The many lives of the New West

Western Historical Quarterly

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 141-165

  Taylor III, Joseph E ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61149163099     PISSN: 00433810     EISSN: 19398603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/25442968     Document Type: Article

References (303)

1. Timothy Egan, Lasso the Wind: Away to the New West (New York, 1998), 130.
2. Raye Ringholz, Paradise Paved: The Challenges of Growth in the New West (Salt Lake City, 1996);
3. Egan, Lasso the Wind;
4. David Olinger, "Old West Being Replaced by Luxury Homes," Denver Post, 12 April 1998, http://63. 147. 65. 175/snapshot/part1d. htm (accessed 3 December 2003; restricted access);
5. Patricia Nelson Limerick, "The Shadows of Heaven Itself," in Atlas of the New West: Portrait of a Changing Region, ed. William E. Riebsame (New York, 1997), 151-78;
6. Peter Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional' Political Ecologies: Toward a Political Ecology of the Rural American West," Progress in Human Geography 27 (March 2003): 18;
7. William Wyckoff, "Inside the New West: A View from Suburban Montana," Pacific Historical Review 67 (August 1998): 406;
8. Ed Whitelaw, "Oregon's Real Economy," Old Oregon 72 (Winter 1992): 30-3;
9. Thomas Power, Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies: The Search for a Value of Place (Washington, DC, 1996);
10. Charles Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," in Atlas of the New West, 15-44;
11. The Eagle Bird: Mapping a New West (New York, 1992).
12. For definitions of the term "New West," see also Susan Kollin, "Wister and the 'New West,'" in Reading The Virginian in the New West, ed. Melody Graulich and Stephen Tatum (Lincoln, 2003), 235;
13. Carl Abbott, "That Long Western Border: Canada, the United States, and a Century of Economic Change," in Parallel Destinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies, ed. John M. Findlay and Ken S. Coates (Seattle, 2002), 205-6;
14. John Walker, "Excerpts of the New West Dictionary," High Country News, 29 September 1997.
15. See also Carl Abbott, ed. , "Forum: Atlas of the New West," Pacific Historical Review 67 (August 1998): 379-420.
16. For gentrification and tourism see A. Warde, "Gentrification as Consumption: Issues of Class and Gender," Environment and Planning D 9 (September 1991): 223-32;
17. William B. Beyers and Peter B. Nelson, "Contemporary Development Forces in the Nonmetropolitan West: New Insights from Rapidly Growing Communities," Journal of Rural Studies 16 (October 2000): 461;
18. Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional' Political Ecologies," 15;
19. Alice Wondrak, "Seen Any Wildlife? Community Conflict and a Struggle for the Soul of Estes Park, Colorado," Cultural Geographies 9 (2002): 72-5.
20. Elliott West, "Reconstructing Race," Western Historical Quarterly 34 (Spring 2003): 7-26.
21. Kollin, "Wister and the 'New West,'" 235;
22. Ken Owens, "Fishing the Hatch: New West Romanticism and Fly-Fishing in the High Country," in Imagining the Big Open: Nature, Identity, and Play in the New West, ed. Liza Nicholas, Elaine Bapis, and Thomas Harvey (Salt Lake City, 2003), 117-9.
23. Wyckoff, "Inside the New West," 403;
24. Virginia Scharff, "Honey, I Shrunk the West," Pacific Historical Review 67 (August 1998): 411-3;
25. Limerick, "The Shadows of Heaven Itself," 161.
26. For shifts in production see, for example, Stuart Allan, Aileen R. Buckley, and James E. Meacham, Atlas of Oregon, ed. William Loy, 2d ed. (Eugene, OR, 2001), 74-5, 85, 90-7;
27. Doug MacCleery, "Is the Shift to 'Ecological Sustainability' or Ecosystem Management on U. S. Public Lands Merely a Sophisticated 'NIMBYism' Masquerading as a 'Paradigm Shift?'" USDA Forest Service Eco-Watch Dialogues, http://www. fs. fed. us/eco/eco-watch/consumption_ethic2. html (accessed 3 December 2003).
