Intensive livestock farming: Global trends, increased environmental concerns, and ethical solutions

Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 153-167

  Ilea, Ramona Cristina ^a  

^a PACIFIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Agriculture; Animals; Environment; Ethics; Farming; Livestock; Meat

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; DEVELOPING WORLD; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; GREENHOUSE GAS; HEALTH IMPACT; INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE; LAND DEGRADATION; LEGISLATIVE IMPLEMENTATION; LIVESTOCK FARMING; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; TREND ANALYSIS; UNITED NATIONS; WATER POLLUTION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 61649113159     PISSN: 11877863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10806-008-9136-3     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Aiken, W. (1984). Ethical issues in agriculture. In T. Regan (Ed.), Earthbound: New introductory essays in environmental ethics (pp. 274-288). New York: Random House.
2. Alroe, H. F., Vaars, M., & Kristensen, E. S. (2001). Does organic farming face distinctive livestock welfare issues? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 14 (3), 275-299.
3. Al-Zahrani, K. H., Elsahfie, I. M., & Muneer, S. E. (2007). Factors affecting adoption of water conservation practices in the household sector in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.worldwaterweek.org/stockholmwatersymposium/Abstract_Volume_07/ Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Workshop%208.pdf.
4. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada. (2003). Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. June, Vol. 103, Number 6, 748-765.
5. American Public Health Association. (2003). Precautionary moratorium on new concentrated animal feed operations. Retrieved October 2008, from http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1243.
6. Barker, T., Bashmakov, I., Bernstein, L., Bogner, J. E., Bosch, P. R., Dave, R., et al. (2007). Technical summary. In B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave, & L. A. Meyer (Eds.), Climate change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
7. Barrett, J. (2006). Hogging the air CAFO emissions reach into schools. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(.4), A241-A241.
8. Bittman, M. (2008). Rethinking the meat-guzzler. The New York Times. Retrieved July 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/weekinreview/ 27bittman.html.
9. Bullard, R. (1994). Overcoming environmental racism in decisionmaking. Environment, 36, 10-20; 39-44.
10. Callicott, B. (1980). Animal liberation: A triangular affair. Environmental Ethics, 2 (4), 311-388.
11. Casey, M. (2007). Millions face hunger from climate change. New York: The Associated Press, April 10.
12. Chapagain, A. K., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2003). Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international trade of livestock and livestock products. In A. Y. Hoekstra (Ed.), Proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade, The Netherlands.
13. Cohen, C., & Regan, T. (2001). The animal rights debate. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
14. Compassion in World Farming. (CIWF). (n.d.). What we do. Retrieved June 2008, from http://www.ciwf.org/campaigns/index.html.
15. de Haan, C., Steinfeld, H., & Blackburn, H. (1997). Livestock and the environment: Finding a balance. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, U.S. Agency for International Development and World Bank. Retrieved June 2008, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5303e/ x5303e00.htm.
16. Diamond, C. (1978). Eating meat, eating people. Philosophy, 78 (53), 465-479.
17. Donham, K. J. (2000). The concentration of swine production: Effects on swine health, productivity, human health, and the environment. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, 16, 559-597.
18. Eshel, G., & Martin, P. (2006). Diet, energy and global warming. Earth Interactions, 10, 1-17.
19. Fisher, B. S., Nakicenovic, N., Alfsen, K., Morlot, C. J., de la Chesnaye, F., & Hourcade, J.-Ch. (2007). Issues related to mitigation in the long term context. In B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave, & L. A. Meyer (Eds.), Climate change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
20. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2006a). Livestock's long shadow: Environmental issues and options. Retrieved June 2008, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm.
21. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2006b). Livestock a major threat to environment. Retrieved June 2008, from http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html.
22. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (n.d.). FAO Statistical Database. Retrieved January 2008, from http://faostat.fao.org.
23. Frey, R. G. (2004). Utilitarianism and moral vegetarianism again: Protest or effectiveness? In S. F. Sapontzis (Ed.), Food for thought: The debate over eating meat (pp. 118-123). Amherst: Prometheus Books.
