Archiereis and asiarchs: A gladiatorial perspective

Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 41-68

  Carter, Michael ^a  

^a BROCK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

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EID: 61149460842     PISSN: 00173916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. The following are cited by authors' names: M. D. Campanile, I sacerdoti del Koinon d'Asia (Pisa 1994)
2. J. Deininger, Die Provinziallandtage der römischen Kaiserzeit (Munich 1965)
3. S. Friesen, "Asiarchs," ZPE 126 (1999) 275-290
4. L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l'Orient grec (Limoges 1940)
5. M. Rossner, "Asiarchen und Archiereis Asias," StClas 16 (1974) 101-142
6. P. Weiß, "Asiarchen sind Archiereis Asias: Eine Antwort auf S. J. Friesen," in N. Ehrhardt and L. M. Günther, edd., Widerstand-Anpassung-Integration: die griechischen Slaatenwelt in Rom: Festschrift für Jürgen Deininger (Stuttgart 2002) 241-254
7. Consider recent titles: S. J. Friesen, "Highpriests of Asia and Asiachs: Farewell to the Identification Theory," in P. Scherrer, H. Taeuber, H. Thür, edd., Stein und Wege: Festschrift für D. Knibbe (Vienna 1999) 303-307;
8. J. H. Oliver and R. E. A Palmer, "Minutes of an Act of the Roman Senate," Hesperia 24 (1955) 320-349, with bibliography at 327-328 n.11.
9. While gladiators were generally organized into familiae, not all familiae were necessarily gladiatorial. Cf. A. Cameron, "Latin Words in the Greek Inscriptions of Asia Minor," AJP 52 (1931) 232-262, at 245-246. An unqualified may not be gladiatorial: e.g., IGR IV 759 and 1377. Robert did not include these inscriptions in his catalogue probably because there was no reason to believe that they referred to gladiatorial troupes. Friesen (281), however, did cite them in his discussion of gladiatorial families, though he did not justify their definition as such. A recently published inscription from Miletus (A Epigr 1996, 1473) similarly refers to a, but there is no reason to think it is gladiatorial either.
10. K. Coleman, "Missio at Halicarnassus," HSCP 100 (2000) 487-500, at 496, suggests that these paintings were "action-shots" rather that "studio-portraits," depictions of the gladiators in combat. Cf. CIL IX 1666 [ILS 5068] from Beneventum (I A.D.): idem basilicam, in qua iabul(ae) muneris ab eo editi posit (ae), consummavit ("likewise he completed the basilica, in which were placed placards of the munus given by him"); similarly CIL IX 1705.
11. 2 A 1559. He is discussed by H.-G. Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres I (Paris 1960) 523-531 no. 193.
12. "You will present a munus from your own funds . this is what it means to be rich, this is what it means to have power." See A. Beschaouch, "La mosaïque de chasse à l'amphithéâtre découverte à Smirat en Tunisie," CRAI (1966) 134-157, at 139.
13. H.Engelmann, "Asiarchs," ZPE 132 (2000) 174;
14. and now also I.Ephesos 2905. Cf. recently C. P. Jones, "A Statuette of Nemesis," Epigr Anat 33 (2001) 45-47.
15. L. Robert, "Monuments de gladiateurs dans I'Orient grec," Hellenica 5 (1948) 81-82 no. 318.7-12 = I.Smyrna 637 ("the asiarch who held a munus for five days in a row with gladiators fighting with sharpened arms").
16. Cf. D. Knibbe, "Der Asiarch M. Fulvius Publicianus Nicephorus, die Ephesischen Handwerkerzünfte und die Stoa des Servilius," JÖAI 56 (1985) 71-77,
17. and R. A. Kearsley, "Asiarchs: Titulature and Function. A Reappraisal," StClas 26 (1989) 57-65.
18. For discussion see T. Wiedemann, "Das Ende der römischen Gladiatorenspiele," Nikephoros 8 (1995) 145-159.
19. D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor I (Princeton 1950) 450;
20. Rossner 102, 104;
21. R. A. Kearsley, "M. Ulpius Appuleius Eurykles of Aezani: Panhellene, Asiarch and Archiereus of Asia," Antichthon 21 (1987) 49-56, at 51 n.15 (stating simply that Magie's explanation is preferable to Rossner's);
22. Friesen 286, cf. S. Friesen, Twice Neokoros. Ephesus, Asia and the Cull of the Flavian Imperial Family (New York 1993) 105-106, for a fuller discussion, where he notes that others besides archiereis could wear crowns.
23. Dio Chrys. 35.10, cf. 34.29-30. The agonothete of the Demostheneia at Oenoanda was also to wear a golden crown and purple robe like the archiereus: M. Wörrle, Stadt und Fest in kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien (Munich 1988) 10, lines 52 and 56-57.
24. J. Reynolds "New Letters from Hadrian to Aphrodisias," JRA 13 (2000) 5-20 (lines 31-38, her translation). For the awkward EΞETAΣ ANTAΣ ΠPOTEPON she cautiously suggests.
25. The issue of obligation versus expectation is controversial: see for example G. Ville, La gladiature dans Occident (Rome 1981) 213,
26. and T. Ritti and S. Yilmaz, "Gladiatori e venationes a Hierapolis di Frigia," MAL IX 10 (1998) 445-543, at 454.
27. See F. Jacques, Le privilège de liberté (Rome 1984) 687-786,
28. and the observations of G. Chamberland, "The Organization of Gladiatorial Games in Italy," JRA 12 (1999) 613-616.
29. For discussion of the costs of financing gladiatorial munera, see M. Carter, "Gladiatorial Ranking and the SC de Pretiis Gladiatorum Minuendis (CIL II 6278 = ILS 5163)," forthcoming in Phoenix.
30. A. H. M.Jones, The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian (Oxford 1940) 175-176 with 339-340 n.38;
31. P. Veyne, Le pain et la cirque (Paris 1976) 271-274;
32. cf. J. L. Rife, "Officials of the Roman Provinces in Xenophon's Ephesiaca," ZPE 138 (2002) 96-97.
33. IGR IV 1635; Campanile no. 49.
34. With respect to Asia P. Herz has argued that the archiereia was a functioning official and not simply an honorific title: "Asiarchen und Archiereiai," Tyche 7 (1992) 93-115;
35. cf. L. Robert, Le martyre de Pionios prêtre de Smyrne (Washington 1994) 102;
36. R. A. Kearsley, "Asiarchs, Archiereis and the Archiereiai of Asia," GRBS 27 (1986) 183-192.
37. For the archiereiai see C. Hayward, "Les grandes-prêtresses du culte impérial provincial en Asie Mineure, état de la question," EL (1998.1) 117-130.
38. Cf. Weiß 249-251.