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Volumn 61, Issue , 2007, Pages 157-181

The chronicle of Matthew of Edessa: Apocalypse, the first crusade, and the Armenian diaspora

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EID: 61049475333     PISSN: 00707546     EISSN: 00707546     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (19)

References (64)
  • 3
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    • Hydatius and the Final Frontier: The Fall of the Roman Empire and the End of the World
    • ed. R. W. Mathisen and H. S. Sivan Aldershot
    • Burgess, "Hydatius and the Final Frontier: The Fall of the Roman Empire and the End of the World," in Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity, ed. R. W. Mathisen and H. S. Sivan (Aldershot, 1996), 321-32
    • (1996) Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity , pp. 321-332
    • Burgess1
  • 8
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    • Christian Salvation through Muslim Domination: Divine Punishment and Syriac Apocalyptic Expectation in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries
    • C. Villagomez, "Christian Salvation through Muslim Domination: Divine Punishment and Syriac Apocalyptic Expectation in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries," MedE 4 (1998): 203-18
    • (1998) MedE , vol.4 , pp. 203-218
    • Villagomez, C.1
  • 9
    • 84870081399 scopus 로고
    • Généalogie de la famille de saint Grégoire et vie de saint Nersès
    • ed. V. Langlois (Paris)
    • The figure of the "last emperor" does not appear in the Armenian tradition until the later tenth century, and then in a revised version of the Life of Nerses, a frequently edited text concerning the prophecies of the fourth-century Armenian patriarch, translated by J.-R. Emine, "Généalogie de la famille de saint Grégoire et vie de saint Nersès," in Collection des historiens anciens et modernes de l'Arménie, ed. V. Langlois (Paris, 1969), 2: 21-41
    • (1969) Collection des Historiens Anciens et Modernes de l'Arménie , vol.2 , pp. 21-41
    • Emine, J.-R.1
  • 10
    • 79954292986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crusades through Armenian Eyes
    • ed. A. E. Laiou and R. Parviz Mottahedeh (Washington, D. C.)
    • R. Thomson, "Crusades through Armenian Eyes," in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. A. E. Laiou and R. Parviz Mottahedeh (Washington, D. C., 2001), 74-75. For further bibliography on apocalypticism, see note 85
    • (2001) The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World , pp. 74-75
    • Thomson, R.1
  • 12
    • 84870146070 scopus 로고
    • Comptes rendus
    • Brief comments appear in H. Berbérian, "Comptes rendus," RÈA 10 (1973-74): 403-6
    • (1973) RÈA , vol.10 , pp. 403-406
    • Berbérian, H.1
  • 13
    • 80054544847 scopus 로고
    • Matt'eos Urhayec'i
    • Armenian
    • H. Adjarian,"Matt'eos Urhayec'i," HA 67 (1953): 350-54 [in Armenian]
    • (1953) HA , vol.67 , pp. 350-354
    • Adjarian, H.1
  • 15
    • 84870080191 scopus 로고
    • Des Grecs aux Croisés. Étude sur l'histoire d'Édesse entre 1071 et 1098
    • J. Laurent, "Des Grecs aux Croisés. Étude sur l'histoire d'Édesse entre 1071 et 1098," Byzantion 1 (1921): 372-73
    • (1921) Byzantion , vol.1 , pp. 372-373
    • Laurent, J.1
  • 18
    • 80054535632 scopus 로고
    • (Cambridge)
    • Steven Runciman also follows this line, History of the Crusades (Cambridge, 1952), 2: 483. Modern surveys of crusader and Byzantine history scarcely mention Matthew
    • (1952) History of the Crusades , vol.2 , pp. 483
    • Runciman, S.1
  • 20
    • 80054544854 scopus 로고
    • Entre Moïse et Mahomet: Réflexions sur l'historiographie arménienne
    • J.-P. Mahé, "Entre Moïse et Mahomet: Réflexions sur l'historiographie arménienne," RÉA 23 (1992): 121-53
    • (1992) RÉA , vol.23 , pp. 121-153
    • Mahé, J.-P.1
  • 21
    • 84903707898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The years covered in each part reflected Matthew's interest in numerological approaches to the Apocalypse. The first portion covers the years 952/3 to 1051/2 (Armenian years [AY] 401-500), the second from 1051/2 to 1101/2 (AY 500-550), and the third from 1101/2 to 1136/7 (AY 550-85); thus each portion covers roughly half the period of time of the previous section. Although the second and third sections include an authorial preface, in which Matthew outlined the sources used for the section, as well as explaining how it fit into his historical progression, the first section launches into a historical narrative unprefaced. It is tempting to speculate that the first portion of the chronicle has been lost, including an introduction as well as an account for the year 951/2 (AY 400). The account concludes in 1136/7 (AY 585), although Matthew indicated his intention to end it in 1131/2 (AY 580) (Matt'eos Urhayets'i, Zhamanakagrut'iwn, 278-80
    • Zhamanakagrut'Iwn , pp. 278-280
    • Urhayets'I, M.1
  • 22
    • 84898219093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symeon II. und die Errichtung der lateinischen Kirche von Jerusalem durch die Kreuzfahrer
    • ed. Kaspar Elm and Cosimo Damiano Fonseca [Vatican City
    • Johannes Pahlitzsch, "Symeon II. und die Errichtung der lateinischen Kirche von Jerusalem durch die Kreuzfahrer," in Militia Sancti Sepulcri: Idea e Istituzioni, ed. Kaspar Elm and Cosimo Damiano Fonseca [Vatican City, 1998], 341-60)
    • (1998) Militia Sancti Sepulcri: Idea e Istituzioni , pp. 341-360
    • Pahlitzsch, J.1
  • 26
    • 1642597264 scopus 로고
    • Washington, D.C
    • Cyril Toumanoff gives the Pahlavunis connections to the ancient Kamsarakan family and thus to the family of Saint Gregory the Illuminator, the founder of Christianity in Armenia, but this genealogy is dubious; see his Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Washington, D.C., 1963), 207
    • (1963) Studies in Christian Caucasian History , pp. 207
  • 27
    • 84943257815 scopus 로고
    • trans. R. W. Thomson (Cambridge, Mass.)
