Oral cancer: Risk factors, prevention and diagnostic

Experimental Oncology

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 259-264

  Khalili, J ^a  

^a SHUPYK NATIONAL MEDICAL ACADEMY OF POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION   (Ukraine)

Author keywords

Diagnostic; Incidence and mortality; Oral cancer; Prevention; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CANNABIS; FREE RADICAL; MOLECULAR MARKER; MOUTHWASH;

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER SCREENING; CANDIDIASIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; MOUTH CANCER; MOUTH CAVITY; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; RARE DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; SURVIVAL RATE; TOBACCO; TOOTH PLAQUE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VIRUS; ANIMAL; MOUTH TUMOR;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MOUTH NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 61449494748     PISSN: 18129269     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer 2001; 94: 153-156
2. Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2002; 52: 23-47.
3. Wake M. The urban/rural divide in head and neck cancer - the effect of atmospheric pollution. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1993; 18: 298-302. (Pubitemid 23269020)
4. Bundgaard T, Bentzen SM, Wildt J. The prognostic effect of tobacco and alcohol consumption in intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1994; 30B: 323-328 (Pubitemid 24309213)
5. Slavkin HC. The human genome, implications for oral health and diseases, and dental education. J Dental Education 2001; 65: 463-479
6. Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, et al. Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 3282-3287 (Pubitemid 18141930)
7. Negri E, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Tavani A. Attributable risk for oral cancer in northern Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2: 189-193
8. Horowitz AM, Goodman HS, Yellowitz JA, Nourjah PA. The need for health promotion in oral cancer prevention and early detection. J Public Health Dent 1996; 56: 319-330 (Pubitemid 126701499)
9. Dolan RW, Vaughan CW, Fuleihan N. Symptoms in early head and neck cancer: an inadequate indicator. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 119: 463-467 (Pubitemid 28525067)
10. Ellison MD, Campbell BH. Screening for cancer of the head and neck: addressing the problem. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1999; 8: 725-734 (Pubitemid 29487541)
11. Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J Clin 2001; 51: 15-36.
12. Dahlstrom KR, Little JA, Zafereo ME, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in never smoker-never drinkers: a descriptive epidemiologic study. Head Neck 2008; 30: 75-84. (Pubitemid 351158324)
13. Llewellyn CD, Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya KA. Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in young people-a comprehensive literature review. Oral Oncol 2001; 37: 401-418
14. Kademani D. Oral cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82: 878-887
15. Franceschi S, Bidoli E, Herrero R, Muñoz N. Comparison of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx worldwide: etiological clues. Oral Oncol 2000; 36: 106-115
16. Moore SR, Johnson NW, Pierce AM, Wilson DF. The epidemiology of mouth cancer: a review of global incidence. Oral Dis 2000; 6: 65-74. (Pubitemid 30159033)
17. La Vecchia C, Lucchini F, Negri E, Levi F. Trends in oral cancer mortality in Europe. Oral Oncol 2004; 40: 433-439 (Pubitemid 38221391)
18. La Vecchia C, Tavani A, Franceschi S, et al. Epidemiology and prevention of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 1997; 33: 302-312
19. McCredie M, Coates MS, Day P, Bell JC. Changes in cancer incidence and mortality in New South Wales. Med J Aust 1995; 163: 520-523
20. Macfarlane GJ, McCredie M, Coates M. Patterns of oral and pharyngeal cancer: Incidence in New South Wales, Australia. J Oral Pathol Med 1994; 23: 241-245 (Pubitemid 2106685)
21. Spitz MR, Newell GR. Descriptive epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Cancer Bull 1987; 39: 79-81.
22. Macfarlane GJ, Zheng T, Marshall JR, et al. Alcohol, tobacco, diet and the risk of oral cancer: a pooled analysis of three case-control studies. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1995; 31B: 181-187
23. Cinciripini PM, McClure JB. Smoking cessation: recent developments in behavioral and pharmacologic interventions. Oncology (Williston Park) 1998; 12: 249-256
24. Altieri A, Bosetti C, Gallus S, et al. Wine, beer and spirits and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland. Oral Oncol 2004; 40: 904-909 (Pubitemid 39369562)
25. Franceschi S, Levi F, Dal Maso L, et al. Cessation of alcohol drinking and risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 787-790 (Pubitemid 30131466)
26. Rodriguez T, Altieri A, Chatenoud L, et al. Risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer in young adults. Oral Oncol 2004; 40: 207-213 (Pubitemid 38030366)
27. Chen PC, Pan CC, Kuo C, Lin CP. Risk of oral nonmalignant lesions associated with human papillomavirus infection, betal quid chewing, and cigarette smoking in Taiwan: an integrated molecular and epidemiologic study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130: 57-61. (Pubitemid 43077236)
28. Scheifele C, Nassar A, Reichart PA. Prevalence of oral cancer and potentially malignant lesions among shammah users in Yemen. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 42-50. (Pubitemid 46172538)
29. Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Spitz MR, et al. Marijuana use and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 1071-1078 (Pubitemid 30004904)
30. Taghavi N, Yazdi I. Type of food and risk of oral cancer. Arch Iran Med 2007; 10: 227-232 (Pubitemid 46672415)
31. Pelucchi C, Talamini R, Negri E, et al. Folate intake and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Ann Oncol 2003; 14: 1677-1681 (Pubitemid 37455819)
32. Pavia M, Pileggi C, Nobile CG, Angelillo IF. Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and oral cancer: a meta-analysis of observations studies. Am J Clinical Nutr 2006; 83: 1126-1134 (Pubitemid 44713114)
33. Hunter KD, Parkinson EK, Harrison PR. Profiling early head and neck cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5: 127-135 (Pubitemid 40220338)
34. Perea-Milla López E, Miñarro-Del Moral RM, Martínez-García C, et al. Lifestyles, environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: a case-control study in southern Spain. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 1702-1707
35. Rosenquist K, Wennerberg J, Schildt EB, et al. Oral status, oral infections and some lifestyle factors as risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based case-control study in southern Sweden. Acta Otolaryngol 2005; 125: 1327-1336 (Pubitemid 41722000)
36. Bloching M, Reich W, Schubert J, et al. The influence of oral hygiene on salivary quality in the Ames Test, as a marker for genotoxic effects. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 933-939 (Pubitemid 47376829)
37. Mashberg A, Barsa P, Grossman ML. A study of the relationship between mouthwash use and oral and pharyngeal cancer. J Am Dent Assoc 1985; 110: 731-734
38. Carretero Pelaez MA, Esparza Gomez GC, Figuero Ruiz E, Cerero Lapiedra R. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes and oral cancer: critical analysis of literature. Med Oral 2004; 9: 116-120
39. Rautemaa R, Hietanen J, Niissalo S, et al. Oral and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma-a complication or component of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy- candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED, APS-I). Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 607-613 (Pubitemid 46856270)
40. Goutzanis L, Vairaktaris E, Yapijakis C, et al. Diabetes may increase risk for oral cancer through the insulin receptor substrate-1 and focal adhesion kinase pathway. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 165-173 (Pubitemid 46188418)
41. Rasheed MH, Beevi SS, Geetha A. Enhanced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide products with deranged antioxidant status in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 333-338 (Pubitemid 46413981)
42. Bahar G, Feinmesser R, Shpitzer T, et al. Salivary analysis in oral cancer patients: DNA and protein oxidation, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidant profile. Cancer 2007; 109: 54-59 (Pubitemid 46120194)
43. Herrero R, Castellsagué X, Pawlita M, et al. Human papillomavirus and oral cancer: the International Agency for Research on Cancer multicenter study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772-1783
44. Smith EM, Ritchie JM, Summersqill KF, et al. Human papillomavirus in oral exfoliated cells and risk of head and neck cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 449-455 (Pubitemid 38443648)
45. Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 467-475 (Pubitemid 40270113)
46. D'Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1944-1956 (Pubitemid 46740304)
47. Llewellyn CD, Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya KA. Risk factors for oral cancer in newly diagnosed patients aged 45 years and younger: a case-control study in Southern England. J Oral Pathol Med 2004; 33: 525-532
48. Mork J, Lie AK, Glattre E, et al. Human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125-1131 (Pubitemid 32285233)
49. Parker TM, Smith EM, Ritchie JM, et al. Head and neck cancer associated with herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 and other risk factors. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 288-296
50. Campisi G, Giovannelli L, Calvino F, et al. HPV infection in relation to OSCC histological grading and TNM stage. Evaluation by traditional statistics and fuzzy logic model. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 638-645
51. Spitz MR, Fueger JJ, Beddingfield NA, et al. Chromosome sensitivity to bleomycin induced mutagenesis an independent risk factor for upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4626-4628
52. Villaret DB, Wang T, Dillon D, et al. Identification of genes over expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using a combination of complementary DNA subtraction and microarray analysis. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 374-381 (Pubitemid 30143678)
53. Petti S, Scully C. Oral cancer knowledge and awareness: primary and secondary effects of an information leaflet. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 408-415 (Pubitemid 46413989)
54. Pitchers M, Martin C. Delay in referral of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma to secondary care correlates with a more advanced stage at presentation, and is associated with poorer survival. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 955-958
55. Franceschi S, Talamini R, Barra S, et al. Smoking and drinking in relation to cancers of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus in Northern Italy. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6502-6507 (Pubitemid 20348768)
