Created identities: Hybrid cultures and the internet

Convergence

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 44-59

  Clothier, Ian M ^a  

^a Western Institute of Technology   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Constitutional voting; Cultural identity; District of Leistavia; Hybrid identities; Hybridisation; Internet identity regimes; Pitcairn Norfolk culture

Indexed keywords

EID: 61049435182     PISSN: 13548565     EISSN: 17487382     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177//1354856505061053     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. 'The current leitmotif of multicultural discourse is hybridity.' Eduardo Manuel Duarte, 'Self as Postcolonial Pastiche: Historical Artifact and Multicultural Ideal', in Philosophy of Education'. 1997. http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/ EPS/PES-Yearbook/97_docs/duarte.html (15 May 2002), p. 1
2. For a discussion of hybridity and the urban environment see Hybrid Urbanism, ed. Nezar AlSayyad (Oxford: Praeger, 2001)
3. 'The floating frontier [of Mexico and America] is a social space of hybridisation' according to the editors of Latin American Issues. Jaume Martí-Olivella, Fernando Valerio-Holguín, Giles Wayland-Smith (eds), '(De)Constructing the Mexican-American Border', in Latin American Issues [Online] Vol 14(1). 1998. http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/ Articles/Vol14/ LAI_vol_14_intro.html (11 October 2004), p. 1
4. See Glynn Christian, A Fragile Paradise: The Discovery of Fletcher Christian Bounty Mutineer (New York: Little Brown and Company, 1982)
5. Robert Nicholson, The Pitcairners (Auckland: Pasifica Press, 1997), pp. 218-221
6. Excerpts from H. L. Shapiro's Robinson Crusoe's Children: The Strange Story of Nine English Mutineers Who, More Than a Hundred Years Ago, Took Up Their Abode With Their Native Tahitian Wives, on a Desert Island in the South Seas - The Life and Heredity of the Descendants of These First Settlers on Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands can be found online in Natural History magazine's Pick from the Past, May-June 1928, http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/ editors_pick/1928_05-06_pick.html (9 December 2004). Shapiro's much-celebrated use of measurement to record profiles and develop a theory of hybrid vigour in descendants is now discounted, as he did not distinguish sufficiently between direct descendants and those with DNA from settlers on Pitcairn and Norfolk
7. Robert Langdon is making an interesting case for Tahitian blood being mixed with European before the Bounty episode as a consequence of the disappearance of the Spanish caravel San Lesmes in 1526. Robert Langdon, '"Dusky Damsels": Pitcairn Island's Neglected Matriarchs of the Bounty Saga' (Journal of Pacific History. June 2000). http://findarticles.com/cf_0/ m2375/1_35/63583964/print.html (17/9/01)
8. Oxford Pocket Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 430
9. Europan 6. 2001. http://www.europan.nl/europan6/euro6_alg_e.html 2001 (8 October 2002)
10. See Phillip Clarke, Hell and Paradise: the Norfolk Bounty Pitcairn Saga (New York: Viking, 1986)
11. Nicholson, p. 82
12. Herb Ford, The Miscellany of Pitcairn's Island (Mountain View California: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1980), p. 87. This book is a compilation of the items from the monthly Pitcairn newspaper
13. The 1838 Laws are given in full on the District of Leistavia project pages - see the District of Leistavia welcomes you, http://www.art-themagazine. com/hybridia/index02.htm - the original Leistavia site, which includes a summary of email discussion, internet research and the constitution voting questions. The District of Leistavia is you - the follow-on project - is located at http://www.art-themagazine.com/hybridia/index.htm and includes a voting summary and constitution. The 1838 Laws are linked from both locations
14. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 2
15. Homi K. Bhabha, p. 2
16. Roy Sanders, Our Island (unpublished thesis for Master of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1953), p. 274
17. Lauren O'Connell, 'Architecture and Identity'. 2001. http://www.ithaca. edu/faculty/oconnell/identity/archidenthybrid.htm (15 May 2002)
18. George P. Landow, 'Linguistic Hybridity: Making a Dictionary of Singaporean and Malaysian English'. 2002. http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/ post/singpaore/people/language/sme.html (15 May 2002)
19. This occurrence is mentioned in Angus McBean's Handicrafts of the South Seas, South Pacific Commission publication, date unknown
20. Giles Deleuze; Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 7
21. Deleuze and Guattari, p. 8
22. Deleuze and Guattari, p. 10
23. Deleuze and Guattari, p. 12
24. Robin B. Hamman, cited in Stefan Wray, 'Rhizomes, Nomads and Resistant Internet'. 1998. http://www.nyu.edu/projects/wray/RhizNom.html (20 May 2002), p. 11
25. Hamman, p. 11
26. Rachel Green, Internet Art (London: Thames & Hudson, 2004), p. 8
27. Hamman, p. 12
28. Robin B. Hamman, 'Rhizome@Internet: Using the Internet as an Example of Deleuze and Guattari's "Rhizome"'. 1996. http://www.socio.demon.co.uk/ rhizome.html (8 December 2004)
29. The usefulness of concepts within Deleuze and Guattari's writing in describing phenomena without complex reinterpretation has been commented on previously, notably in Manuel De Landa, A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History (New York: Zone Books, 1997)
30. The latter was motivated by (a) the dominance of old architecture as common feature of all three sources; and (b) the symbolism of the ladder, which in architectural terms occupies the space in-between planes. The project displayed in Estonia as part of ISEA 2004 was both about Leistavia and concerned with the potential multitude of meanings of the concept of 'Leistavia'
31. For a full history of micronations, see http://www.art-themagazine.com/ hybridia/pages/micron02.htm (27 July 2004)
32. This question has arisen in present times due to British officers of law bringing allegations of sexual misconduct to trial on Pitcairn. The Privy Council is due to make a ruling in 2005
33. A 600 km human chain demanding freedom for Baltic states was formed on 23 August 1989, see Küllo Arjakas, http://www.ibs.ee/ibs/history/brief/ brief3.html#restore (27 July 2004)
34. Kalevi Kull, Estonian Culture. http://www.einst.ee/culture/ (19 July 2004)
35. The Estonian constitution can be found at http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/ icl/en00000_.html with aspects of history and culture at http://www.einst.ee/ (25 July 2004)