24. Gardiner, S. (2007). Ethics and global climate change. Ethics, 114 (April), 555-600.
25. Hursthouse, R. (2000). Ethics, humans and other animals: An introduction with readings. New York: Rutledge.
26. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2008). Climate change 2007 - Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Working group II contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Jamieson, D. (1998a). Animal liberation is an environmental ethic. Environmental Values, F98, 7 (1), 41-57.
28. Jamieson, D. (1998b). Global responsibilities: Ethics, public health and global environmental change. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 5, 99-119.
29. Jamieson, D. (2001). Climate change and global environmental justice. In P. Edwards & C. Miller (Eds.), Changing the atmosphere: Expert knowledge and global environmental governance (pp. 287-307). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
30. Jensen, K. K., & Sorenson, J. T. (1998). The idea of ethical accounting for a livestock farm. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 11 (2), 85-100.
31. Kaimowitz, D., Mertens, B., Wunder, S., & Pacheco, P. (2004). Hamburger connection fuels amazon destruction: Cattle ranching and deforestation in Brazil's Amazon. Center for International Forestry Research. Retrieved July 2008, from http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/ publications/pdf_files/media/Amazon.pdf.
32. Kaimowitz, D., & Smith, J. (2001). Soybean technology and the loss of natural vegetation in Brazil and Bolivia. In A. Angelsen & D. Kaimowitz (Eds.), Agricultural technologies and tropical deforestation (pp. 195-211). Bangor, Indonesia: CABI Publishing.
33. Kilburn, K. H. (1999). Evaluating health effects from exposures to hydrogen sulfide: Central nervous system dysfunction. Environmental Epidemiology and Toxicology, 1, 207-216.
34. Kirby, A. 2008. Hungry world 'must eat less meat.' BBC News. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/ 3559542.stm.
35. Klink, C. A., & Machado, R. B. (2005). Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conservation Biology, 19 (3), 707-713.
36. Livestock, Environment, and Development Virtual Centre (LEAD). (2006). LEAD digital library: Livestock's long shadow - environmental issues and options. Retrieved January 2008, from http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/ library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.htm.
37. Messina, V. (1998). Position of the American dietetic association: vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97 (11), 1317-1321.
38. Mirabelli, M., Wing, S., Marshall, S., & Wilcosky, T. (2006a). Asthma symptoms among adolescents who attend public schools that are located near confined swine feeding operations. Pediatrics, 118, e66-e75.
39. Mirabelli, M., Wing, S., Marshall, S., & Wilcosky, T. (2006b). Race, poverty, and potential exposure of middle-school students to air emissions from confined swine feeding operations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114 (4), 591-596.
40. Nierenberg, D. (2006). Rethinking the global meat industry. In L. Starke (Ed.), State of the world 2006: A Worldwatch institute report on progress toward a sustainable society. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
41. Nobis, N. (2002). Vegetarianism and virtue: Does consequentialism demand too little? Social theory and practice: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal of Social Philosophy, 28 (1), 135-156.
42. Nussbaum, M. (2006). Frontiers of justice: Disability, nationality, species membership. Boston: Harvard University Press.
43. Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production (PEW). (2008). Putting meat on the table: Industrial farm animal production in America executive summary. Retrieved June 2008, from http://www.ncifap.org/_images/PCIFAPSmry.pdf.
44. Pimentel, D., Berger, B., Filiberto, D., Newton, M., Wolfe, B., Karabinakis, E., et al. (2004). Water resources: Agricultural and environmental issues. BioScience, 54 (10), 909-918.
45. Pollan, M. (2007). The omnivore's dilemma: A natural history of four meals. New York: Penguin.
46. Ogino, A., Orito, H., Shimada, K., & Hirooka, H. (2007). Evaluating environmental impacts of the Japanese beef cow-calf system by the life cycle assessment method. Animal Science Journal, 78 (4), 424-432.
47. Regan, T. (1983). The case for animal rights. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
48. Resnik, D., & Roman, G. (2007). Health, justice and the environment. Bioethics, 21 (4), 230-241.
49. Revkin, A. (2007). Poor nations to bear brunt as world warms. The New York Times. Retrieved June 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/ science/earth/01climate.html.