28. For job losses see William Prudham, "Timber and Town: Post-War Federal Forest Policy, Industrial Organization, and Rural Change in Oregon's Illinois Valley," Antipode 30 (January 1998): 177-98;
29. Michael Milstein, "Loggers Displaced in 1990s Left Behind, Study Finds," Portland Oregonian, 7 January 2003;
30. Ted Helvoigt, Darius Adams, and Art Ayre, "Employment Transitions in Oregon's Wood Products Sector During the 1990s," Journal of Forestry 101 (June 2003): 42-6;
31. Matthew S. Carroll, Keith A. Blatner, Frederick J. Alt, Ervin G. Schuster, and Angela J. Findley, "Adaptation Strategies of Displaced Idaho Woods Workers: Results of a Longitudinal Panel Study," Society & Natural Resources 13 (March 2000): 95-113;
32. Jonathan Kusel, Susan Kocher, Jonathan London, Lita Buttolph, and Ervin Schuster, "Effects of Displacement and Outsourcing on Woods Workers and Their Families," Society & Natural Resources 13 (March 2000): 115-34;
33. Steven E. Daniels, Corrine L. Gobeli, and Angela J. Findley, "Reemployment Programs for Dislocated Timber Workers: Lessons from Oregon," Society & Natural Resources 13 (March 2000): 135-50;
34. Matthew S. Carroll, Steven E. Daniels, and Jonathon Kusel, "Employment and Displacement among Northwestern Forest Products Workers," Society & Natural Resources 13 (March 2000): 151-6;
35. Matthew S. Carroll, Charles W. McKetta, Keith A. Blatner, and Con Schallau, "A Response to 'Forty Years of Spotted Owls? A Longitudinal Analysis of Logging Industry Job Losses,'" Sociological Perspectives 42 (Summer 1999): 325-33;
36. William R. Freudenburg, Lisa J. Wilson, and Daniel J. O'Leary, "Forty Years of Spotted Owls? A Longitudinal Analysis of Logging Industry Job Losses," Sociological Perspectives 41 (Spring 1998): 1-26.
37. For consequences of gentrification see Beyers and Nelson, "Contemporary Development Forces in the Nonmetropolitan West," 459-72;
38. Connie Young Chiang, "Shaping the Shoreline: Environments, Society, and Culture in Monterey, California" (PhD diss. , University of Washington, 2002);
39. Bonnie Christensen, Red Lodge and the Mythic West: Coal Miners to Cowboys (Lawrence, 2002);
40. Hal K. Rothman, Devil's Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West (Lawrence, 1998);
41. John Walton, Storied Land: Community and Memory in Monterey (Berkeley, 2001);
42. Meredith Wiltsie and William Wyckoff, "Reinventing Red Lodge: The Making of a New Western Landscape, 1884-2000," in Imagining the Big Open, 124-50.
43. For Aspenization and McDonaldization see Rothman, Devil's Bargains, 338-70;
44. Dave Gowdey, "Urban Immigration is Another Name for Cultural Genocide," Colorado Central Magazine 56 (October 1998): 2;
45. Bruce Selcraig, "Fore! in Santa Fe," High Country News, 17 May 1993;
46. George Ritzer, The McDonaldization Thesis: Explorations and Extensions (Thousand Oaks, CA, 1998), 1-2, 91-4, 117-49, 177-8;
47. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (Boston, 2001).
48. Sally K. Fairfax and Darla Guenzler, Conservation Trusts (Lawrence, 2001);
49. Eve Endicott, ed. , Land Conservation through Public/Private Partnerships (Washington, DC, 1993);
50. Seth Zuckerman, "Toward a New Salmon Economy," in Salmon Nation: People and Fish at the Edge, ed. Edward C. Wolf and Seth Zuckerman (Portland, OR, 1999), 63-73;
51. "National Land Trust Census: Charts and Graphs," Land Trust Alliance, http://www. lta. org/newsroom/census_charts. htm (accessed 3 December 2003).
52. Charles Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," 18.
53. Samuel Bowles, Our New West: Records of Travel between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean (Hartford, CT, 1869);
54. Charles Brace, The New West (New York, 1869);
55. Robert Strahorn, To the Rockies and Beyond, or A Summer on the Union Pacific Railroad . . . (Omaha, 1879).
56. For state, capital, and transnational, see Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1990), 57-9, 145-7, 236, 246-8;
57. Donald Meinig, Transcontinental America, 1850-1915, vol. 3 in The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History (New Haven, 1998), 3-8;
58. Augustus J. Veenendaal, Jr. , Slow Train to Paradise: How Dutch Investment Helped Build American Railroads (Stanford, CA, 1996).
