Pleasing spectacles and elegant dinners: Conviviality, benevolence, and charity anniversaries in eighteenth-century London

Journal of British Studies

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 23-57

  Lloyd, Sarah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

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EID: 61049297145     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/386253     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. Public Advertiser (January-December 1775). This is not a comprehensive account of charity events in London in 1775
2. Sarah Lloyd, "'Pleasure's Golden Bait': Prostitution, Poverty and the Magdalen Hospital in Eighteenth-Century London," History Workshop Journal 41 (Spring 1996): 51-72
3. J. P. Malcolm, Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century, 2d ed. (London, 1810), 1:84
4. Carolyn D. Williams, "'The Luxury of Doing Good': Benevolence, Sensibility, and the Royal Humane Society," in Pleasure in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Roy Porter and Marie Mulvey Roberts (Washington Square, N.Y., 1996), p. 99
5. Kathleen Wilson, Tìie Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 17IS-1785 (Cambridge, 1995), p. 79
6. Welsh School, Ashford, minutes of the Board of Governors and Trustees, vol. 3, 3 January 1774, National Library of Wales (hereafter cited as Welsh School minutes)
7. See also Simon McVeigh, Concert Life in London from Mozart to Haydn (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 181, 251, who reports that a benefit for the Royal Society of Musicians in 1796 cost over'£796, exhausting income to a meager profit of £6.12.6
8. Arthur Rook, Margaret Carlton, and W. Graham Cannon, The History ofAddenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge (Cambridge, 1991), p. 55
9. Philip Rhodes, Doctor John Leake's Hospital: A History of the General Lying-in Hospital York Road, Lambeth, 1765-1971 (London, 1977), pp. 26, 28, 32, 37, 41
10. E. H. Pearce, The Sons of the Clergy, 1651-1904 (London, 1904), p. 191, according to whom, in 1775, the twelve stewards of the anniversary of the Sons of the Clergy paid 35 gns. each; Public Advertiser (6 May 1762)
11. Ruth McClure, Coram's Children: The London Foundling Hospital in the Eighteenth Century (New Haven, Conn., 1981), pp. 68-71
12. SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives (London: World Microfilms, 1976), pt. A, Minutes and Reports, vol. 12, 16 April 1728, p. 208; London Journal (12 April 1729)
13. Pearce, Sons of the Clergy, p. 207
14. Minutes of the Stewards of the Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, A/FSC/1, 24 February 1778, 13 March 1787, London Metropolitan Archives (hereafter cited as Sons of the Clergy minutes); for comments on weather, see A/FSC/1, 4 May 1779, 18 May 1782
15. For evidence of the broader social and political context of anniversaries, perambulations, and processions, see A. R. Wright, British Calendar Customs: England (London, 1938), 1:129-39, 166-69, 176-80, 2:130-35, 3:102-3, 155-56, 179
16. David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (London, 1989)
17. Nicholas Rogers, Whigs and Cities: Popular Politics in the Age of Walpole and Pitt (Oxford, 1989), pp. 353-89
18. Trials for Adultery, vol. 7, Biker v. Morley, evidence of Sarah James (1741) (London, 1779-80), p. 11
19. Ian W. Archer, 77 The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 94-95
20. Judith M. Bennett, "Conviviality and Charity in Medieval and Early Modern England," Past and Present, no. 134 (February 1992): 19-41
21. Maria Moisa, "Debate: Conviviality and Charity in Medieval and Early Modern England," and Judith M. Bennett, '.'Reply," Past and Present, no. 154 (February 1997): 223-42