    • The family themselves claimed the connection, perhaps as a way to solidify their hold on the katholicate. Movses Khorenats'i (of Chorene), a historian whose writings have been dated anywhere from the fifth to the eighth century, recorded that both Saint Gregory and the Kamsarakans were descended from the Iranian Pahlavids; see Moses Khorenats'i, History of the Armenians, trans. R. W. Thomson (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), 2: 27, 165. While their surname evoked the Arsacid monarchy, Pahlav being both an area in Iran and the name of the two branches of the Arsacid family, the Pahlavunis emerged only in the tenth century and cannot be linked to the Kamsarakans with any certainty
    • (1978) History of the Armenians , vol.2 , Issue.27 , pp. 165
    • Khorenats'I, M.1
  • 28
    • 84870093343 scopus 로고
    • Grégoire Magistros et les traductions arméniennes d'auteurs grecs
    • See the genealogical chart in M. Leroy, "Grégoire Magistros et les traductions arméniennes d'auteurs grecs," AIPHOS 3 (1935): 263-94
    • (1935) AIPHOS , vol.3 , pp. 263-294
    • Leroy, M.1
  • 29
    • 80054582038 scopus 로고
    • Gregory Magistros: An Armenian Hellenist
    • Jr., 2, Byzantinoslavica, Armeniaca, Islamica, the Balkans and Modern Greece, ed. J. S. Allen et al. (New Rochelle, N.Y.)
    • A. Sanjian, "Gregory Magistros: An Armenian Hellenist," in TO EAAHNIKON: Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr., vol. 2, Byzantinoslavica, Armeniaca, Islamica, the Balkans and Modern Greece, ed. J. S. Allen et al. (New Rochelle, N.Y., 1993), 131-58
    • (1993) TO EAAHNIKON: Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis , pp. 131-158
    • Sanjian, A.1
  • 31
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    • Échos de légendes épiques iraniennes dans les lettres de Grigor Magistros
    • B. L. Chukaszyan, "Échos de légendes épiques iraniennes dans les «lettres» de Grigor Magistros," RÉArm 1 (1964): 321-29
    • (1964) RÉArm , vol.1 , pp. 321-329
    • Chukaszyan, B.L.1
  • 33
    • 79954396963 scopus 로고
    • Vardapet in the Early Armenian Church
    • A vardapet is a unique rank within the Armenian church. It is essentially a scholarly position, invested with the authority to teach, and ranked second only to that of the bishop. Although the position did not have any sacramental duties attached to it, vardapets did have the power to excommunicate. Some historians have linked the institution to the office of the herbad, which fulfilled an analogous role in Zoroastrianism; see R. Thomson, "Vardapet in the Early Armenian Church," Le Muséon 75 (1962): 367-84
    • (1962) Le Muséon , vol.75 , pp. 367-384
    • Thomson, R.1
  • 35
    • 80054486558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matthew's continuator Gregory also lived in K'esun, further suggesting that Matthew, at the end of his life at least, was living there. At the time of his death in 1113/4, Barsegh was residing in Behesni, a town only a few dozen miles to the north of K'esun. An assembly of bishops consecrated his nephew Gregory as his successor at the monastery of Karmir Vank', also situated in the territory of K'esun: Matt'eos Urhayets'i, Zhamanagakrut'iwn, 329-30
    • Zhamanagakrut'Iwn , pp. 329-330
    • Urhayets'I, M.1
  • 40
    • 80054582025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matthew's description of battle between King Ashot and a nameless Georgian prince: Matt'eos Urhayets'i
    • 9
    • Other such heroic scenes can be found in Matthew's description of battle between King Ashot and a nameless Georgian prince: Matt'eos Urhayets'i, Zhamanakagrut'iwn, 9
    • Zhamanakagrut'Iwn
  • 41
    • 80054535575 scopus 로고
    • St. Petersburg
    • The anonymous continuator of T'ovma Artsruni likewise praised Basil as "a father"; see T'ovmaj Vardapet Arctuni, Patmut'iwn Tann Arcruniats'(St. Petersburg, 1887), 307
    • (1887) Patmut'Iwn Tann Arcruniats , pp. 307
    • Vardapet Arctuni, T.1
  • 43
    • 38849149016 scopus 로고
    • Basile II et Byzance vus par Grigor Narekac'i