50. Ribaudo, M. (2003). Managing manure: New clean water act regulations create imperative for livestock producers. U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Amber Waves, February. Retrieved January 2008, from www.ers.usda.gov/Amberwaves/Feb03/Features/ ManagingManure.htm.
51. Russell, J. B., & Rychlik, J. L. (2001). Factors that alter rumen microbial ecology. Science, 292, 1119-1122.
52. Samson, K. (2008). Alert to neurologists - help needed to help solve mysterious neurological illness at Minnesota Pork Plant. Neurology Today, 7, 3-4. February.
53. Singer, P. (1975). Animal liberation. New York: Harper Collins.
54. Singer, P. (2002). One world: The ethics of globalization. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
55. Smith, R. A. (1998). Impact of disease on feedlot performance: A review. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 272-274.
56. Thompson, P. (2001). Animal welfare and livestock production in a postindustrial Milieu. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 4 (3), 20-191.
57. Thompson, P., & Nardone, A. (1999). Sustainable livestock production: Methodological and ethical challenges. Livestock Production Science, 61 (2-3), 111-119.
58. Thorne, P. S., Donham, K. J., Dosman, J., Jagielo, P., Merchant, J. A., & von Essen, S. (1995). Occupational health. In K. Donham & K. Thu (Eds.), Proceedings, Understanding the Impacts of Large-Scale Swine Production, June 29-30. Des Moines, IA. Retrieved November 2008, from .
59. Thu, K., Donham, K., Ziegenhorn, R., Reynolds, S., Thorne, P. S., Subramanian, P., et al. (1997). A control study of the physical and mental health of residents living near a large-scale swine operation. Journal Agricultural Safety Health, 3 (1), 13-26.
60. Tudge, Colin. (2003). So shall we reap. New York: Penguin.
61. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA). (n.d.). Feed Grains Database: Yearbook Tables. Retrieved January 2008, from www.ers.usda.gov/data/feedgrains/standardreports/ybtable4.htm.
62. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (1998). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1996 (p. 5). Retrieved January 2008, from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ downloads06/98CR.pdf.
63. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2007). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2005 (pp. 6-7). Retrieved January 2008, from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ emissions/downloads06/07CR.pdf.
64. Van Hollen, C. (2008). Climate MATTERS Cap-and-Trade Legislation Introduced. Congressman Chris Van Hollen: Press Release. Retrieved June 2008, from http://vanhollen.house.gov/HoR/MD08/Newsroom/Press+Release+by+ Date/2008/06-17-08+Climate+MATTERS+Cap-and-Trade+Legislation+ Introduced.htm.
65. Varner, G. (1994). What's wrong with animal byproducts? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 7, 7-17.
66. Vergé, X. P. C., De Kimpe, C., & Desjardins, R. L. (2007). Agricultural Production, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Potential. Retrieved June 2008, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ y3557e/y3557e09.htm.
67. Wenz, P. (1984). An ecological argument for vegetarianism. Ethics and Animals, 5, 2-9.
68. Wing, S., & Wolf, S. (2000). Intensive livestock operations, health, and quality of life among eastern North Carolina residents. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (3), 233-238.
69. Woolf, A. (Dir.). (2008). The King of Corn. Docurama Films, 2008.
70. World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO). (2002). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Draft report of the joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. Retrieved June 2008, from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_916.pdf.
71. World Water Week (WWW). (2006a). Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.worldwaterweek.org/press/ Insights%20for%20Stockholm%20World%20Water%20Week%202006.pdf.
72. World Water Week (WWW). (2006b). 2006 Synthesis. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.worldwaterweek.org/Downloads/ 2006_synthesis_web.pdf.
73. World Water Week (WWW). (2007). Progress and Prospects on Water. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.worldwaterweek.org/Downloads/ Synthesis_07_web.pdf.
74. World Wildlife Fund (WWF). (n.d. a). Facts about Soy Production and the Basel Criteria. Retrieved January 2008, from http://assets.panda.org/ downloads/factsheet_soy_eng.pdf.
75. World Wildlife Fund. (n.d. b) Brazilian Savannas. Retrieved January 2008, from http://www.panda.org/news_facts/education/best_place_species/ current_top_10/brazilia_savnnas.cfm.