56. Holmstrup P, Vedtofte P, Reibel J, Stoltze K. Oral premalignant lesions: is a biopsy reliable? J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36: 262-266
57. Mognetti B, Di Carlo F, Berta GN. Animal models in oral cancer research. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 448-460
58. Gimenez-Conti IB, Slaga TJ. The hamster cheek pouch model of carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 320: 63-67
59. Tang XH, Knudsen B, Bemis D, et al. Oral cavity and esophageal carcinogenesis modeled in carcinogen-treated mice. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 301-313 (Pubitemid 38114193)
60. Ogawa K, Tanuma J, Hirano M, et al. Selective loss of resistant alleles at p15INK4B and p16INK4A genes in chemicallyinduced rat tongue cancers. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 710-717 (Pubitemid 44094238)
61. Takahashi M, Wakabayashi K. Gene mutations and altered gene expression in azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rodents. Cancer Sci 2004; 95: 475-480 (Pubitemid 38832695)
62. Tanaka T, Kohno H, Nomura E, et al. A novel geranylated derivative, ethyl 3-(4′-geranyloxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)- 2-propenoate, synthesized from ferulic acid suppresses carcinogenesis and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat tongue. Oncology 2003; 64: 166-175
63. Epstein JB, Zhang L, Rosin M. Advances in the diagnosis of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. J Can Dent Assoc 2002; 68: 617-621
64. Just T, Stave J, Kreutzer HJ, et al. Confocal microscopic evaluation of epithelia of the larynx. Laryngorhinootologie 2007; 86: 644-648 [In German].
65. Myers L, Wax MK. Positron emission tomography in the evaluation of the negative neck in patients with oral cavity cancer. J Otolaryngol 1998; 27: 342-347 (Pubitemid 29029025)
66. Lane EB, Alexander CM. Use of keratin antibodies in tumour diagnosis. Semin Cancer Biol 1990; 1: 165-179
67. Ogden GR, Chisholm DM, Adi M, Lane EB. Cytokeratin expression in oral cancer and its relationship to tumour differentiation. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22: 82-86 (Pubitemid 23121628)
68. Ogden GR, McQueen S, Chisholm DM, Lane EB. Keratin profiles of normal and malignant oral mucosa using exfoliative cytology. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 352-356 (Pubitemid 23138752)
69. Ogden GR, Cowpe JG, Chisholm DM, Lane EB. DNA and keratin analysis of oral exfoliative cytology in the detection of oral cancer. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1994; 30B: 405-408
70. Burstein HJ, Schwartz RS. Molecular origins of cancer. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 527.
71. Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW. Expression of p53 mutant nuclear phosphoprotein in oral carcinoma and potentially malignant oral lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 1992; 21: 404-408
72. Kaur J, Srivastava A, Ralhan R. Overexpression of p53 protein in betel- and tobacco-related human oral dysplasia and squamous-cell carcinoma in India. Int J Cancer 1994; 58: 340-345 (Pubitemid 24254640)
73. Raybaud-Diogene H, Tetu B, Morency R, et al. p53 overexpression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: review of the literature. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1996; 32B: 143-149
74. Lopez-Martínez M, Anzola M, Cuevas N, et al. Clinical applications of the diagnosis of p53 alterations in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Med Oral 2002; 7: 108-120
75. Ogden GR, Kiddie RA, Lunny DP, Lane DP. Assessment of p53 protein expresion in normal, benign and malignant oral mucosa. J Pathol 1992; 166: 389-394
76. Ogden GR, Leigh I, Chisholm DM, et al. Exfoliative cytology of normal oral mucosa-assessing basal cell keratin phenotype. Acta Cytol 1996; 40: 933-936
77. Ogden GR. The future role for oral exfoliative cytology- bleak or bright? Oral Oncol 1997; 33: 2-4.
78. Partridge M, Pateromichelakis S, Phillips E, et al. A case-control study confirms that microsatellite assay can identify patients at risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma within a field of cancerization. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 3893-3898
79. Huang MF, Chang YC, Liao PS, et al. Loss of heterozygosity of p53 gene of oral cancer detected by exfoliative cytology. Oral Oncol 1999; 35: 296-301.
80. Rosin MP, Cheng X, Poh C, et al. Use of allelic loss to predict malignant risk for low-grade oral epithelial dysplasia. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 357-362
81. Lala PK, Chakraborty C. Role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Lancet Oncol 2001; 2: 149-156 (Pubitemid 33585926)
82. Wang Z. The Role of COX-2 in Oral Cancer Development, and Chemoprevention / Treatment of Oral Cancer by Selective COX-2 Inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11: 1771-1777 (Pubitemid 40668135)
83. Chen YK, Hsue SS, Lin LM. Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase for human buccal squamouscell carcinomas: immunohistochemical, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ RT-PCR studies. Head Neck 2002; 24: 925-932
84. Pickering V, Jordan RC, Schmidt BL. Elevated salivary endothelin levels in oral cancer patients - a pilot study. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 37-41. (Pubitemid 46162247)
85. Yang J, Lam EW, Hammad HM, et al. Antioxidant enzyme levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal human oral epithelium. J Oral Pathol Med 2002; 31: 7180.