22. Ger-vase Rosser, "Going to the Fraternity Feast: Commensality and Social Relations in Late Medieval England," Journal of British Studies 33 (October 1994): 430-46
23. Miri Rubin, Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 250-64
24. Newton E. Key, "The Political Culture and Political Rhetoric of County Feasts and Feast Sermons, 1654-1714," Journal of British Studies 33 (July 1994): 223-56
25. Paul Morgan, "County Feasts," Notes and Queries 45, no. 1 (March 1998): 54-64
26. Ian W. Archer, A History of the Haberdashers' Company (Chichester, 1991), pp. 126-32
27. David M. Bergeron, English Civic Pageantry, 1558-1642 (London, 1971)
28. The general point is noted by Jonathan Barry, "Bourgeois Collectivism? Urban Association and the Middling Sort," in The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550-1800, ed. Jonathan Barry and Christopher Brooks (Basing-stoke, 1994), p. 99. The Magdalen Hospital (founded 1758), e.g., held an anniversary service and dinner
29. See London Chronicle (6 April 1764), Early English newspapers (microform); see also Jonas Hanway, The Defects of Police the Cause of Immorality . . . (London, 1775), p. 275
30. Key, "Political Culture," p. 242
31. Felicity Heal, Hospitality in Early Modem England (Oxford, 1990)
32. John Walsh, "Religious Societies: Methodist and Evangelical, 1738-1800," Studies in Church History 23 (1986): 288-89
33. Mary Douglas, "Deciphering a Meal," Daedalus 101, no. 1 (Winter 1972): 61-81
34. Leonard Cowie, Henry Newman: An American in London, 1708-43 (London, 1956), p. 50
35. Catherine Bell, Ritual Tìxeory, Ritual Practice (New York and Oxford, 1992). For definitions of what constitutes a ritual deployed for purposes of historical analysis, see Peter Borsay, "All the Town's a Stage: Urban Ritual and Ceremony, 1660-1800," in Tlie Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 1600-1800, ed. Peter Clark (London, 1984), pp. 228-58
36. Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton, N.J., 1989), p. 13
37. Rosser, "Going to the Fraternity Feast," p. 432
38. Public Advertiser (22 May 1756)
39. McVeigh, Concert Life in London, pp. 39, 55, 66-67
40. Richard D. Altick, The Shows of London (Cambridge, Mass., 1978)
41. J. S. Taylor, Jonas Hanway: Founder of the Marine Society: Charity and Policy in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London, 1985), p. 78
42. David Garrick organized benefits for the Lock Hospital, the Welsh charity school, Westminster New Lying-in Hospital, and the Marine Society; see Linda E. Merians, "The London Lock Hospital and the Lock Asylum for Women," in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Linda E. Merians (Lexington, Ky., 1996), p. 135
43. Welsh School minutes, vol. 3, 19 November 1773
44. Rhodes, Doctor John Leake's Hospital, p. 32
45. Donna Andrew, Philanthropy and Police: London Charity in the Eighteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1989), p. 80
46. The Letters of David Garrick, ed. David M. Little and George M. Kahrl (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 1: letters 178, 216; 2: letter 728; 3: letters 964, 1087, 1329
47. See also Anne Borsay, Medicine and Charity in Georgian Bath: A Social History of the General Infirmary, c. 1739-1830 (Aldershot, 1999), pp. 81-84
48. London Journal (21 December 1720), quoted in Nicholas Cox, Bridging the Gap: A History of the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy over 300 years, 1655-1978 (Oxford, 1978), p. 50
49. Richard Burn, Ecclesiastical Law (London, 1763), 2:278
50. Donna Andrew, "On Reading Charity Sermons: Eighteenth-Century Solicitation and Exhortation," Journal of Ecclesiastical History 43, no. 4 (October 1992): 581-91
51. Andrew, Philanthropy and Police; David Owen, English Philanthropy, 1660-1960 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964)
