Decentering "race" and (re)presenting "black" performance in sport history: Basketball and jazz in American culture, 1920-1950

Deconstructing Sport History: A Postmodern Analysis

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 147-177

  Pope, S W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61149308970     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (145)

1. James Lincoln Collier, Jazz: The American Theme Song (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
2. Wayne Fields, "A Higher Plane, " in Body Language: Writers on Sport, ed. Gerald Early, (Minneapolis: Graywolf, 1998), 36, 38.
3. Chuck Wielgus and Alexander Wolff, The In-Your-Face Basketball Book, 2nd ed. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1989).
4. Ralph Ellison's astute observation on jazz improvisation in Shadow and Act (New York: Vintage, 1964), 234.
5. Nauright's Sport, Cultures, and Identities in South Africa (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1997).
6. Dyck, Games, Sports, and Cultures, 24.
7. Michael Novak, The Joy of Sports: End Zones, Bases, Baskets, Balls, and the Consecration of the American Spirit (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 100-01.
8. Jacqui Malone, "'Keep to the Rhythm and You'll Keep to Life': Meaning and Style in African American Vernacular Dance, " in The Routledge Dance Studies Reader, ed. Alexandra Carter (London: Routledge, 1998), 231.
9. Early, "Why Baseball Was the National Pastime, " in Am I Black Enough for You?, ed. Boyd, 112, 29-35.
10. Richard Majors and Janet Mancini Billson, Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992).
11. Gena Caponi-Tabery's "Jump for Joy: Jump Blues, Dance, and Basketball in 1930s African America, " in Sport Matters: Race, Recreation, and Culture, ed. John Bloom and Michael Willard (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 65-66.
12. Marshall and Jean Stearns, Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance, 2nd ed. (New York: DeCapo, 1994), 15.
13. "Sport, Status, and Style, " Sport History Review 30 (1999), 1-26.
14. Bourdieu, "Sport and Social Class, " Social Science Information 17 (1978), 826.
15. John Fiske, "Cultural Studies and the Culture of Everyday Life, " 162.
16. Booth and Loy, "Sport, Status, and Style, " 2, 5.
17. Jeff Greenfield, "The Black and White Truth about Basketball, " October 1975, 170-71, 248.
18. Ben Carrington and Ian McDonald, eds., "Race Sport, and British Society (New York: Routledge, 2001), 8.
19. Birrell, "Racial Relations Theories and Sport: Suggestions for a More Critical Analysis, " Sociology of Sport Journal 6 (1989), 213.
20. Vertinsky and Captain, "More Myth Than History: American Culture and Representations of the Black Female's Athletic Ability, " Journal of Sport History 25 (1998), 537-38.
21. Higginbotham, "African American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race, " Signs 17 (1992), 254.
22. Carrington and McDonald, Race Sport and British Society, 2, 8.
23. Sammons, "Race' and Sport: A Critical Historical Examination, " Journal of Sport History 21 (1994), 205, 271.
24. Paul Gilroy, Beyond Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2001), xvii.
25. Patrick B. Miller, "The Anatomy of Scientific Racism: Racialist Responses to Black Athletic Achievement, " Journal of Sport History 25 (1998), 140.
26. David L. Andrews, "Coming to Terms with Cultural Studies, " Journal of Sport and Social Issues 26 (2002), 110-19.
27. Hartmann, "Rethinking the Relationship between Sport and Race in American Culture, " 230.
28. Audrey Smedley, "Social Origins of the Idea of Race, " in Race in Twenty-first Century America, eds. Curtis Stokes, Theresa Melendez, and Genice Rhodes-Reed (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1999), 18.
29. Edmund Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1975).
30. Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968).
31. Gary B. Nash, Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1974).
32. George M. Frederickson, The Black Image in the White Mind (Middletown, CT: Weslayen University Press, 1971).
33. Smedley, "Social Origins of the Idea of Race, " 18.
34. Fields, "Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America, " 114.
35. Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940 (New York: Vintage, 1998).
36. Modern South, " Reviews in American History 27 (1999), 141.
37. Jacques Barzun, Race: A Study in Superstitution (New York, 1937).
38. David L. Chandler, "In shift, many anthropologists see race associal construct, " Boston Globe, 11 May 1997, 30.
39. David Wheeler, "A Growing Number of Scientists Reject the Concept of Race, " Chronicle of Higher Education, 17 February 1995, 8-9.
40. Miller, "The Anatomy of Scientific Racism, " 140.
41. Henry Louis Gates Jr., Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 48-49.
42. Barbara Fields, "Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America, " 101, 114.
43. "Ideology and Race in American History, " in Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward, eds. J. Morgan Kousser and J. M. McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 144.
44. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, "African American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race, " Signs 17 (1992), 255.
45. Gates, Loose Canons, 49.
46. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The Objectivity Question and the American Historical Profession (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 473-91.
