The impact of household slaves on the Jewish family in Roman Palestine

Journal for the Study of Judaism

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 375-424

  Hezser, Catherine ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 61249699987     PISSN: 00472212     EISSN: 15700631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157006303772777026     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. See also Istvan Hahn, "Sklaven und Sklavenfrage im politischen Denken Der Spätantike," Klio 58 (1976) 460;
2. Roger S. Bagnall, "Slavery and Society in Late Roman Egypt," in Law, Politics and Society in the Ancient Mediterranean World (ed. Baruch Halpern and Deborah W. Hobson, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993) 233;
3. F.M. Heichelheim, "Roman Syria," in An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome (ed. Tenney Frank, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1933-40) 4:164.
4. See MacMullen, "Late Roman Slavery," 238-39.
5. See Saller, Patriarchy, 95.
6. See Richard Sailer, "Slavery and the Roman Family," Slavery and Abolition 8 (1987) 77.
7. See Keith Bradley, Discovering the Roman Family. Studies in Roman Social History (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) 55.
8. See David Cohen, Law, Sexuality, and Society. The Enforcement of Morals in Classical Athens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) 233,
9. See Philo, De spec. leg. II, 233.
10. See Reinhartz, "Parents," 67 with references.
11. See Alan Watson, Roman Slave Law (Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press, 1987) 90;
12. Antti Arjava, "Paternal Power in Late Antiquity," JRS 88 (1998) 148-49.
13. Cf. Catherine Hezser, "Slaves and Slavery in Rabbinic and Roman Law," in Rabbinic Law in Its Roman and Near Eastern Context (ed. Catherine Hezser, Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, forthcoming).
14. On Jewish parents' disciplining of their children see O. Larry Yarbrough, "Parents and Children in the Jewish Family of Antiquity," in The Jewish Family in Antiquity (ed. Shaye J.D. Cohen, BJS 289, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993) 45, with references.
15. See also idem, "The hierarchical household in Roman society: a study of domestic slavery," in Serfdom and Slavery. Studies in Legal Bondage (2nd ed., London and New York: Longman, 1999) 128.
16. Judith Hauptman, Rereading the Rabbis. A Woman's Voice (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998) 191-92,
17. Sandra R. Joshel and Sheila Murnaghan, "Introduction: Differential Equations," in Women and Slaves in Graeco-Roman Culture. Differential Equations (ed. Sandra R. Joshel and Sheila Murnaghan, London and New York: Routledge, 1998) 3.
18. See also Richard P. Saller, "Symbols of Gender and Status Hierarchies in the Roman Household," in Women and Slaves in Graeco-Roman Culture. Differential Equations (ed. Sandra R. Joshel and Sheila Murnaghan, London and New York: Routledge, 1998) 85.
19. Alexander Tulin, "Slave Witnesses in Antiphon 5.48," SCI 18 (1999) 24.
20. See W.W. Buckland, The Roman Law of Slavery. The Condition of the Slave in Private Law from Augustus to Justinian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1908, reprinted 1970) 86.
21. See Hezser, Literacy, 467.
22. William Fitzgerald, Slavery and the Roman Literary Imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) 13.
23. See Keith R. Bradley, Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire. A Study in Social Control (Brussels: Latomus, 1984) 8 n. 26
24. See also Richard Klein, "Zum Verhältnis Von Herren und Sklaven in Der Spätantike," in: idem, Roma versa per aevum. Ausgewählte Schriften zur heidnischen und christlichen Spätantike (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1999) 360-61.
25. Seneca, Moral Letters, 47.5;
26. Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.11.13.
27. Bradley, Slaves, 23.
28. See also Klein, "Verhältnis," 362 with regard to Ambrose's and Augustin's admonitions to Christian slave owners.
29. Sifra Behar pereq 7:2 (80a).
30. On this text see also Elias J. Bickerman, "The Maxim of Antigonus of Socho," HTR 44 (1951) 155-56: "It was an exceptional case, remembered by the disciples of a rabbi, if he gave part of his own meal to his house-slaves."
31. On this collection see Joseph Vogt, Ancient Slavery and the Ideal of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975) 136-38.
32. See Seneca, Ben. 3:18-27;
33. On these see Vogt, Ancient Slavery, 138-141.