52. Donna Andrew, "Two Medical Charities in Eighteenth-Century London: The Lock Hospital and the Lying-in Hospital for Married Women," in Medicine and Charity before the Welfare State, ed. Jonathan Barry and Colin Jones (London, 1991), pp. 82-97; Borsay, Medicine and Charity in Georgian Bath
53. Owen, English Philanthropy, p. 48
54. Merians, "The London Lock Hospital," pp. 135-36
55. Rook, Carlton, and Cannon, History of Addenbrooke's Hospital, pp. 52-55
56. Bronwyn Croxson, "The Public and Private Faces of Eighteenth-Century London Dispensary Charity," Medical History 41, no. 2 (April 1997): 141
57. Andrew, Philanthropy and Police, pp. 79-82
58. Stanley A. Seligman, "The Royal Maternity Charity: The First Hundred Years," Medical History 24, no. 4 (October 1980): 405
59. McClure, Coram's Children, pp. 68-71, 179-89 (musical benefits are treated as an aspect of the arts and detached from the chapter on hospital finances); Malcolm, Anecdotes, 1:55-57
60. Hugh Cunningham, The Children of the Poor: Representations of Childhood since the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1992), pp. 38-45
61. Roy Porter, "The Gift Relation: Philanthropy and Provincial Hospitals in Eighteenth-Century England," in The Hospital in History, ed. Lindsay Granshaw and Roy Porter (London, 1989), pp. 149-78
62. Borsay, "All the Town's a Stage"; Charles Phyth¡an-Adams, Desolation of a City: Coventry and the Urban Crisis of the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1979), p. 271
63. Heal, Hospitality, pp. 391-95
64. David H. Solkin, Painting for Money: The Visual Arts and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven, Conn., 1993), pp. 157-74
65. Barry and Brooks, eds., The Middling Sort of People; Borsay, "All the Town's a Stage"; Peter Borsay, T¡ie English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660-1770 (Oxford, 1989)
66. Margaret R. Hunt, The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680-1780 (Berkeley, 1996)
67. James Epstein, "Radical Dining, Toasting, and Symbolic Expression in Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire: Rituals of Solidarity," Albion 20, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 271-91
68. Frank O'Gorman, "Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of Elections in England, 1780-1860," Past and Present, no. 135 (May 1992): 79-115
69. Rogers, Whigs and Cities; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven, Conn., 1992), pp. 88-89; for the early nineteenth century
70. See R. J. Morris, Class, Sect, and Party: Tlie Making of the British Middle Class: Leeds, 1820-1850 (Manchester, 1990), pp. 161-203. Aspects of philanthropic practice that Morris dates to the early nineteenth century are evident elsewhere in Britain in the first half of the eighteenth century; see, e.g., p. 197
71. Wilson, Sense of the People, pp. 27-83
72. Kathleen Wilson, "Urban Culture and Political Activism in Hanoverian England: The Example of Voluntary Hospitals," in The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century, ed. Eckhart Hellmuth (Oxford, 1990), pp. 165-84
73. Solkin, Painting for Money; Lawrence E. Klein, Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994)
74. David Hume, Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. L. A. Selby-B¡gge, 3d ed. (Oxford, 1975), pp. 176-79, 295-302
75. quot;London Hospital Sermon" (1767), in The Collected Works of William Warbur-ton, ed. R. Hurd (London, 1788), 5:507
76. John Balguy, The Duty of Benevolence and Brotherly Love, and the 111 Effects of a Party Spirit (Assize sermon) (London, 1739); Williams, " 'The Luxury of Doing Good,' " pp. 77-107
77. William Dodd, Discourses on the Miracles and Parables (London, 1757), 4:90-142
78. Isaac Barrow, The Duty and Reward of Bounty to the Poor (London, 1671); James Carrington, Benevolence the Genuine Character of Christianity (sermon preached at the anniversary meeting of the governors and contributors to the Devon and Exeter Hospital) (Exeter, 1758)