59. Bowles, Our New West, v.
60. Quote from telephone conversation with Richard White, Richard White, "Information, Markets, and Corruption: Transcontinental Railroads in the Gilded Age," Journal of American History 90 (June 2003): 21-2;
61. Bowles, Our New West, 46;
62. Brace, The New West, 182-7.
63. Kansas City Board of Trade, The New West: Its Outlets to the Ocean (Kansas City, MO, 1873);
64. Charles Bliss, The New West: New Mexico (Boston, 1879);
65. Edward Tenney, Colorado: And Homes in the New West (Boston, 1880).
66. For an image of Strahorn see http://freepages. genealogy. rootsweb. com/∼jtenlen/restrahorn. jpg (accessed 3 December 2003);
67. For Strahorn's background and activities see Frieda Knobloch, "Creating the Cowboy State: Culture and Underdevelopment in Wyoming since 1867," Western Historical Quarterly 32 (Summer 2001): 202-5.
68. For New West Publishing see J. M. Wolfe, Wolfe's Omaha City Directory, 1879-1880 (Omaha, 1879), 316. I thank Eliza Robertson at the National Humanities Center, Dan Kubrick at the Omaha Public Library, and the anonymous reviewer for help with this citation.
69. For early boosters see John Smith, "A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note . . . ," in The Complete Works of John Smith, ed. Philip Barbour, vol. 1 (1608; reprint, Chapel Hill, NC, 1986), 27-117;
70. Alan Taylor, William Cooper's Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995);
71. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991).
72. For failed boosters see Norman Clark, Mill Town . . . (Seattle, 1970), 14-42.
73. For boosters and regional identity see John Findlay, "A Fishy Proposition: Regional Identity in the Pacific Northwest," in Many Wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity, ed. David Wrobel and Michael Steiner (Lawrence, 1997), 37-70.
74. Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, "Manifesto to the Communist Party," in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert Tucker (New York, 1978), 476;
75. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century (Berkeley, 1986);
76. David Emmons, Garden in the Grasslands: Boomer Literature of the Central Great Plains (Lincoln, 1971);
77. Thomas Fuchs, "Henry Villard: A Citizen of Two Worlds" (PhD diss. , University of Oregon, 1991);
78. "Board of Trade," Portland Morning Oregonian, 16 August 1877, 3.
79. Anne Fatrar Hyde, An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820-1920 (New York, 1990), 10;
80. David Robertson, West of Eden: A History of the Art and Literature of Yosemite (San Francisco, 1984);
81. William Cronon, "Telling Tales on Canvas," in Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts, by Jules David Prown et al. (New Haven, 1992), 37-86;
82. Kevin DeLuca and Anne Demo, "Imagining Nature and Erasing Class and Race: Carleton Watkins, John Muir, and the Construction of Wilderness," Environmental History 6 (October 2001): 541-50;
83. Mark Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks (New York, 1999);
84. Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Disorientation and Reorientation: The American Landscape Discovered from the West," in Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West (New York, 2000), 194-5.
85. Bowles, Our New West, v;
86. William Thayer, Marvels of the New West: A Vivid Portrayal of the Stupendous Marvels in the Vast Wonderland West of the Missouri River (Norwich, CT, 1887), xxix.
87. Katherine G. Morrissey, Mental Territories: Mapping the Inland Empire (Ithaca, NY, 1997), 139;
88. and The New West (Spokane, WA) Trade (begun in 1897).
89. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893 (1893), 199-227.
90. For critiques of Turner's essay see William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly 18 (April 1987): 157-76;
91. Martin Ridge, "The Life of an Idea: The Significance of Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis," Montana The Magazine of Western History 41 (Winter 1991): 2-13;
92. Richard White, "Frederick Jackson Turner," in Historians of the American Frontier: A Bio-Biographical Sourcebook, ed. John R. Wunder (New York, 1988), 660-81.
93. For fin de siècle culture see Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981);
94. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995);
95. Kim Townsend, Manhood at Harvard: William James and Others (New York, 1996).
96. Jane Tompkins, West of Every thing: The Inner Life of Westerns (New York, 1992);
97. Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1992);
98. Stephen May, Zane Grey: Romancing the West (Athens, OH, 1997).
99. William Raine, Gunsight Pass: How Oil Came to the Cattle Country and Brought the New West (New York, 1921).
100. Amy Blanchard, Gentle Pioneer, Being the Story of the Early Days in the New West (Boston, 1903);
101. Lucy Byrd Mack, Maid of Pend d'Oreille, an Indian Idyl (Seattle, 1910);
102. Alfred Rice, An Oregon Girl: A Tale of American Life in the New West (Portland, 1914);
103. Edwin L. Sabin, Boy Settler; or, Terry in the New West (New York, 1916);
104. Frederick Niven, Lady of the Crossing; A Novel of the New West (New York, 1919).
105. John Eaton, Sheldon Jackson, A Pioneer in the New West (New York, 1898);
106. Frederick Jackson Turner, Rise of the New West, 1819-1829 (New York, 1906).
107. One can argue that I make too much of the New West, that I should instead place it the context of Walter E. Weyl's The New Democracy; An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States (New York, 1914), Herbert Croly's New Nationalism, and the New Republic (and later FDR's New Deal, Dwight Eisenhower's New Look, and JFK's New Frontier). Unlike those neologisms, the New West already had a history.