34. See also Holt Parker, "Loyal Slaves and Loyal Wives. The Crisis of the Outsider-Within and Roman Exemplum Literature," in Women and Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture. Differential Equations (ed. Sandra R. Joshel and Sheila Murnaghan, London/New York: Routledge, 1998) 152: "Exempla serve as guides to the cognitive map of Rome, to the shared norms, values, and symbols that make up Roman culture."
35. Parker, "Loyal Slaves," 153.
36. See Catherine Hezser, "The Social Status of Slaves in the Talmud Yerushalmi and in Graeco-Roman Society," in The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture, vol. 3 (ed. Peter Schäfer, Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, forthcoming).
37. See the discussion of these stories in Hezser, "Social Status," forthcoming.
38. G.H.R. Horsley, New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, vol. 2 (North Ryde: Macquane University, 1982) 52-54.
39. See Moshe Schwabe and Baruch Lifshitz, Beth She'arim II: The Greek Inscriptions (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1974) 185-86, no. 200: "The tomb of Calliope the elder and freedwoman [μιζο τέρας καὶ αcombining comma aboveπελευθέ ρας]. "
40. See Leah Di Segni, "The Inscriptions of Tiberias" [Hebr.], Idan 11 (1988) no. 8.
41. Cf. Fitzgerald, Slavery, 23: "the attendant slave protects the master from ever being alone."
42. See also Fitzgerald, Slavery, 59.
43. See Watson, Slave Law, 84: "Evidence from slaves was generally not admissible in civil cases, but when it was, it had to be taken under torture,"
44. referred to by Moses I. Finley, The Ancient Economy (2nd ed., London: Hogarth, 1985) 79.
45. y. Abod. Zar. 2:10, 42a.
46. See Saller, "Slavery," 65: "Family life among the propertied classes in Rome was passed in the sourroundings of dozens of household slaves, even hundreds in the case of the very wealthiest senators."
47. On slaves' service at banquets see John H. D'Arms, "Slaves at Roman Convivia," in: Dining in a Classical Context (ed. William J. Slater, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991) 171-83.
48. On slave nurses and paedagogues see Sandra R. Joshel, "Nurturing the Master's Child: Slavery and the Roman Child-Nurse," Journal of Women in Culture and Society 12 (1986) 3-22;
49. Keith R Bradley, "The Social Role of the Nurse in the Roman World," in idem, Discovering the Roman Family. Studies in Roman Social History (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) 13-36;
50. idem, "Child Care at Rome: The Role of Men," ibid. 37-75.
51. On homosexual relationships between masters and their male slaves see Beert C. Verstraete, "Slavery and the Social Dynamics of Male Homosexual Relations in Ancient Rome," Journal of Homosexuality 5 (1980) 227-36.
52. Bradley, Discovering, 13.
53. See Joshel, "Nurturing," 6.
54. Joshel, "Nurturing," 10.
55. On this term see Hezser, Social Structure, 333-34.
56. See also Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) 196 and ibid. n. 448.
57. See also Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) 52, who points to the double standards evident in this regard: "the idea of a woman attracted to a man who was her social inferior was deeply disturbing to Roman moralists."
58. On this text see Calum Carmichael, "The Three Laws on the Release of Slaves (Ex 21,2-11;
59. On this text see Baruch J. Schwartz, "A Literary Study of the Slave-Girl Pericope - Leviticus 19:20-22," SH 31 (1986) 241-55.
60. See Emil G. Kraeling, ed., The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri. New Documents of the Fifth Century B.C. from the Jewish Colony of Elephantine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953) no. 2.
61. C.J. Eyre, "The Adoption Papyrus in Social Context," JEA 78 (1992) 210 stresses that such "documents were only written because, in some way and at some time, the social context required some specific detail of the property settlement to be formally asserted and publicized."
62. See Bezalel Porton, Archives from Elephantine. The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968) 190: "an extraordinary case was that of the slave child given over by his owner to his mother and her husband upon their marriage (K 2:13-13b)."
63. See Eyre, "Adoption Papyrus," 211.
64. On the Stoic concept of moral freedom or slavery see Peter Garnsey, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) 132-38;
65. Miriam T. Griffin, Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) 260-62.
66. Sifra Behar pereq 9:4 (81b).
67. On the Christian usage of the master-slave and father-son imagery see Peter Garnsey, "Sons, Slaves - and Christians," in: The Roman Family in Italy. Status, Sentiment, Space (ed. Beryl Rawson and Paul Weaver, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997) 101-21.
68. Garnsey, Sons, 108