79. G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Chicago, 1992)
80. George Dyer, A Dissertation on the Theory and Practice of Benevolence (London, 1795)
81. Craig Rose, "'Sem¡narys of Faction and Rebellion': Jacobites, Whigs and the London Charity Schools, 1716-1724," Historical Journal 34, no. 4 (December 1991): 831-55
82. Jürgen Habermas, Tlie Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger (London, 1989)
83. This is the framework used in the following studies of charity institutions: Anne Borsay, " 'Persons of Honour and Reputation': The Voluntary Hospital in an Age of Corruption," Medical History 35 (1991): 281-94
84. Adrian Wilson, "Conflict, Consensus and Charity: Politics and the Provincial Voluntary Hospitals in the Eighteenth Century," English Historical Review 111 (1996): 599-619
85. Bernard de Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: Or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits. With an Essay on Charity and Charity Schools . . ., 5th ed. (London, 1728), p. 316; according to the Public Advertiser (28 March 1753), two of the six stewards were aldermen; M. G. Jones, The Charity School Movement: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Puritanism in Action (Cambridge, 1938), pp. 44-46. The London and Westminster charity schools first gathered in 1704. Each subsequent year a committee of school trustees organized the procession, service, and sermon. A separate committee of stewards organized the trustees' dinner. In 1782, the Society of Patrons of the Anniversary Meeting of the Charity Schools formed to manage and fund the anniversary. The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) coordinated the charity school movement nationally. It had close institutional links with the trustees' committee and paid many expenses of the anniversary
86. The Charity for the Relief of the Poor Widows and Children of Clergymen (more commonly known as the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy) was founded in 1655 and granted a charter in 1678. First held in 1674, the festival raised an annual collection to apprentice clergymen's orphans (male and female). In 1749, the stewards who managed the festival established themselves as a separate society open to subscribers of both sexes to ensure a "constant succession of stewards" and educate clergymen's orphans until old enough to be apprenticed. Twelve stewards were appointed each year, and they paid the expenses of the festival. From 1753, the anniversary was held on the second Thursday in May, preceded on the previous Tuesday by the "Rehearsal" of music, an event that had developed into an important fund-raising event. Pearce, 77 The Sons of the Clergy; Cox, Bridging the Gap
87. John Conybeare, Sermon (Oxford 1752), pp. 24-25 (Sons of the Clergy, Bristol); Nicholas Burton, Sermon (Newcastle, 1712), pp. 1-3, 17 (Sons of the Clergy, Newcastle upon Tyne); Henry Downes, Sermon (Dublin, 1721), pp. 14-19 (Dublin charity schools)
88. Richard Hurd, Sermon (Cambridge, 1753), p. 15 (Cambridge charity schools); Edmund Archer, Sermon (Oxford, 1713) (Oxford charity schools)
89. Cox, Bridging the Gap, p. 85
90. The Society of Patrons of the Anniversary of the Charity Schools, Minute books of the Trustees for the Charity Schools in and about the city of London and Westminster, and weekly Bills of Mortality, Church of England Record Centre, NS/SP/1/1-4, 1706-82 (hereafter cited as Charity Schools minutes); SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, Minutes and Reports; John Stow, A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster . . . Corrected, Improved, and Very Much Enlarged in . . . 1720, by John Strype (London, 1754), 2:159-60
