Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis

Postgraduate Medical Journal

Volumn 84, Issue 998, 2008, Pages 662-670

  Salerno, Francesco ^a   Gerbes, Alexander ^b   Ginès, Pere ^c   Wong, Florence ^d   Arroyo, Vicente ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^d TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ALBUMIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CYCLOSPORIN; DEXTRAN; DOPAMINE; FUROSEMIDE; MIDODRINE; NORADRENALIN; OCTREOTIDE; ORNIPRESSIN; TACROLIMUS; TERLIPRESSIN; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENT; VASODILATOR AGENT; VASOPRESSIN DERIVATIVE;

ASCITES; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSENSUS; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; HEMODIALYSIS; HEPATORENAL SYNDROME; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; OLIGURIA; PARACENTESIS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSIS; REVIEW; SODIUM EXCRETION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VASOCONSTRICTION;

EID: 61849168547     PISSN: 00325473     EISSN: 14690756     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.107789     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Ginès P, Gvevara M, Arroyo V, et al. Hepatarenal syndrome. Lancet 2003;362:1819-27.
2. O'Grady JG. Clinical disorders of renal function in acute liver failure. In: Gines P, Arroyo V, Rodes J, Schrier RW, eds. Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease. 2nd edn, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005:383-93.
3. Ginès A, Escorsell A, Gines P, et al. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993;105:229-36.
4. Dagher L, Moore K. The hepatorenal syndrome. Gut 2001;49:720-37.
5. Arroyo V, Gines P, Gerbes A, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996;23:164-76.
6. Fernandez-Seara J, Prieto J, Quiroga J, et al. Systemic and regional hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites with and without functional renal failure. Gastroenterology 1989;97:1304- 12.
7. Maroto A, Gines P, Arroyo V, et al. Brachial and femoral artery blood flow in cirrhosis: relationship to kidney dysfunction. Hepatology 1993;17:788-93.
8. Rivolta R, Maggi A, Cazzaniga M, et al. Reduction of renal cortical blood flow assessed by Doppler in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Hepatology 1998;28:1235-40.
9. Guevara M, Bru C, Gines P, et al. Increased cerebrovascular resistance in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology 1998;28:39-44.
10. Sacerdoti D, Bolognesi M, Merkel C, et al. Renal vasoconstriction in cirrhosis evaluated by duplex Doppler ultrasonography. Hepatology 1993;17:219-24.
11. Sugano S, Yamamoto K, Atobe T, et al. Postprandial middle cerebral arterial vasoconstriction in cirrhotic patients. A placebo, controlled evaluation. J Hepatol 2001;34:373-7.
12. Dillon JF, Plevris JN, Wong FC, et al. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in patients with cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;7:1087-91.
13. Moller S, Henriksen J. The systemic circulation in cirrhosis. In: Gines P, Arroyo V, Rodes J, Schrier RW, eds. Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005:139-155.
14. Luca A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Feu F, et al. Noninvasive measurement of femoral blood flow and portal pressure response to propranolol in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995;21:83-8.
15. Piscaglia F, Zironi G, Gaiani S, et al. Relationship between splanchnic, peripheral and cardiac hemodynamics in cirrhosis of different degrees of severity. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;9:799-804.
16. Wong F, Logan A, Blendis L. Hyperinsulinemia in preascitic cirrhosis: effects on systemic and renal hemodynamics, sodium homeostasis, forearm blood flow and sympathetic nervous activity. Hepatology 1996;23:414-22.
17. Albornoz L, Motta A, Alvarez D, et al. Nitric oxide synthase activity in the splanchnic vasculature of patients with cirrhosis: relationship with hemodynamic disturbances. J Hepatol 2001;35:452-6.
18. Domenicali M, Ros J, Fernandez-Varo G, et al. Increased anandamide induced relaxation in mesenteric arteries of cirrhotic rats: role of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors. Gut 2005;54:522-7.
19. Castro A, Jimenez W, Claria J, et al. Impaired response to angiotensin II in experimental cirrhosis: role of nitric oxide. Hepatology 1993;18:367-72.
20. Heller J, Schepke M, Gehnen N, et al. Altered adrenergic responsiveness of endothelium-denuded hepatic arteries and portal veins in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1999;116:387-93.
21. Hartleb M, Moreau R, Cailmail S, et al. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to endothelin 1 in rats with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1085-93.
22. Michielsen PP, Boeckxstaens GE, Sys SU, et al. The role of increased nitric oxide in the vascular hyporeactivity to noradrenaline in long-term portal vein ligated rats. J Hepatol 1995;23:341-7.
23. Islam M, Williams B, Madhavan K, et al. Selective alteration of agonist-mediated contraction in hepatic arteries isolated from patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2000;118:765-71.
24. Helmy A, Newby DE, Jalan R, et al. Nitric oxide mediates the reduced vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II in patients with preascitic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2003;38:44-50.