108. Michael P. Malone and Richard W. Etulain, The American West: A Twentieth-Century History (Lincoln, 1989), 220;
109. Richard White, The Organic Machine (New York, 1995), 72.
110. Ronald Russell, A New West to Explore; The Story of the Portland (Oregon) Junior Symphony Orchestra and Jacques Gershkovitch, Pioneers of a Great Artistic and Cultural Future for America (Boston, 1938).
111. See also Victor Chittick, ed. , Northwest Harvest, A Regional Stocktaking (New York, 1948).
112. Bruce Grant, The Cowboy Encyclopedia: The Old and the New West from the Open Range to the Dude Ranch (Chicago, 1951).
113. See also Earl Pomeroy's trenchant analysis of western tourism in In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (New York, 1957), 139-217;
114. and his The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada (New York, 1965), 293-371.
115. Duncan MacInnes, "The Old and New West in the Needle Mountains," Appalachia 34 (June 1941): 374-9
116. and Jack Kerouac, On the Road (1955; reprint, New York, 1976), 51.
117. Bernard Mayo, Henry Clay: Spokesman of the New West (1937; reprint, Hamden, CT, 1966);
118. William Chambers, Old Bullion Benton, Senator from the New West: Thomas Hart Benton, 1782-1858 (1956; reprint, New York, 1970);
119. Roscoe Buley, The Romantic Appeal of the New West, 1815-1840 (Detroit, 1961);
120. Randolph Randall, James Hall, Spokesman of the New West (Columbus, OH, 1964);
121. Frederick Jackson Turner, Rise of the New West, 1819-1829 (New York, 1962).
122. Irene Grissom, Verse of the New West (Caldwell, ID, 1931);
123. Emmie Mygatt, Rim-Rocked, A Story of the New West (New York, 1952).
124. For consensus history see Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession (New York, 1988), 333-5.
125. Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West in Symbol and Myth (New York, 1957);
126. Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New York, 1964).
127. See also Paul Sutter, Driven Wild: How the Fight Against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement (Seattle, 2002).
128. Publishing houses using the phrase include New West Library (San Francisco), New West Publishing (San Rafael), New West Press (Hamilton, WA), New West Communications Corporation (Beverly Hills), New West House (Bruneau, ID); and New West Writers (Abbotsford, BC). For entertainment companies see New West Music (Van Nuys), New West Recordings (Abilene, TX), New West Records (Austin). For film studios see New West Films Production, and New West Entertainment.
129. Charles Tyler, Saga of the Outlaws: A Polyphonic Sonic Tale of the Old & New West [sound recording], Nessa Records N-16, one analog album, 1978;
130. Walking Wounded, The New West [sound recording], Chameleon Records CHLP 8613, one analog album, 1987;
131. The Beat Farmers, Tales of the New West [sound recording], Rhino Records RNLP 853, one analog album, 1985.
132. For cuisine see Linda Eckhardt, The New West Coast Cuisine (Los Angeles, 1985);
133. Dennis Rohde, Pizza: A Slice of the New West (Flagstaff, AZ, 1997).
134. For architecture, see Cottle Graybeal Yaw Architects, Architecture of the New West: Recent Works by Cottle Graybeal Yaw (Des Plaines, IL, 2002).
135. For Canada, see Anne Nothof, ed. , Ethnicities: Plays from the New West (Edmonton, AB, 1999);
136. Elma Schemenauer, Calgary: Heart of the New West (Calgary, AB, 2000);
137. Darrel Janz, Calgary: Heart of the New West (Memphis, 2001);
138. Frederick H. Candelaria, ed. , New West Coast: 72 Contemporary British Columbia Poets: New Poems with Personal Commentaries and Autobiographical Sketches (Vancouver, BC, 1977);