91. London Journal (12 April 1729), p. 2; 77¡e Times (3 June 1796), p. 3, col a
92. Twenty Five Sermons Preached at the Anniversary Meetings of the Children Educated in the Charity-Schools in and about the Cities of London and Westminster, on Thursday in Whitson Week, from 1704. . . to 1728 . . . (London, 1729)
93. St. Saviour's Girls' Charity School Southwark, Trustees and Subscribers' Minute Book, A/NWC/1, 4 May 1708 (hereafter cited as St. Saviour's Girls' Charity School minutes)
94. The anniversary dinner was moved to the day of the procession in the mid-1730s; for accounts of dinners, see Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 22 April 1762; NS/ SP/1/4, 10 December 1778
95. Marcel Mauss, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, trans. W. D. Halls (New York, 1991), pp. 3-4, 65-83
96. Phythian-Adams, Desolation of a City; David Harris Sacks, "The Demise of the Martyrs: The Feasts of St. Clement and St. Katherine in Bristol, 1400-1600," Social History 11, no. 2 (May 1986): 146-55
97. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (New York, 1966); Key, "Political Culture," pp. 231-34
98. Cunningham, Children of the Poor, pp. 38-49. Cunningham analyzes this event as a carefully orchestrated demonstration of order and assertion of national pride that worked on the emotions to idealize, even misrepresent the children. Most of his evidence concerns the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
99. For example, Spectator, no. 294 (6 February 1712)
100. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 17 April 1729, 1 April 1736
101. George Stanhope, "Sermon" (1705), in Twenty Five Sermons, p. 45
102. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 31 May 1716; Cunningham, Children of the Poor, pp. 20-4
103. White Kennett, "Sermon" (1706) in Twenty Five Sermons, pp. 60-63
104. Porter, "The Gift Relation," p. 174; Nicholas Rogers, Crowds, Culture and Politics in Georgian Britain (Oxford, 1998)
105. Rogers, Whigs and Cities, pp. 347-89
106. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 14 April 1713, 20 August 1714
107. SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. C, Letters and Memorials, Official Letters of the Secretary: Newman's Draft Correspondence, vol. 14, p. 65 (1724, to Viscount Percival), reiterated in almost identical terms in vol. 22, pp. 58-59 (1731, to the countess of Hertford)
108. Barry, "Bourgeois Collectivism?" pp. 97, 102-3; for discussion of practices that stretched concepts of national, even political inclusion
109. See Wilson, Sense of the People; Colley, Britons
110. ¶ιe Times (3 June 1796)
111. see also Gentleman's Magazine (May 1803), p. 474
112. "Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 14 January 1762; NS/SP/1/1, 21 February 172[9], 1 April 1736; NS/SP/1/4, 13 February 1772; Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser (22 May 1771)
113. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 11 April 1712. For examples of troublesome mothers, see St. Saviour's Girls' Charity School minutes, A/NWC/1, 1 July 1707; 9 November 1708; 3 May, 7 June and 4 October 1709; 14 January 1717; Welsh School minutes, vol. 3, 5 August 1765, 3 May 1773, 1 May 1775
114. SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, vol. 5, 12 June 1712, p. 287; Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 9 April 1767, 14 March 1771
115. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 10 January 1771; NS/SP/1/4, 13 February 1772
116. see also NS/SP/1/1, 9 and 30 June 1713
117. For example, see the following from Charity Schools minutes: on precedency, NS/ SP/1/1, 1 March 173[8]; on badges, NS/SP/1/3, 14 January 1762; on porters, etc., NS/ SP/1/3, 10 January 1771; NS/SP/1/3, 11 April 1765; NS/SP/1/3, 8 March 1770; on stewards, NS/SP/1/2, 12 February 1761; NS/SP/1/3, 9 April 1767; NS/SP/1/3, 11 April 1771
