Officials of the Roman provinces in Xenophon's Ephesiaca

Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Volumn 138, Issue , 2002, Pages 93-107

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EID: 67650302203     PISSN: 00845388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (55)

1. see A. M. Scarcella, REG 90 (1977) 249-62,
2. R. Cagnat, De municipalibus et provincialibus militiis in imperio Romano (Paris 1880) 25-38, 39-40;
3. I. Lévy, REG 12 (1899) 283-9; Cagnat (1900);
4. V. Chapot, La Province romaine proconsulaire d'Asie depuis ses origines jusqu'à la fin du haut-empire (Paris 1904) 260-2;
5. The author has not been able to consult C. G. Schwarz, De irenarchis (Altorf 1743).
6. S. Mitchell, in Organised Crime in Antiquity, K. Hopwood ed. (London 1999) 162-3.
7. M. Zimmerman, ZPE 110 (1996) 271-2 dates the inscription to 282/3 and associates the activity of the ειcombining comma aboveρη ́νηc προcτάτηc M. Aurelius Kiliortes with the uprising under Probus in 278;
8. Termessus: M. Christol, Chiron 8 (1978) 529-40;
9. Cf. C. A. Behr, Aelius Aristides and the Sacred Tales (Amsterdam 1968) 81 n. 69;
10. id., P. Aelius Aristides, the Complete Works II (Leiden 1981) 439 n. 124.
11. B. Schouler, La Tradition hellénique chez Libanios I (Lille/Paris 1984) 262 addresses Libanius' Attic diction; see also n. 47. Libanius also mentions the ειcombining comma aboveρηνοφυ ́λαξ at Syrian Antioch (or. 48.9). This office is well attested in Roman Egypt, but, to the author's knowledge, it only occurs in Asia Minor in two inscriptions from Phrygian Appia
12. T. Drew-Bear and C. Naour, ANRW II 18.3 [1990], 1967-77 no. 15, 1977-81 no. 16).
13. Epigraphic and literary usage disproves the argument at O'Sullivan (1995) 8, followed by J. R. Morgan, JHS 106 (1996) 200, that the phrases οcombining reversed comma above τηcombining inverted brevec ειcombining comma aboveρήνηc τηcombining inverted brevec εcombining comma aboveν Κιλι κίαcombining ogonek προεcτ ώc and αcombining comma abovéρχει ν τηcombining inverted brevec ειcombining comma aboveρήνηc τηcombining inverted brevec Κιλικία could identify "anyone, whatever his exact title, who exercised the policing function in which Perilaus appears," such as the αcombining comma aboveρχιφυλακιcombining inverted breveται of Hellenistic Egypt, the παραφ ύλαξ of Hellenistic Pergamum, and the αcombining comma aboveρχιφύλα ξ of early Roman Lycia.
14. P. Collart, BCH 62 (1938) 428-431 no. 10 (Philippi);
15. A. M. Woodward, ABSA 18 (1911-2) 148-149 no. 7 (Beroea);
16. A. H. M. Jones, Cities of the Eastern Roman Empire (Oxford 1937) 192-215 remains a useful survey of Cilician history and topography.
17. On brigandage and public security in Cilicia Tracheia and Isauria, see Hopwood (1983), K. Hopwood, in Patronage in Ancient Society, A. Wallace-Hadrill ed. (London/New York 1989) 170-87, Shaw (1990) and Hopwood (1999).
18. E.g., M. Holleaux, BCH 9 (1885) 76-7 no. 6, MAMA VIII 520 (Aphrodisias);
19. On the blurred distinction between magistracies and liturgies, see Jones (1940) 175-6, 339-40 n. 38 and P. Veyne, Le Pain et la cirque (Paris 1976) 271-2, 274.
20. Liebenam (1900) 65, L. Robert, BCH 60 (1936) 196-7 and Jones (1940) 359-60 n. 70 list testimony for the summae honorariae of βου λευταί.
21. Building: e.g., G. E. Bean, AnatSt 10 (1960) 51-3 no. 100 (Comama), IPergamon II 466, IErythrai 228 (grotto of the Sibyl), ITralleis 145.
22. This does not, however, mean that the domain was "situated within the boundaries of a city" (M. Waelkens, AncSoc 8 [1977], 299 n. 51);
23. F. Naumann, IstMitt 35 (1985) 218-9,
24. P. Le Bas and W. H. Waddington, Voyage archéologique en Grèce et en Asia Mineure pendant 1843 et 1844 III, ii (Paris 1870) ad 992;
25. A. von Premerstein, Klio 13 (1913) 84-6;
26. M. P. Speidel, EpAnat 5 (1985) 159-60 gives a less likely interpretation. Mitchell (1993) 196 incorrectly states that the three διω γμιcombining inverted breveται in the relief are mounted.
27. W. M. Calder, AnatSt 6 (1956) 49 no. 2;
28. H. Swoboda, J. Keil and F. Knoll, Denkmäler aus Lykaonien, Pamphylien und Isaurien (Prague 1935) 51-3 no. 109; 7AM III 104, 907-8.