47. Lee D. Baker, From Savage to Negro: Anthropology and the Construction of Race, 1896-1954 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
48. Gates, Loose Cannons, 50.
49. Steven Fraser, The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence, and the Future of America (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
50. Miller, "The Anatomy of Scientific Racism, " 128.
51. Miller, "The Anatomy of Scientific Racism, " 120.
52. John Blacking, "Games and Sport in Pre-Colonial African Societies and Sigrid Paul, "The Wrestling Tradition and Its Social Functions, in Sport in Africa: Essays in Social History, eds. William J. Baker and J. A. Mangan (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1987).
53. Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart (Greenwich: Astor-Honor, 1959).
54. Stanley Crouch, The All American Skin Game, or, The Decoy of Race (New York: Vintage, 1995), 14, 19.
55. Jim Cullen, The Art of Democracy: A Concise History of Popular Culture in the United States (New York: Monthly Review, 1996), 180.
56. Bryan Palmer, Cultures of Darkness: Night Travels in the Histories of Transgression (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 343-69.
57. Shane White and Graham White, Stylin': African American Expressive Culture from Its Beginnings to the Zoot Suit (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 79- 83.
58. David Wiggins, "Sport and Popular Pastimes: Shadow of the Slavequarters, " in Sport in America, ed. David Wiggins (Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1995), 51-68.
59. Singing the Master: The Emergence of African American Culture in the Plantation South (New York: Penguin, 1992).
60. Eugene Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Vintage, 1974).
61. Lawrence Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
62. Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Vintage, 1980).
63. William Barlow, "Looking Up atDown": The Emergence of Blues Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
64. Abrahams, Sing the Master, xvii- xxiii.
65. M. Anthony Neal, What the Music Said: Black Popular Music and Black Public Culture (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 7-8.
66. David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 2.
67. Hale, Making Whiteness, 16, 38.
68. Lewis A. Erenberg, Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
69. Kathy J. Ogren, The Jazz Revolution: Twenties America and the Meaning of Jazz (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
70. Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Macmillan, 1995).
71. Donald Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks (New York: Continuum, 1989).
72. Palmer, Cultures of Darkness, 358.
73. Ben Sidran, Black Talk (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1971), 33.
74. William J. Baker's introduction to a reprint of Naismith's book, Basketball: Its Origins and Development (Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress, 1996).
75. William J. Baker and Steven W. Pope, "Basketball in Encyclopedia of World Sport, eds. David Levensen and Karen Christensen (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
76. Caponi-Tabery, "Jump for Joy, " 43.
77. Caponi-Tabery, "Jump for Joy, " 43.
78. Ted Vincent's Keep Cool: The Black Activists Who Built the Jazz Age (London: Pluto, 1995), 156-59.
79. Caponi-Tabery, "Jump for Joy, " 42.
80. Todd Gould, Pioneers of the Hardwood: Indiana and the Birth of Professional Basketball (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 25.
81. Robin Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (New York: Free Press, 1994), 169.
82. Vincent, Keep Cool, 81.
83. Nelson George, Elevating the Game: Black Men and Basketball (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).
84. Sidran, Black Talk, 44.
85. Nelson George, Hip Hop America (New York: Penguin, 1999), 144.
86. Allison Samuels and John Leland, "My White Father" Newsweek, 19 June 2000, 56.
87. Sidran, Black Talk, 82.
88. Gaspar Gonzalez, Barnstorming American Culture: Traveling Entertainment as Work and Performance (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006).
89. John Holway, Blackball Stars: Negro League Pioneers (Westport: Greenwood, 1988), xiv.
90. Mark Ribowsky, A Complete History of the Negro Leagues, 1884 to 1955 (New York: Citadel, 1995), 236.
91. Keith D. Miller, "Jazzing the Basepaths: Jackie Robinson and African American Aesthetics, " in Sport Matters, eds. John Bloom and Michael Nevin Willard (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 120-21.
92. Robert W. Peterson, Cages to Jump Shots: Pro Basketball's Early Years (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 96-97.
93. George, Elevating the Game, 40.
94. Murray Nelson, The Originals: The New York Celtics Invent Professional Basketball (Bowling Green: Popular, 1999).
95. George, Elevating the Game, 49.
96. Snyder, "Responses to Musical Selections and Sport, " 174.
97. Peterson, Cages to Jump Shots, 107.
98. Lawrence W. Fielding, Lori K. Miller, and James R. Brown, "Harlem Globetrotters International " Journal of Sport Management 13 (1999): 45-77.
99. Scott DeVeaux, The Birth of Bebop: A Social and Musical History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
100. Stephen Hardy, "Sport in Urbanizing America, " Journal of Urban History 23 (1997): 675-708.
101. Caponi-Tabery, "Jump for Joy, " 41.
102. Pamela Grundy, "From Amazons to Glamazons: The Rise and Fall of North Carolina Women's Basketball, 1920-1960, " Journal of American History 87 (2000): 128-129.