118. Rose, " 'Sem¡narys of Faction and Rebellion.'"
119. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 2 April 1713, 14 February 1755; NS/SP/1/3, 14 March 1771
120. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 1 September 1714
121. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 14 March 1771; Craig Rose, "Evangelical Philanthropy and Anglican Revival: The Charity Schools of Augustan London, 1698-1740," London Journal 16, no. 1 (1991): 35-65
122. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 14 April 1713
123. Kennett, "Sermon," pp. 49-50; sermons by Stanhope, Robert Moss, Samuel Bradford, Andrew Snape, Nathaniel Marshall, Hugh Boulter, Thomas Mangey, and Joseph Watson in Twenty Five Sermons make the same appeal to the visual
124. For another example of the metaphor of consumption used to discuss charity, see Mary Astell, The Christian Religion, as Profess'd by a Daughter of the Church of England (London, 1705), p. 204
125. Mandeville, Essay on Charity Schools, p. 320; see also p. 304
126. For example, Welsh School minutes, vol. 1, 20 December 1722 (boy discharged for "scurilous language"); Kennett, "Sermon," p. 61
127. Horace Walpole, Correspondence, ed. W. S. Lewis (New Haven, Conn., 1937-83), 34:115
128. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 12 November 1767; Moss, "Sermon" (1708) in Twenty Five Sermons, p. 118; Stow, Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, 2:165
129. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 12 February and 12 November 1767; on 30 June 1713, the committee unanimously rejected a proposal that one of the children should make a speech to the queen as she passed on her way to St. Paul's to celebrate the Peace of Utrecht (Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1); Thomas Campbell, Diary of a Visit to England in 1775, by an Irishman, ed. Samuel Raymond (Sydney, 1854), p. 28
130. Percy M. Young, The Concert Tradition: From the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century (London, 1965), pp. 22-23
131. Moss, "Sermon," p. 117
132. SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, vol. 7,13 October 1715, pp. 76-77
133. McClure, Coram's Children, p. 69; Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 13 May 1784
134. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 9 May 1780
135. James Warren, A Sermon Preached at the Anniversary Meeting of the Sons of the Clergy . . . (1728) (London, [1778]), app., p. 28
136. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 8 March 1775
137. For example, Public Advertiser (10 May 1753); Public Advertiser (18 February 1762), Magdalen-House Charity (advertisement); Public Advertiser (23 May 1775), Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Young Children (advertisement); Walpole, Correspondence, 9:273-74, on his visit to the Magdalen-House Chapel
138. Public Advertiser (5 April 1775)
139. Daily Post (11 December 1724); London Journal (17 February 1727-28); Warren, Sermon, p. 26
140. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 14 May 1782
141. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 7 May 1795
142. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 15 May 1781; for the Turkish ambassador's attendance at the 1798 anniversary, see Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 10 May 1798
143. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 9 May 1780 ("genteel to a degree"); 4 February 1783 ("very numerous and respectable company"); 6 March 1788 ("numerous Assemblage of the first Persons of Rank"); 14 May 1789 ("brilliant"); 18 May 1790 ("select"); 16 May 1793 ("splendid"); 5 May 1795 ("company thin"); Public Advertiser (10 May 1765) ("many reputable Citizens"); London Chronicle (13-15 May 1777) ("a very respectable and brilliant audience"); Daily Universal Register (11 May 1787) ("a pretty numerous assemblage of Ladies and Gentlemen"); Tlie Times (15 May 1793) ("a very numerous and respectable audience"); The Times (21 May 1794) ("we never witnessed so large or so respectable an assemblage of all ranks of people on the like occasion as yesterday")
144. Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 21 May 1712; SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, vol. 6, 13 November 1712, p. 33
145. For example, SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, Minutes, vol. 1, 8 June 1704, p. 294
146. Daily Post (11 December 1721), Sons of the Clergy (advertisement); Public Advertiser (5 April 1753), Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Young Children (advertisement); Public Advertiser (10 July 1754), London Hospital (advertisement); Public Advertiser (18 September 1754), London Hospital (ad- vertisement); Public Advertiser (8 March 1775), Society for Discharge and Relief of Persons imprisoned for Small Debts (advertisement); Public Advertiser (6 May 1762), Sons of the Clergy (advertisement); Public Advertiser (3 October 1775), John Rawlinson to the governors, etc., of the City of London Lying-in Hospital (advertisement); Borsay, Medicine and Charity in Georgian Bath, pp. 43-44
