indexed keywords

EID: 61849181195     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118269930.ch10     Document Type: Chapter

References (80)

1. Amaro, H., & Zambrana, R. E. (2000). Criollo, mestizo, mulato, LatiNegro, indigena, White, or Black? The U.S. Hispanic/Latino population and multiple responses in the 2000 census. American Journal of Public Health, 90 (11), 1724-1728.
2. Baird-Olson, K. (2003). Colonization, cultural imperialism, and the social construction of American Indian mixed-blood identity. In L. Winters & H. DeBose (Eds.), New faces in a changing America: Multiracial identity in the 21 st century (pp. 194- 221). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Measuring social distances. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 299-308.
4. Bradshaw, C. K. (1992). Beauty and the beast: On racial ambiguity. In M. P. P. Root (Ed.) Racially mixed people in America. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
5. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA : Harvard.
6. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development, Vol. 6. (pp. 187-249). Greenwich, CT : JAI.
7. Brown, U. M. (2001). The interracial experience: Growing up Black/White racially mixed in the United States. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press.
8. Brunsma, D. (2005) Interracial families and the racial identification of mixed-race children: Evidence from the early childhood longitudinal study. Social Forces 84 (2), 1131-1157.
9. Campbell, M. E., & Rogalin, C. (2006) Categorical imperatives: The interaction of Latino and Racial identification Social Science Quarterly, forthcoming.
10. Collins, J. F. (2000). Biracial Japanese American identity: An evolving process Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6,(2), 115-133.
11. Compas, B. E., Hinden, B. R., & Gerhardt, C. A. (1995). Adolescent development: Pathways and processes of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 265-293.
12. Compas, B. E., Hinden, B. R., & Gerhardt, C. A. (1995). Adolescent development: Pathways and processes of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 265-293.
13. Corrin W., & Cook, T.D. (1999). Spanning racial boundaries: Multi-racial adolescents and their families, peers, schools, and neighborhoods (Working Paper 99-20). Evanston, IL : Institute for Policy Research.
14. Cross, W. E. Jr. (1985). Black identity: rediscovering the distinction between personal identity and reference group orientation. In M.B. Spencer and G.K. Brookins (Eds.), Beginnings: the social and affective development of Black children (pp. 155-171). Hillsdale, NJ,: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15. Dalmage, H. (2000). Tripping on the color line: Black-White Multiracial Families in a racially divided world. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press.
16. Daniel, G. R. (2002). More than Black?: Multiracial identity and the new racial order. Philadelphia : Temple University Press.
17. Daniel, G. R. (2002). More than Black?: Multiracial identity and the new racial order. Philadelphia : Temple University Press.
18. Erickson, E. (Ed.). (1968). Race and the wider identity. New York : Norton.
19. Farley, R. (2004). Identifying with multiple races: A social movement that succeeded but failed?, In M. Krysan & A. E. Lewis (Eds.), The changing terrain of race and ethnicity (pp. 123-148). New York : Russell Sage Foundation.
20. Farley, R. (2004). Identifying with multiple races: A social movement that succeeded but failed?, In M. Krysan & A. E. Lewis (Eds.), The changing terrain of race and ethnicity (pp. 123-148). New York : Russell Sage Foundation.
21. Fernandez, C. A. (1992). La Raza and the melting pot: A comparative look at multiethnicity, In M. M. P. Root (Ed.), Racially mixed people in America (pp. 126-143). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
22. Racial Identification among Multiracial Youth: Implications for Adjustment 223 Fernandez, Carlos A. (1992). La Raza and the melting pot: A comparative look at multiethicity. In M. P. P. Root (Ed.), Racially mixed people in America. Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
23. Field, L. D. (1996). Piecing together the puzzle: Self-concept and group identity in biracial people in America's Black/White youth. In M. P. Root (Ed.), The multiracial experience. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
24. Gaskins, P. F. (1999). What are you? Voices of mixed race people. New York : Holt. Gibbs, J. T. (1987). Identity and marginality: Issues in the treatment of biracial adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 265-278.
25. Gibbs, J. T. (1998). Biracial adolescents. In J. Gibbs & L. Huang (Eds.), Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth (pp. 305-332). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
26. Harris, D., & Sim, J. (2002). Who is Multiracial? Assessing the complexity of lived race. American Sociological Review, 67 (4), 614-627.