139. John Richards and Larry Pratt, Prairie Capitalism: Power and Influence in the New West (Toronto, ON, 1979);
140. Eric Wells, Winnipeg: Where the New West Begins: An Illustrated History (Burlington, ON, 1982);
141. Paul Grescoe and David Cruise, The Money Rustlers: Self-Made Millionaires of the New West (New York, 1985).
142. Stephen W. Brown, Voice of the New West: John G. Jackson, His Life and Times (Macon, GA, 1985);
143. Donald Pisani, Water and the American Government: The Reclamation Bureau, National Water Policy, and the West, 1902-1935 (Berkeley, 2002);
144. William S. Speer, ed. , The Encyclopedia of the New West, Containing Fully Authenticated Information of the Agricultural, Mercantile, Commercial . . . , rev. ed. (Easley, SC, 1979);
145. Scott Solliday, Chandler, Pioneer City of the New West (Chandler, AZ, 1996);
146. Stanley Noyes and Daniel Gelo, Comanches in the New West, 1895-1908: Historic Photographs (Austin, TX, 1999);
147. Gary E. Elliott, Senator Alan Bible and the Politics of the New West (Reno, 1994).
148. Gene M. Gressley, ed. , Old West/New West: Quo Vadis? (Worland, WY, 1994)
149. and Barbara Howard Meldrum, ed. , Old West-New West: Centennial Essays (Moscow, ID, 1993).
150. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 3d ed. (New Haven, 1982), 343;
151. William Cronon, "The Trouble with Wilderness or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature," in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York, 1995), 69-90.
152. Robert Adams, The New West: Landscapes Along the Colorado Front Range, foreword by John Szarkowski (Boulder, CO, 1974), x.
153. Jeanie Kasindorf, The Nye County Brothel Wars: A Tale of the New West (New York, 1985).
154. Dave Carty, Born Again at the Laundromat: And Other Visions of the New West (New York, 1992);
155. Peter R. Decker, Old Fences, New Neighbors (Tucson, AZ, 1998);
156. Ringholz, Paradise Paved;
157. Nicholas, Bapis, and Harvey, Imagining the Big Open.
158. While lacking the New West tag, Raye Ringholz's Little Town Blues: Voices from the Changing West (Salt Lake City, 1992) also traces these stories in the New West hangouts of Aspen, Jackson, Moab, Moose, Park City, Santa Fe, and Sedona.
159. Cottle Graybeal Yaw Architects, Architecture of the New West, 10;
160. Elizabeth Clair Flood, Cowboy High Style: Thomas Molesworth to the New West (Salt Lake City, 1992);
161. Bud Lilly and Paul Schullery, Bud Lilly's Guide to Fly Fishing the New West (Portland, OR, 2000).
162. See also "Points West," Sunday Morning, Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 18 August 2002.
163. Brian Bouldrey, ed. , Writing Home: Award-Winning Literature from the New West (Berkeley, 1999);
164. Robert Gish, First Horses: Stories of the New West (Reno, 1993);
165. Gregory L. Morris, Talking up a Storm: Voices of the New West (Lincoln, 1994);
166. Krista Comer, Landscapes of the New West: Gender and Geography in Contemporary Women's Writing (Chapel Hill, 1999).
167. Charles A. Guerin, curator, The New West: January 11-March 16, 1986, Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center (Colorado Springs, CO, 1986), 4.
168. Ann Ronald, The New West of Edward Abbey (Albuquerque, 1982);
169. Graulich and Tatum, Reading The Virginian in the New West.
170. Thomas R. McGuire, William B. Lord, Mary G. Wallace, eds. , Indian Water in the New West (Tucson, AZ, 1993);
171. Carl Abbott, Sy Adler, and Margery Post Abbott, Planning a New West: The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area (Corvallis, OR, 1997).
172. For New West tensions with Indians, see Robert Sullivan, A Whale Hunt (New York, 2000).
173. For urban consumption, see Tom Knudsen, "State of Denial" in the Sacramento (California) Bee, 27 April 2003, http://www. sacbee. com/static/live/news/projects/denial/ (accessed 3 December 2003).
174. Sharman Apt Russell, Kill the Cowboy: A Battle of Mythology in the New West (Reading, MA, 1993);
175. Wilkinson, The Eagle Bird.
176. Timothy Egan, The Good Rain: Across Time and Terrain in the Pacific Northwest (New York, 1990), 253.
177. See also John Baden and Donald Snow, eds. , The Next West: Public Lands, Community, and Economy in the American West (Washington, DC, 1997);
178. Power, Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies;
179. Michael L. Johnson, New Westers: The West in Contemporary American Culture (Lawrence, 1996), 28, 149.
180. Neil Campbell, The Cultures of the American New West (Chicago, 2000), 164.
181. Riebsame, Atlas of the New West, 95, 113, 124, 137;
182. see also Michael Janofsky, "U. S. -Utah Land Accord Incites Unlikely Critics," New York Times, A18, 23 May 2003.