103. Rita Liberti, "We Were Ladies We Just Played Basketball Like Boys': A Study of Women's Basketball at Historically Black Colleges and Universities in North Carolina, 1925-1945." Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, 1998, 9-8.
104. Susan Cahn, Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth Century Women's Sport (New York: Free Press, 1994), 127-28.
105. Vertinsky and Captain, "More Myth than History: American Culture and Representations of the Black Female's Athletic Ability, " Journal of Sport History 25 (1998): 545.
106. Sheila Scraton, "Reconceptualizing Race, Gender, and Sport: The Contribution of Black Feminismin Race, " 178.
107. Verbrugge, "The Institutional Politics of Women's Sports in American Colleges, 1920-1940, " NASSH Proceedings, 1996, 10.
108. Stephen R. Fox, Big Leagues: Professional Baseball, Football, and Basketball in National Memory (New York: Morrow, 1994), 17.
109. Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
110. John Christgau, The Origins of the Jump Shot: Eight Men Who Shook the World of Basketball (Lincoln: Bison Books, 1999).
111. Caponi-Tabery, "Jump for Joy, " 39.
112. Novak, The Joy of Sports, 105.
113. Caponi-Tabery, "Jump for Joy, " 56.
114. Elvis." "The Life and Death of Cool, " New York Times Book Review, 30 June 2002, 9.
115. Leonard Koppett, 24 Seconds to Shoot: An Informal History of the National Basketball Association (New York: Macmillan, 1968).
116. Ellison, "The Charlie Christian Story, " Saturday Review, 17 May 1958.
117. Shadow and Act, 233, 237-38.
118. Whitney Balliett, "Louis, Miles, and the Duke, " New Yorker, 25 December 2000/1 January 2001, 158-61.
119. Robert W. Peterson, Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
120. Donn Rogosin, Invisible Men: Life in Baseball's Negro Leagues (New York: Atheneum, 1983).
121. Daniel A. Nathan, "Bearing Witness to Blackball: Buck O'Neil, the Negro Leagues, and the Politics of the Past, " Journal of American Studies 33 (2001), 467-69.
122. MLB's official website on the Negro League Legacy, " http://www.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/mlb-negro-leagues.jsp.
123. Gerald Early, "Performance and Reality: Race, Sports and the Modern World, " The Nation, 10/17 August 1998, 11-20.
124. Keith Jenkins, OnWhat Is History (London: Routledge, 1995).
125. S.W. Pope, "Sport History: Toward a New Paradigm, " in The New American History: Recent Approaches and Perspectives, ed. S.W. Pope (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 1-31.
126. Hardy, "Sport in Urbanizing America." 70.
127. Syndy Sydnor, "A History of Synchronized Swimming, " Journal of Sport History 25 (Summer 1998), 259-60.
128. Richardson, "New Writing Practices in Qualitative Research, " Sociology of Sport Journal 17 (2000), 8.
129. Robert H. Rinehart, "Sport and Personal Narrative, " in Qualitative Methods in Sport Studies, eds. David L. Andrews and Daniel S. Mason, forthcoming. 34.
130. Keith Jenkins, Rethinking History (London: Routledge, 1991).
131. Shelley Fisher Fishkin, "Interrogating 'Whiteness, ' Complicating 'Blackness': Remapping American Culture, " American Quarterly 47 (1995), 456.
132. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
133. Catherine M. Eagan, "The Invention of the White Race[s], " American Quarterly 51 (1999), 921-29.
134. Gilroy, Against Race, 12-13.
135. Smedley, "Social Origins of the Idea of Race, " 19-20.
136. Gena D. Caponi, "The Case for an African American Aesthetic, " in Signifyin(g), Sanctifyin', and Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture, ed. Gena D. Caponi (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), 9.
137. Daniel Lionel Smith, "What Is Black Culture?" in The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain, ed. Wahneema Lubiano (New York: Vintage, 1997), 192, 180-181.
138. Cornell West, "Black Culture and Postmodernism, " in Remaking History, eds. Barbara Kruger and Phil Mariani (New York: New Press, 1998).
139. Celia Lury, Consumer Cultures (London: Routledge, 1996), 174-75.
140. Ellis Cashmore, The Black Culture Industry (London: Routledge, 1997).
141. Hall, "What Is This 'Black' in Black Popular Culture, " in Black Popular Culture, ed. G. Dent (New York: New Press, 1998).
142. Della Pollock, "Introduction: Making History Go, " in Exceptional Spaces: Essays in Performance and History, ed. Della Pollock (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 25.
143. Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 7-10.
144. Troulloit, Silencing the Past, 1-30.
145. Pollock, Exceptional Spaces, 27.