27. Herman, M. (2004). Forced to choose: Some determinants of racial identification among multiracial adolescents. Child Development, 75 (3) 730-748.
28. Herman, M. (2007a). The Black-White-Other test score gap: Academic achievement among mixed race adolescents. Unpublished manuscript.
29. Herman, M. (2007b). Implications of Racial Self-Identification, Ethnic Identity, Racial Ancestry, and Racial Context for Depressive Symptoms and Self-Esteem Among Multiracial Adolescents. Unpublished manuscript.
30. Herring, R. D. (1995). Developing biracial ethnic identity: A review of the increasing dilemma. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 23 (1), 29-38.
31. Hirschfield, Lawrence A. (1995). The inheritability of identity: Children's understanding of the cultural biology of race. Child Development 66, 1418-1437.
32. Hitlin, S. J., Brown, S., & Elder, G. H. Jr. (2006). Racial self-categorization in adolescence: multiracial development and social pathways. Child Development, 77, 5, 1298-1308.
33. Jacobs, J. H. (1992). Identity development in biracial children. In M. P. Root (Ed.), Racially mixed people in America (pp. 190-206). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
34. Johnson, D. J. (1992). Racial preference and biculturality in biracial preschoolers. Merrill-Palmer, 38 (2), 233-44.
35. Johnson, K. R. (1999). How did you get to be Mexican? A white/brown man's search for identity. Philadelphia : Temple University Press.
36. Johnson, R. C., & Nagoshi, C. T. (1986). The adjustment of offsprings of within-group and interracial/ intercultural marriages: A comparison of personality factor scores. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 279-284.
37. Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40 (3), 208-230.
38. Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40 (3), 208-230.
39. Kich, G. K. (1992). The developmental process of asserting a biracial, bicultural identity. In M. P. Root (Ed.), Racially mixed people in America (pp. 304-320). Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
40. Korgen, K. O. (1999). From Black to Biracial: Transforming racial identity among Americans. Westport, CT : Praeger Publishers.
41. Lee, J., & Bean, F. (2004). America's changing color lines: Immigration, race/ethnicity, and multiracial identification. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 221-42.
42. Lee, J., & Bean, F. (2004). America's changing color lines: Immigration, race/ethnicity, and multiracial identification. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 221-42.
43. Morten, G., & Atkinson, D. (1983). Minority identity development and preference for counselor race. Journal of Negro Education, 52, 156-161.
44. Morten, G., & Atkinson, D. (1983). Minority identity development and preference for counselor race. Journal of Negro Education, 52, 156-161.
45. Nakashima, C.L. (1992). "An invisible monster: the creation and denial of mixed-race people in America." Pp. 162-180 in Racially mixed people in America, edited by M.P.P. Root. Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
46. National Center for Health Statistics. (2002). Births: Final data for 2001. National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 51, 2. Washingon, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
47. Ogbu, J., & Simons, H. (1998). Voluntary and involuntary minorities: A cultural-ecological theory of school performance with some implications for education. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 29 (2), 155-188.
48. Ogbu, J., & Simons, H. (1998). Voluntary and involuntary minorities: A cultural-ecological theory of school performance with some implications for education. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 29 (2), 155-188.
49. Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial formation in the United States: from the 1960s to the 1990s. New York, NY : Routledge.
50. Orbe, M. P. (1999). Communicating about "race" in interracial families. In T. J. Socha, & R. C. Diggs (Eds.), Communication, race and family: Exploring communication in Black, White, and biracial families. Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
51. Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial formation in the United States: from the 1960s to the 1990s. New York, NY : Routledge.
52. Park, R. (1924). The concept of social distance as applied to the study of racial attitudes and racial relations. Journal of Applied Sociology later Sociology and Social Research 8 (6), 339-344.
53. Park, R. (1928). Human migration and the marginal man. American Journal of Sociology, 33, 881-893.
54. Park, R. (1924). The concept of social distance as applied to the study of racial attitudes and racial relations. Journal of Applied Sociology later Sociology and Social Research 8 (6), 339-344.
55. Poston, W. S. (1990). The biracial identity development model: A needed addition. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69, 152-155.
56. Qian, Z. (1997). Breaking the racial barriers: Variations in interracial marriage between 1980 and 1990. Demography, 34, 263-76.
57. Renn, K. (2000). Patterns of situational identity among biracial and multiracial college students. The Review of Higher Education, 23 (4), 399-420.
