Chapter 4 Geomorphic Patterns and Processes at Alpine Treeline

Developments in Earth Surface Processes

Volumn 12, Issue , 2009, Pages 63-84

  Butler, David R ^a   Malanson, George P ^a   Resler, Lynn M ^a   Walsh, Stephen J ^a   Wilkerson, Forrest D ^a   Schmid, Ginger L ^a   Sawyer, Carol F ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

alpine treeline; debris flow; needle ice pan; patterned ground; snow avalanche; solifluction; turf exfoliation

Indexed keywords

EID: 61749088136     PISSN: 09282025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0928-2025(08)00204-6     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Becwar M.R., and Burke M.J. Winter hardiness limitations and physiography of woody timberline flora. In: Li P.H., and Sakai A. (Eds). Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress: Mechanisms and Crop Implications Vol. 2 (1982), Academic Press, New York 307-323
2. Brown D.G. Comparison of vegetation-topography relationships at the alpine treeline ecotone. Physical Geography 15 (1994) 125-145
3. Butler D.R. Snow avalanche path terrain and vegetation, Glacier National Park, Montana. Arctic and Alpine Research 11 (1979) 17-32
4. Butler D.R. The grizzly bear as an erosional agent in mountainous terrain. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 36 (1992) 179-189
5. Butler D.R. Zoogeomorphology - Animals as Geomorphic Agents (1995), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
6. Butler D.R. Geomorphic process-disturbance corridors: A variation on a principle of landscape ecology. Progress in Physical Geography 25 (2001) 237-248
7. Butler D.R. Visualizing animal impacts on the landscape: Remote sensing in the physical geography classroom. Geocarto International 17 (2002) 67-74
8. Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. A reconstruction of snow avalanche characteristics in Montana, USA using vegetative indicators. Journal of Glaciology 31 (1985) 185-187
9. Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. Periglacial patterned ground, Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Canada and USA. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 33 (1989) 43-57
10. Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. Non-equilibrium geomorphic processes and patterns on avalanche paths in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 34 (1990) 257-270
11. Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. Effects of terrain on excessive travel distance by snow avalanches. Northwest Science 66 (1992) 77-85
12. Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. A major sediment pulse in a subalpine river caused by debris flows in Montana, USA. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 40 (1996) 525-535
13. Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. Site locations and characteristics of miniature patterned ground, eastern Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Landform Analysis 2 (1999) 45-49
14. Butler D.R., Malanson G.P., and Resler L.M. Turf-banked terrace treads and risers, turf exfoliation, and possible relationships with advancing treeline. Catena 58 (2004) 259-274
15. Butler D.R., Malanson G.P., and Walsh S.J. Snow-avalanche paths: Conduits from the periglacial-alpine to the subalpine-depositional zone. In: Abrahams A.D., and Dixon J.C. (Eds). Periglacial Geomorphology (1992), Wiley, London 185-202
16. Butler D.R., Malanson G.P., Walsh S.J., and Fagre D.B. Influences of geomorphology and geology on alpine treeline in the American West - more important than climatic influences?. Physical Geography 28 (2007) 434-450
17. Butler D.R., and Walsh S.J. Lithologic, structural, and topographic influences on snow-avalanche path location, eastern Glacier National Park, Montana. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80 (1990) 362-378
18. Butler D.R., and Walsh S.J. Site characteristics of debris flows and their relationship to alpine treeline. Physical Geography 15 (1994) 181-199
19. Cairns D.M., and Moen J. Herbivory influences tree lines. Journal of Ecology 92 (2004) 1019-1024
20. Carrara, P.C., 1990. Surficial Geologic Map of Glacier National Park, Montana. US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-1508-D, Washington, DC.
21. Chadwick D.H. A Beast the Color of Winter - The Mountain Goat Observed (1983), Sierra Club Books, San Francisco
22. DeChano L.M., and Butler D.R. Analysis of public perception of debris flow hazard. Disaster Prevention and Management 10 (2001) 261-269
23. Eaton W.P. A Rocky Mountain game trail. Harper's Magazine 136 (1917) 111-123
24. Gardner, J.S., Smith, D.J., Desloges, J.R., 1983. The Dynamic Geomorphology of the Mt. Rae Area: A High Mountain Region in Southwestern Alberta. University of Waterloo Department of Geography Publication Series No. 19. Waterloo, ON.