183. Riebsame, Atlas of the New West, 12, 109;
184. Timothy P. Duane, Shaping the Sierra: Nature, Culture, and Conflict in the Changing West (Berkeley, 1999), 73-194;
185. Joel Kotkin, The New Geography: How the Digital Revolution is Reshaping the American Landscape (New York, 2000), 3-51.
186. For "reverse" and "darken" see Limerick, "The Shadows of Heaven Itself," 165, 178;
187. Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," 38-44.
188. David M. Wrobel, "The View from Philadelphia," Pacific Historical Review 67 (August 1998): 388.
189. Anne Hyde, "Nothing New Under the Sun: Continuities in the West," Pacific Historical Review 67 (August 1998): 395.
190. See also William Robbins, "In Pursuit of a Historical Explanation: Capitalism as a Conceptual Tool for Knowing the American West," Western Historical Quarterly 30 (Autumn 1999): 285.
191. I thank JoAnn Kalenak at High Country News for help with this citation.
192. See also, William G. Robbins, "Creating a 'New' West: Big Money Returns to the Hinterland," Montana The Magazine of Western History 46 (Summer 1996): 66-72;
193. Ray Ring, "The New West's Servant Economy," High Country News, 17 April 1995;
194. William G. Robbins, Hard Times in Paradise: Coos Bay, Oregon, 1850-1986 (Seattle, 1988), 54-67. I thank the anonymous reviewer for help with this point.
195. For criticism of the Atlas' concept of diversity see Wrobel, "The View from Philadelphia," 385;
196. Hyde, "Nothing New Under the Sun," 397;
197. Scharff, "Honey, I Shrunk the West," 415.
198. For the West's diverse past see Patricia Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of The American West (New York, 1987);
199. White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own. "
200. For groups other than Indians, for whom the bibliography is too rich and the point too obvious to summarize, see Blake Allmendinger, The Cowboy: Representations of Labor in an American Work Culture (New York, 1992);
201. Peter Boag, Same-Sex Affairs: Constructing and Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific Northwest (Berkeley, 2003);
202. John Gerassi, The Boys of Boise: Furor, Vice, and Folly in an American City (New York, 1966);
203. Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson, eds. , The Women's West (Norman, 1987);
204. Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds. , Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, 1997);
205. Ronald T. Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (Boston, 1989);
206. Quintard Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528-1990 (New York, 1998);
207. Oscar Martínez, Mexican-Origin People in the United States: A Topical History (Tucson, 2001);
208. Frederick C. Luebke, ed. , European Immigrants in the American West: Community Histories (Albuquerque, 1998);
209. Ava Kahn, ed. , Jewish Life in the American West: Perspectives on Migration, Settlement, and Community (Los Angeles, 2002);
210. Ferenc Morton Szasz, Scots in the North American West, 1790-1917 (Norman, 2000).
211. For critiques of the West as exceptionally diverse see Elliott West, "A Longer, Grimmer, But More Interesting Story," Montana The Magazine of Western History 40 (Autumn 1990): 72-6;
212. Michael P. Malone, "The 'New Western History': An Assessment," Montana The Magazine of Western History 40 (Summer 1990): 65-7;
213. Clyde A. Milner II, ed. , A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996).
214. Gunsmoke, CBS, 1955-1975;
215. Bonanza, National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 1959-1973;
216. Kung Fu, Warner Brothers and American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 1972-1975;
217. Little House on the Prairie, NBC, 1974-1983.
218. Anne F. Hyde, "Cultural Filters: The Significance of Perception," in A New Significance, 175-201;
219. Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness;
220. Karl Jacoby, Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation (Berkeley, 2001), 81-146;
221. Louis S. Warren, The Hunter's Game: Poachers and Conservationists in Twentieth-Century America (New Haven, 1997), 71-171;
222. Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 3-111;
223. Anne M. Butler, "Selling the Popular Myth," in The Oxford History of the American West, ed. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss (New York, 1994), 787-90;
224. Mary Spence, "Waitresses in the Trans-Mississippi West: 'Pretty Waiter Girls', Harvey Girls, and Union Maids," in The Women's West, 219-34;
225. Michael P. Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970 (San Francisco, 1988);
226. Erik Weiselberg, "Ascendancy of the Mazamas: Environment, Identity and Mountain Climbing in Oregon, 1870 to 1930" (PhD diss. , University of Oregon, 1999);
227. Jim Kjeldsen, The Mountaineers: A History (Seattle, 1998);
228. Abbott, Adler, and Abbott, Planning a New West, 28-32.
229. Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 74-80.