29. Hopwood (1999) 192-4 discusses these developments in the administration of the peace. C. Moreschini, Stud. class. e orient. 19-20 (1970-1) 73-5 proposes that the police duties of the eirenarch ended in the late second century with the promulgation of Dig. Just. 1.18.13 (Ulpian) and 48.13.4.2 (Marcian) granting similar powers to praesides. He dates this transfer of power no later than 177, when the governor directed the persecutions at Lyons and Vienne (Euseb. HE 5.1.14). This argument does not adequately address the ancient sources. The martyrdoms under Decius and Cod. Theod. 12.14.1 prove that municipal officials like the eirenarchs continued policing in Asia Minor well after 177. Furthermore, there is no evidence for the eirenarchy in Gaul.
30. and J. E. Lendon, Empire of Honour (Oxford 1997) 203-13;
31. W. Weber, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Hadrianus (Leipzig 1907) 56;
32. H. Halfmann, Itinera principum (Stuttgart 1986) 190, 194-5;
33. A. R. Birley, Hadrian, the Restless Emperor (London/New York 1997) 83-4.
34. There is no evidence to support the theory that Hadrian visited Ancyra on his trip through Bithynia, Pontus, and Asia in 123-4 (e.g., J. Dürr, Die Reisen des Kaisers Hadrian [Vienna 1881] 53;
35. B. Kytzler, in The Novel in the Ancient World, Mnem. Suppl. 159, G. Schmeling ed. (Leiden 1996) 347.
36. J. Schwartz, AC 26 (1966) 542-3;
37. 3 (Bern/Munich 1971) 964 ("der Roman die Einführung des Amtes der Eirenarchen durch Trajan voraussetzt");
38. G. Schmeling, Xenophon of Ephesus (New York 1980) 18 (eirenarchy "apparently instituted" in the reign of Trajan), 163 n. 5 (misrepresents Magie [1950], 647-8, which neither collects nor discusses evidence that points "to the reign of Trajan");
39. N. Holzberg, The Ancient Novel (London/New York 1995) 52
40. 2 (Warsaw 1955) 430-4, 479-92 discusses murder and penal jurisdiction in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt.
41. On the role of the Hellenistic king in criminal cases, see E. Seidl, Piolemäische Rechtsgeschichte, (Glückstadt/Hamburg 1962) 74;
42. on the role of the Roman prefect in criminal cases, see O. W. Reinmuth, The Prefect of Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian, Klio Bh. 34 n.F. 21 (Leipzig 1935) 115-18
43. and P. A. Brunt, JRS 65 (1975) 131-2 address peacekeeping by the prefect.
44. H. Musurillo, Acts of the Pagan Martyrs (Oxford 1954) 152, 185, 186.
45. D. Magie, De Romanorum iuris publici sacrique vocabulis sollemnibus in Graecum sermonem conversis (Leipzig 1905) 104-5;
46. E. Stein, Die Praefekten von Ägypten in der römischen Kaiserzeit (Bern 1950) 179-80;
47. G. Bastianini, ANRW II 10.1 (1988) 581-97.
48. One exception is 71.22.2 Xiph aboveγύπτο υ ηcombining reversed comma aboveγεμονι ́α. See G. Vrind, De Cassii Dionis vocabulis quae ad ins publicum pertinent (The Hague 1923) 110-1 on Dio's terminology for the prefect;
49. see F. Millar, A Study of Cassius Dio (Oxford 1965) 41 and Mason (1970) 153 on his Atticism.
50. It is unclear whether Xenophon's use of αcombining comma abovéρχων is an intentional Atticism. The language of the Ephesiaca exhibits features of both κοινή and Atticizing Greek: E. Mann, Über den Sprachgebrauch des Xenophons Ephesius (Progr. Kaiserslautem 1896) 9-12, 15, 17, 22, 25, 32-34, 38 (non vidi);
51. A. D. Papanikolaou, Xenophontis Ephesii Ephesiacorum libri V (Leipzig 1973) ix;
52. and J. Schwartz, AC 54 (1985) 200-3;
53. K. Plepelits (Achilleus Tatios: Leukippe und Kleitophon [Stuttgart 1996] 18-27;
54. At Char. 5.6.8, 4.5.5-6, 4.5.8 οcombining reversed comma above cτρατηγὸc Πριην έων searches for suspected robbers and runaway slaves, confiscates property, and delivers what he has seized to "public agents" (δημοcίοιc). C. Ruiz-Montero, ANRW II 34.2 (1994) 1029 identifies this official as the praefectus vigilum of Priene.
55. F. Millar, JRS 71 (1981) 71, n. 48 observes that the nocturnae custodiae praefectus who testifies at Lucius' trial in Hypata at Apul. Met. 3.3.4 represents a νυκτοcτράτη γ οc.