58. Rockquemore, K. A., & Brunsma, D. (2001). Negotiations on the color line: Phenotype, appearances, and (bi)racial identity. Identity, 3 (1).
59. Rockquemore, K. A., & Brunsma, D. L. (2002). Beyond Black: Biracial identity in America. Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
60. Rockquemore, K. A., & Laszloffy, T. A. (2003). Raising biracial children. Lanham, MD : Rowman & LIttlefield Pub Inc.
61. Root, M. P. (1997). Biracial identity. In G. G. Bear, K.M Minke, & A. Thomas (Eds.), Children's needs II: Development, problems, and alternatives (pp. 751-759). Bethesda, MD : National Association of School Psychologists.
62. Root, M. P. (1999). The biracial baby boom: Understanding ecological constructions of racial identity in the 21 st century. In R. Sheets and E. Hollins (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity in school practices: Aspects of human development. Mahwah, NJ : LEA Publishers.
63. Root, M. P. P. (1996). The multi-racial experience: Racial borders as a significant frontier in race relations. In M. P. P. Root (Ed.), The multi-racial experience: Racial borders as the new frontier (pp. xiii-xxciii). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
64. Shih, M., & Sanchez, D. T. (2005). Perspectives and research on the positive and negative implications of having multiple racial identities. Psychological Bulletin, 131 (4), 569-591.
65. Simmel, G. (1971). On Individuality and Social Forms: Selected Writings. (Donald N. Levine, Ed.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
66. Simmel, G. (1971). On Individuality and Social Forms: Selected Writings. (Donald N. Levine, Ed.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
67. Spickard, P. (1989). Mixed blood: Intermarriage and ethnic identity in twentieth-century America. Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin Press.
68. Spickard, P. (2001). Who is Asian? Who is a Pacific Islander? Monoracialism, multiracial people, and Asian American communities. In T. Williams-Leon & C. L. Nakashima (Eds.), The sum of our parts (pp. 13-24). Philadelphia : Temple University Press.
69. Stonequist, E. (1935). The problem of the marginal man. A merican Journal of Sociology, 4 1 (1), 1-12.
70. Tallbear, K. (2003). DNA, blood, and racializing the tribe. Wicazo Sa Review, 18 (1), 88-93. Thornton, M., & Wason, S. (1996). Hidden agendas, identity theories and multiracial people. In M.P. Root (Ed.), The multiracial experience: Racial borders as the new frontier (pp. 101-120). Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
71. Trianosky, G. V. (2003). Beyond Mestizaje: The future of race in America. In L. Winters & H. DeBose, (Eds.), New faces in a changing America: Multiracial identity in the 21 st century (pp. 176 -193). Thousand Oakes, CA : Sage.
72. Tweed, D. L., Goldsmith, H. F., Jackson, D. J., Stiles, D., Rae, D., & Kramer, M. (1990). Racial congruity as a contextual correlate of mental disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60 (3), 392-403.
73. Tweed, D. L., Goldsmith, H. F., Jackson, D. J., Stiles, D., Rae, D., & Kramer, M. (1990). Racial congruity as a contextual correlate of mental disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60 (3), 392-403.
74. Twine, F. W. (1997). Brown-skinned White girls: Class, culture, and the construction of White identity in suburban communities. In R. Frankenberg (Ed.), Displacing whiteness: Essays in social and cultural criticism (pp 214-243). Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
75. Weisman, J. R. (2001). The tiger and his stripes: Thai and American reactions to Tiger Woods' (multi-)racial self, In T. Williams-Leon & C. L. Nakashima (Eds.), The sum of our parts (pp. 231-244). Philadelphia : Temple University Press.
76. Williams, G. H. (1995). Life on the color line: The true story of a White boy who discovered he was Black. New York : Dutton.
77. Williams, G. H. (1995). Life on the color line: The true story of a White boy who discovered he was Black. New York : Dutton.
78. Williams, T. K. (1995). The theater of identity: (multi-)race and representation of Eurasians and Afroasians. In N. Zack (Ed.), A merican mixed race: The culture of microdiversity (pp. 79-96). Lanham, MD. : Rowman and Littlefield.
79. Williams, T. K., & Thornton, M. C. (1998). Social construction of ethnicity versus personal experience: The case of Afro-Amerasians. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29, 255-267.
80. Xie, Y., & Goyette, K. (1997). The racial identification of biracial children with one Asian parent: Evidence from the 1990 census. Social Forces, 76 (2), 547-570.