230. For national trends see Kotkin, The New Geography, 26-35, 44-79, 162.
231. For gentrification see Lynne Heasley, "Shifting Boundaries on a Wisconsin Landscape: Can GIS Help Historians Tell a Complicated Story?" Human Ecology 31 (June 2003): 194-5;
232. Madeleine Hall-Arber, Christopher Dyer, John Poggie, James McNally, and Renee Gagne, New England's Fishing Communities (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 42-6;
233. Joseph A. Conforti, Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 2001), 239, 265-6, 304.
234. See also S. Watson, "Gilding the Smokestacks: The New Symbolic Representations of Deindustrialised Regions," Environment and Planning D 9 (March 1991): 59-70.
235. Joel Garreau, The Nine Nations of North America (Boston, 1981), 302-5, 310-1.
236. For "Lords" see Charles Wilkinson, Crossing the Next Meridian: Land, Water, and the Future of the West (Washington, DC, 1992), xiii, 3-27.
237. Jim Lichatowich, Salmon Without Rivers: A History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis (Washington, DC, 1999), 54.
238. Whitelaw, "Oregon's Real Economy";
239. Ed Whitelaw, "Rich Oregonian, Poor Oregonian," Oregon Quarterly 74 (Summer 1995): 28-30;
240. James McCarthy, "First World Political Ecology: Lessons from the Wise Use Movement," Environment and Planning A (July 2002): 1285-6;
241. Richard White, "Are You an Environmentalist, or Do You Work for a Living?': Work and Nature," in Uncommon Ground, 171-85.
242. Egan, The Good Rain, 178.
243. For urban colonization of the rural West in the past, see William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, 1994), 162-83.
244. Kotkin, The New Geography, 27-51.
245. Robbins, "Creating a 'New' West," 68-70;
246. Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional' Political Ecologies," 14, 17.
247. Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 27;
248. Urban-rural tensions are at least continental in scope. For the United States see "Reconciling Alaska's Urban-Rural Split, Wilda Marston Theater, Loussac Library, Anchorage," http://www. commonwealthnorth. org/transcripts/4urbanruralsplit. html (accessed 3 December 2003);
249. and Public Opinion Strategies and Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, Election 2002: Rural Voters and Rural Issues, December 2, 2002, (Report for the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 2002), http://www. wkkf. org/pubs/FoodRur/Pub3791. pdf (accessed 3 December 2003).
250. For Canada see "The Rift," News in Review: Online Resource Guide, Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC), September 1998, http://www. tv. cbc. ca/insidecbc/newsinreview/sept97/election97/rift. html (accessed 3 December 2003; site now discontinued).
251. For a global perspective see Jacob Burke and Julian Beltran, "Competing for Water," UN Habitat, United Nations Human Settlements Program, http://www. unhabitat. org/HD/hdv6n3/competingforwater. htm (accessed 3 December 2003).
252. Richard White, "The Current Weirdness in the West," Western Historical Quarterly 28 (Spring 1997): 5-16;
253. James McCarthy, "States of Nature and Environmental Enclosures in the American West," in Violent Environments, ed. Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts (Ithaca, NY, 2001), 117-45;
254. McCarthy, "First World Political Ecology," 1290.
255. James Sherow, "Environmentalism and Agriculture in the American West," in The Rural West Since World War II, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Lawrence, 1998), 70-1;
256. Both corporations and environmental organizations have condemned these coalitions because they could not control events, but as Charles Wilkinson notes, "The single greatest ally of those who would wreck the West is the idea that the West is homogeneous," The Eagle Bird, 155;
257. Seth Zuckerman, "Toward a New Salmon Economy," 63-73;
258. For economic impacts, see Helvoigt, Adams, and Ayre, "Employment Transitions in Oregon's Wood Products Sector During the 1990s. "
259. Freeman House, Totem Salmon: Life Lessons from Another Species (Boston, 1999);
260. Mike Connelly, "Home Is Where They'll Lay Me Down," Orion: People and Nature 23 (Summer 2001): 19, 21;
261. Mark Stemen, personal and various communications; Scott Staats, "Hatfields Recognized for Sustainable Ranch Management," Capital Press Agriculture Weekly, 7 December 2001;
262. Joseph E. Taylor III, "History, Memory, and Salmon: Reconciling the Past in Natural Resource Management," (paper presented, Seventh International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, May 1998. )
263. Christensen, Red Lodge and the Mythic West, 212-38.
264. Joseph E. Taylor III, "'Well-Thinking Men and Women': The Battle for the White Act and the Meaning of Conservation in the 1920s," Pacific Historical Review 71 (August 2002): 356-87.
265. For New West papers see WHA conference books for 2003 (p. 34)
266. 2001 (p. 43)
267. and 1995 (p. 32).