25. Tristani FE, Cohn JN. Systemic and renal hemodynamics in oliguric hepatic failure: effect of volume expansion. J Clin Invest 1967;46:1894-6.
26. Ruiz del Arbol L. Urman J, Fernandez J, et al. Systemic, renal, and hepatic hemodynamic derangement in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 2003;38:1210-8.
27. Ruiz del Arbol L, Monescillo A, Arocena C, et al. Circulatory function and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2005;42:439-47.
28. Ma ZH, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: getting to the heart of the matter. Hepatology 1996;24:451-9.
29. Follo A, Llovet JM, Navasa M, et al. Renal impairment after spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors and prognosis. Hepatology 1994;20:1495-501.
30. Terra C, Guevara M, Torre A, et al. Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis and sepsis unrelated to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: value of MELD score. Gastroenterology 2005;129:1944- 53.
31. Cardenas A, Gines P, Uriz J, et al. Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and short-term prognosis. Hepatology 2001;34:671-6.
32. Salerno F, Badalamenti S. Drug-induced renal failure in cirrhosis. In: Gines P, Arroyo V, Rodes J, Schrier RW, eds. Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005:372-382.
33. Moreau R, Lebrec D. The use of vasoconstrictors in patients with cirrhosis: type 1 HRS and beyond. Hepatology 2006;43:385-94.
34. Guevara M, Ginès P, Fernandez-Esparrach G, et al. Reversibility of hepatorenal syndrome by prolonged administration of ornipressin and plasma volume expansion. Hepatology 1998;27:35-41.
35. Brensing KA, Texior J, Perz J, et al. Long term outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in non-transplant cirrhotics with hepatorenal syndrome: a phase II study. Gut 2000;47:288-95.
36. Guevara M, Gines P, Bandi JC, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in hepatorenal syndrome: effects on renal function and vasoactive systems. Hepatology 1998;28:416-22.
37. Shapiro MD, Nichols KM, et al. Interrelationship between cardiac output and vascular resistance as determinant of effective arterial blood volume in cirrhotic patients. Kidney Int 1985;28:206-11.
38. Hadenguo A, Gadano A, Moreau R, et al. Beneficial effects of the two-day administration of terlipressin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome. J Hepatol 1998;29:565-70.
39. Brenner BM, Troj JL, Daugharty TM, et al. Dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat. II. Plasma-flow dependence of GFR. Am J Physiol 1972;223:1184-90.
40. Arendshorts WJ, Gottschalk CW. Glomerular ultrafiltration dynamics: euvolemic and plasma volume-expanded rats. Am J Physiol 1980;239:F171-86.
41. Brinch K, Moller S, Bendtsen F, et al. Plasma volume expansion by albumin in cirrhosis. Relation to blood volume distribution, arterial compliance and severity of disease. J Hepatol 2003;39:24-31.
42. Fernandez J, Navasa M, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on systemic and hepatic hemodynamics and vasoactive neurohormonal systems in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol 2004;41:384-90.
43. Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 1999;5:403-9.
44. Kew MC, Sampson DJ, Sherlock S. The effect of octapressin on renal and intrarenal blood flow in cirrhosis of the liver. Gut 1972;13:293-306.
45. Lenz K, Hortnagl H, Druml W, et al. Ornipressin in the treatment of functional renal failure in decompensated cirrhosis: effects on renal hemodynamics and atrial natriuretic factor. Gastroenterology 1991;101:1060-7.
46. Gülberg V, Bilzer M, Gerbes AL. Long-term therapy and retreatment of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with ornipressin and dopamine. Hepatology 1999;30:870-5.
47. Moreau R, Durand F, Poynard T, et al. Terlipressin in patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a retrospective multicenter study. Gastroenterology 2002;122:923-30.
48. Uriz J, Ginès P, Cardenas A, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin infusion: an effective and safe therapy of hepatorenal syndrome. J Hepatol 2000;33:43-48.
49. Ortega R, Ginès P, Uriz J, et al. Terlipressin therapy with and without albumin for patients with hepatorenal syndrome: results of a prospective nonrandomized study. Hepatology 2002;36:941-8.
50. Angeli P, Volpin R, Gerunda G, et al. Reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome with the administration of midodrine and octreotide. Hepatology 1999;29:1690-7.
51. Wong F, Pantea L, Sniderman K. Midodrine, octreotide, albumin, and TIPS in selected patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 2004;40:55-64.
52. Solanki P, Chawla A, Garg R, et al. Beneficial effects of terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;18:152-6.
53. Sanyal A, Boyer T, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. A prospective randomized double blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Hepatology 2006;44(4-Suppl.1):694A.
54. Restuccia T, Ortega R, Guevara M, et al. Effects of treatment of hepatorenal syndrome before transplantation on posttransplantation outcome. A case-control study. J Hepatol 2004;40:140-6.
55. Pomier-Layrargues G, Paquin SC, Hassoun Z, et al. Octreotide in hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Hepatology 2003;38:238-43.