    • For other Armenian attitudes toward Basil II, see J.-P. Mahé, "Basile II et Byzance vus par Grigor Narekac'i," TrM 11 (1991): 555-73. For Matthew's attitude toward other Byzantine emperors, see below
    • (1991) TrM , vol.11 , pp. 555-573
    • Mahé, J.-P.1
  • 44
    • 80054486542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matthew's willingness to adapt historical events to his own purpose is again evident here. Matthew suggests that Basil II, one of his heroes, avenged David's death, when in fact he seized David's lands after his death as punishment for David's participation in the revolt against him by Bardas Phokas; see Whittow, Byzantium, 384
    • Byzantium , pp. 384
    • Whittow1
  • 45
    • 0345826258 scopus 로고
    • (Ithaca, N.Y.)
    • Rev 20:1-11. A large bibliography exists covering apocalypticism and millenarianism. On specific responses to the book of Revelation, see The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, ed. R. K. Emmerson and B. McGinn (Ithaca, N.Y., 1992)
    • (1992) The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages
    • Emmerson, R.K.1    McGinn, B.2
  • 49
    • 61049318413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Writing of History: The Development of the Armenian and Georgian Traditions
    • Apocalyptic elements have a long history in Armenian historiography; Spoleto
    • Apocalyptic elements have a long history in Armenian historiography; see R. W. Thomson, "The Writing of History: The Development of the Armenian and Georgian Traditions," in Il Caucaso: Cerniero fra culture dal Mediterraneo alla Persia (secoli IV-XI): 20-26 aprile 1995 (Spoleto, 1996), 493-514
    • (1996) Il Caucaso: Cerniero Fra Culture Dal Mediterraneo Alla Persia (Secoli IV-XI): 20-26 Aprile 1995 , pp. 493-514
    • Thomson, R.W.1
  • 50
    • 79956750663 scopus 로고
    • trans. R. W. Thomson [Albany, N.Y.]
    • The fifth-century historian named Agat'angeghos recorded a vision of St. Gregory the Illuminator, which revealed the divisions that would soon beset Armenian society (Agat'angeghos, History of the Armenians, trans. R. W. Thomson [Albany, N.Y., 1976], 273-97)
    • (1976) History of the Armenians , pp. 273-297
    • Agat'Angeghos1
  • 57
    • 11244330051 scopus 로고
    • The History of the Future and Its Uses: Prophecy, Policy and Propaganda
    • ed. R. Beaton and C. Roueché Aldershot
    • For similar Byzantine concerns around the same time, see P. Magdalino, "The History of the Future and Its Uses: Prophecy, Policy and Propaganda," in The Making of Byzantine History, ed. R. Beaton and C. Roueché (Aldershot, 1993), 3-34
    • (1993) The Making of Byzantine History , pp. 3-34
    • Magdalino, P.1
  • 58
    • 61049455293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Year 1000 in Byzantium
    • ed. P. Magdalino Leiden
    • Magdalino, "The Year 1000 in Byzantium," in Byzantium in the Year 1000, ed. P. Magdalino (Leiden, 2003), 233-70
    • (2003) Byzantium in the Year 1000 , pp. 233-270
    • Magdalino1
  • 62
    • 0004137189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Oxford)
    • Matthew (or Senek'erim) was mistaken; they were more likely raiders from Azerbaijan; see A. E. Redgate, The Armenians (Oxford, 1998), 226
    • (1998) The Armenians , pp. 226
    • Redgate, A.E.1
  • 63
    • 61049398871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Byzantine attitudes toward the last emperor at this time, see Magdalino, "History of the Future," 26-27
    • History of the Future , pp. 26-27
    • Magdalino1
  • 64
    • 61049395792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibn Butlan in Bilad al-Sham: The Career of a Traveling Christian Physician
    • Leiden
    • Lawrence Conrad, "Ibn Butlan in Bilad al-Sham: The Career of a Traveling Christian Physician," in Syrian Christians under Islam: The First Thousand Years (Leiden, 2001), 131-58
    • (2001) Syrian Christians under Islam: The First Thousand Years , pp. 131-158
    • Conrad, L.1


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