25. Grab S.W. Turf exfoliation in the high Drakensberg, Southern Africa. Geografiska Annaler 84A (2002) 39-50
26. Holtmeier F.-K. Mountain Timberlines: Ecology, Patchiness, and Dynamics (2003), Kluwer, Dordrecht
27. Malanson G.P., and Butler D.R. The Western Cordillera. In: Orme A. (Ed). The Physical Geography of North America (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford 363-379
28. Malanson G.P., Butler D.R., Cairns D.M., Welsh T.E., and Resler L.M. Variability in an edaphic indicator in alpine tundra. Catena 49 (2002) 203-215
29. Malanson G.P., Butler D.R., Fagre D.B., Walsh S.J., Tomback D.F., Daniels L.D., et al. Alpine treeline of Western North America: Linking organism-to-landscape dynamics. Physical Geography 28 (2007) 378-396
30. Pérez F.L. Processes of turf exfoliation (Rasenabschälung) in the high Venezuelan Andes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 36 (1992) 81-106
31. Post D.M., Doyle M.W., Sabo J.L., and Finlay J.C. The problem of boundaries in defining ecosystems: A potential landmine for uniting geomorphology and ecology. Geomorphology 89 (2007) 111-126
32. Resler, L.M., 2004. Conifer Establishment Sites on a Periglacial Landscape, Glacier National Park, Montana. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos.
33. Resler L.M. Geomorphic controls of spatial pattern and process at alpine treeline. Professional Geographer 58 (2006) 124-138
34. Resler L.M., Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. Topographic shelter and conifer establishment and mortality in an alpine environment, Glacier National Park, Montana. Physical Geography 26 (2005) 112-125
35. Schmid, G.L., 2004. The Role of Soils in Recording Environmental Change at Alpine Treeline. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos.
36. Seastedt T.R., Bowman W.D., Caine T.N., McKnight D., Townsend A., and Williams M.W. The landscape continuum: A model for high-elevation ecosystems. BioScience 54 (2004) 111-121
37. Smith D.J., and Gardner J.S. Geomorphic effects of ground squirrels in the Mount Rae area, Canadian Rocky Mountains. Arctic and Alpine Research 17 (1985) 205-210
38. Tardiff S.E., and Stanford J.A. Grizzly bear digging: Effects on subalpine meadow plants in relation to mineral nitrogen availability. Ecology 79 (1998) 2219-2228
39. Walsh S.J., Bian L., McKnight S., Brown D.G., and Hammer E.S. Solifluction steps and risers, Lee Ridge, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA: A scale and pattern analysis. Geomorphology 55 (2003) 381-398
40. Walsh S.J., and Butler D.R. Morphometric and spatial analyses of debris flows: Components of a natural hazards methodology. Geocarto International 12 (1997) 59-70
41. Walsh S.J., Butler D.R., Allen T.R., and Malanson G.P. Influence of snow patterns and snow avalanches on the alpine treeline ecotone. Journal of Vegetation Science 5 (1994) 657-672
42. Walsh S.J., Butler D.R., Brown D.G., and Bian L. Cartographic modeling of snow avalanche path location within Glacier National Park, Montana. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 56 (1990) 615-621
43. Walsh S.J., Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. An overview of scale, pattern, process relationships in geomorphology: A remote sensing and GIS perspective. Geomorphology 21 (1997) 183-205
44. Walsh S.J., Butler D.R., Malanson G.P., Crews-Meyer K.A., Messina J.P., and Xiao N. Mapping, modeling, and visualization of the influences of geomorphic processes on the alpine treeline ecotone, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Geomorphology 53 (2003) 129-145
45. Walsh S.J., Weiss D.J., Butler D.R., and Malanson G.P. An assessment of snow avalanche paths and forest dynamics using IKONOS satellite data. Geocarto International 19 (2004) 85-93
46. Wilkerson F.D. Rates of heave and surface rotation of periglacial frost boils in the White Mountains, California. Physical Geography 16 (1995) 487-502
47. Wilkerson, F.D., 2004. The Spatial and Temporal Hazard of Debris Flows in Glacier National Park, Montana. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos.
48. Wilkerson F.D., and Schmid G.L. Debris flows in Glacier National Park, Montana: Geomorphology and hazards. Geomorphology 55 (2003) 317-328
49. Wilkerson F.D., Schmid G.L., and Butler D.R. Lichenometric dating of hazardous debris flows, Glacier National Park, Montana. Papers and Proceedings of the Applied Geography Conferences 25 (2002) 76-84
50. Zeng Y., Malanson G.P., and Butler D.R. Geomorphic limits to self organization in alpine forest-tundra ecotone vegetation. Geomorphology 91 (2007) 378-392