268. For changed titles see 2001 (p. 41)
269. 1999 (p. 38)
270. Patricia Limerick made the same argument about "frontier" in "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in The Frontier in American Culture, ed. James Grossman (Berkeley, 1994), 72-80;
271. a review of paper and session titles for the American Society for Environmental History conferences from 1995 to 2003 revealed no use of the term "New West" by environmental historians.
272. and Robbins, Colony and Empire.
273. McCarthy, "States of Nature and Environmental Enclosures in the American West. "
274. Kittredge, quoted in Johnson, New Westers, 343.
275. Michael McGovern, "The Reel Story," http://www. outdoor-retailer. com/or_publications/archives/07_99_archive/07_99g. htm (accessed 3 December 2003, site now discontinued);
276. Norman Maclean, A River Runs Through It (Chicago, 1976);
277. Robert Redford, A River Runs Through It (Columbia/Tristar, 1992).
278. For western angling Rudyard Kipling, American Notes (Boston, 1899), 57-79;
279. Captain Cleveland Rockwell, "The First Columbia River Salmon Ever Caught with a Fly," Pacific Monthly 10 (1903): 202-3;
280. Zane Grey, Zane Grey's Adventures in Fishing, ed. Ed Zern (New York, 1952);
281. Lisa Mighetto, "Sport Fishing on the Columbia River," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 87 (Winter 1995-1996): 5-15.
282. For angling politics see Joseph E. Taylor III, Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis (Seattle, 1999), 166-202.
283. Daryl Gadbow, "Missoula-Area Fisheries in Good Shape," Billings (Montana) Gazette, 20 February 2003;
284. "Mixed Reviews for Plan to Cut River Crowding," Great Falls (Montana) Tribune, 17 June 2002;
285. Tom Dickson, "Cross Currents," Montana Outdoors 34 (July-August 2003): 6-10.
286. Little of this is new. Philadelphia's Schuylkill Fishing Club had to move twice before 1900 to escape overcrowding and habitat decline, and Portland anglers were promoting new areas to disperse crowds from the Clackamas River in the 1910s. Colleen J. Sheehy, "American Angling: The Rise of Urbanism and the Romance of the Rod and Reel," in Hard at Play: Leisure in America, 1840-1940, ed. Kathryn Grover (Amherst, MA, 1992), 79;
287. "Nearby Streams Lure To Anglers," Portland Morning Oregonian, 10 May 1914, sec. 2, p. 4;
288. "1200 Fishers On River," Portland Morning Oregonian, 19 April 1915, 11.
289. For "Ikra," see Georg Steller, Steller's History of Kamchatka: Collected Information Concerning the History of Kamchatka, Its Peoples, Their Manners, Names, Lifestyle, and Various Customary Practices, ed. Marvin W. Falk, trans. Margritt Engel and Karen Willmore, Rasmuson Library Historical Translation Series, vol. 12 (Fairbanks, AK, 2003), 119.
290. For "poachers" see Paul Webster, "U. N. Joins Russia's Fight to Save Western Pacific Salmon," Science 301 (29 August 2003): 1167.
291. The title unintentionally signals the impetus of this battle, since Russians would hardly refer to Pacific salmon as "western. " See also Elizabeth Arnold, "Scientific Program in Russia Combines Tourism, Fishing and Science in an Effort to Preserve Russia's Pristine Waters and Variety of Fish," Morning Edition (NPR), 20 January 2003;
292. John Ryle, "Lord of All He Surveys," Outside 23 (June 1998): 57-68, 167-9;
293. William Langewiesche, "Eden: A Gated Community" Atlantic Monthly 283 (June 1999): 84-105;
294. "Now He Is Buying In Argentina," Santiago Times (Chile), 27 August 2001, http://test. chirongroup. com/splash/stimes/index. php?nav=story&story_id=451 rongroup. com/splash/stimes/index. php?nav=story&story_id=451 (accessed 3 December 2003; site now discontinued).
295. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1994).
296. Hal Clifford, "The Gear Biz," High Country News, 27 October 2003;
297. Peter Walker and Louis Fortmann, "Whose Landscape? A Political Ecology of the 'Exurban' Sierra," Cultural Geographies 10 (October 2003): 469-91;
298. Cronon, "The Trouble with Wilderness. "
299. Donald Worster, "New West, True West," Western Historical Quarterly 18 (April 1987): 141-3;
300. Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century";
301. Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35;
302. Roland Barthes, "Myth Today," in Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York, 1972), 109-59.
303. Louis Warren, "Wilderness and Civilization: Race and Nature in American History," (paper presented, American Society for Environmental History, Durham, NC, March 2001. )