56. Duvoux C, Zanditenas D, Hezode C, et al. Effects of noradrenalin and albumin in patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a pilot study. Hepatology 2002;36:374-80.
57. Lake JR, Ring E, LaBerge J, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portacaval stent shunts in patients with renal insufficiency. Transplant Proc 1993;25:1766-67.
58. Testino G, Ferro C, Sumberaz A, et al. Type-2 hepatorenal syndrome and refractory ascites: role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in eighteen patients with advanced cirrhosis awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 2003;50:1753-5.
59. Gerbes AL, Gulberg V. Benefit of TIPS for patients with refractory ascites: serum bilirubin may make the difference. Hepatology 2005;41:217.
60. Jalan R, Forrest EH, Redhead DN, et al. Reduction in renal blood flow following acute increase in the portal pressure: evidence for the existence of a hepatorenal reflex in man? Gut 1997;40:664-70.
61. Huonker M, Schumacher YO, Ochs A, et al. Cardiac function and haemodynamics in alcoholic cirrhosis and effects of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt. Gut 1999;44:743-8.
62. Salerno F, Cazzaniga M, Pagnozzi G, et al. Humoral and cardiac effects of TIPS in cirrhotic patients with different "effective" blood volume. Hepatology 2003;38:1370-7.
63. Schwartz JM, Beymer C, Althaus SJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary consequences of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: role of increased pulmonary artery pressure. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38:590-4.
64. Stange J, Ramlow W, Mitzner S, et al. Dialysis against a recycled albumin solution enables the removal of albumin-bound toxins. Artif Organs 1993;17:809-13.
65. Sen S, Davies NA, Mookerjee RP, et al. Pathophysiological effects of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled study. Liver Transpl 2004;10:1109-19.
66. Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, et al. Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Liver Transpl 2000;6:277-86.
67. Heemann U, Treichel U, Loock J, et al. A dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: a prospective, controlled study. Hepatology 2002;36:949-58.
68. Gonwa TA, Morris CA, Goldstein RM, et al. Long-term survival and renal function following liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatorenal syndrome-experience in 300 patients. Transplantation 1991;51:428-30.
69. Gonwa TA, Klintmalm GB, Levy M, et al. Impact of pretransplant renal function on survival after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1995;59:361-5.
70. Seu P, Wilkinson AH, Shaked A, et al. The hepatorenal syndrome in liver transplant recipients. Ann Surg 1991;57:806-9.
71. Marik PE, Wood K, Starzl TE. The course of type-1 hepato-renal syndrome post liver transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:478-82.
72. Navasa M, Feu F, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Hemodynamic and humoral changes after liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993;17:355-60.
73. Rimola A, Gavaler JS, Schade RR, et al. Effects of renal impairment on liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 1987;93:148-56.
74. Nair S, Verma S, Thuluvath PJ. Pretransplant renal function predicts survival in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 2002;35:1179-85.
75. Alessandria C, Ozdogan O, Guevara M, et al. MELD score and clinical type predict prognosis in hepatorenal syndrome: relevance to liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005;41:1282-9.
76. Scherman DS, Fish DN, Teitelbaum I, Assessing renal function in cirrhotic patients: problems and pitfalls. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:269-78.
77. Ganne-Carrie N, Hadengue A, Mathurin P, et al. Hepatorenal syndrome. Long-term treatment with terlipressin as a bridge to liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:1054-6.
78. Le Moine O, el Nawar A, Jagodzinski R, et al. Treatment with terlipressin as a bridge to transplantation in a patient with hepatorenal syndrome. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1998;61:268-70.
79. Duhamel C, Mauillon J, Berkelmans J, et al. Hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhotic patients: terlipressin is a safe and efficient treatment; propranolol and digitalic treatments: precipitating and preventing factors? Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2984-5.
80. Colle I, Durand F, Pessione F, et al. Clinical course, predictive factors and prognosis in patients with cirrhosis and type-1 hepatorenal syndrome treated with terlipressin: a retrospective analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:882-7.
81. Halimi C, Bonnard P, Bernard B, et al. Effect of terlipressin (Glypressin) on hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhotic patients: results of a multicentre pilot study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:153-8.
82. Danalioglu A, Cakaloglu Y, Karaca C, et al. Terlipressin and albumin combination treatment in hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatogastroenterology 2003;50:ccciii-v, (Suppl 2).
83. Mulkay JP, Louis H, Donckier V, et al. Long-term terlipressin administration improves renal function in cirrhotic patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a pilot study. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2001;64:15-9.
84. Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23:75-84.