147. Warren, Sermon, p. 27; Daily Post (4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, and 17 April 1744)
148. ta;e Times (22 May 1797): "It has been suggested to the Stewards of the Anniversary Meeting of the Sons of the Clergy, that there is a probability that the Prince and Princess of Wirtenberg may honour the Cathedral Church of St. Paul with their presence on Wednesday next" (they did not attend); Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 24 February 1778; Public Advertiser (18 January 1775), Society for Discharge and Relief of Persons imprisoned for Small Debts (advertisement); Public Advertiser (26 October 1762), the Asylum (advertisement); Wilson, Sense of the People, pp. 74-75; Borsay, " 'Persons of Honour and Reputation' "; London Journal (4 April 1730)
149. Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago, 1998)
150. See, e.g., Public Advertiser (28 March 1775), Hospitals for the Small-Pox and Inoculation (advertisement)
151. J. Brasbridge, The Fruits of Experience; or, Memoir of Joseph Brasbridge, Written in His 80th year (London, 1824), pp. 40, 50-51
152. Habermas, Structural Transformation. There is a substantial literature on gender and the public sphere. See Dena Goodman, "Public Sphere and Private Life: Toward a Synthesis of Current Historiographical Approaches to the Old Regime," History and TΊie ory 31 (1992): 1-20
153. Joan Landes, "The Public and the Private Sphere: A Feminist Reconsideration" in Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse, edited by J. Meehan (London and New York, 1995), pp. 91-116
154. Lawrence E. Klein, "Gender and the Public/Private Distinction in the Eighteenth Century: Some Questions about Evidence and Analytic Procedure," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 29 (1995): 97-109
155. William Hanbury, The History of the Rise and Progress of the Charitable Foundations of Church Langton (London, 1767), p. 81
156. Solkin, Painting for Money, pp. 165, 187; Gentleman's Magazine 36 (January 1766): 3-5
157. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 8 March 1775; servants were also excluded from other charities' dinners; see, e.g., Public Advertiser (26 April 1775), the Asylum (advertisement)
158. For example, Public Advertiser (17 February 1752), Small-Pox Hospital (advertisement); London Chronicle (20-22 April 1769), London Hospital on the Sons of the Clergy discontinuing music at the hall in 1753, "as being thought not only useless, but disagreeable," see Warren, Sermon, p. 34
159. Epstein, "Radical Dining."
160. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 6 March 1788, 22 May 1783; dinner was provided for 240 at the 1779 anniversary dinner of the London and Westminster charity schools; see Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/4, 6 May 1779
161. Heal, Hospitality in Early Modern England; John Nicholl, Ancient British Hospitality (sermon preached before the Society of Ancient Britons) (London, 1741)
162. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 16 May 1793
163. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 9 May 1775
164. See Borsay, English Urban Renaissance, p. 278
165. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 15 May 1781; see also 16 May 1786
166. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 16 May 1793 (Bacon noted that it was fortunate that a dispute between the musicians occurred on the day following the anniversary "or such a Discord would have unharmonized the Day")
167. Jack Goody, Cooking, Cuisine and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 11-12
168. See also Phythian-Adams, Desolation of a City, p. 110
169. Public Advertiser (26 April 1753)
170. Key, "Political Culture," p. 239. Collection totals for 1775 were as follows: £210.16.3 at the rehearsal, £211.10.3 at the anniversary service, and £444.17.3 at the feast. Eminent supporters probably reserved their donations until the feast. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 9 May 1775, 11 May 1775
171. For example, Croxson, "Public and Private Faces," pp. 141-42
172. Weekly-Journal or Saturday's-Post (7 December 1717)
173. Minutes do not survive for this period; in 1741, however, the stewards rejected French wine because of war with France. See Warren, Sermon, p. 31
174. London Chronicle (21-24 April 1764)
175. see also Public Advertiser (6 May 1762) on Sons of the Clergy
176. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 14 May 1782, 16 May 1793
177. John Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1997), pp. 102-7
178. Andrew, Philanthropy and Police, pp. 135-62; "The Police: VIII," Oxford Magazine (February 1771)
179. Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727-1783 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 567-613
180. The correspondence can be found in the Public Advertiser. "J.H." (8 May.1777); "An old Steward of the Sons of the Clergy, and a Layman" (12 May 1777); "A Layman" (14 May 1777). For material identifying "J.H.,"
181. See Hanway, Defects of Police, pp. 275-77. Warren also entered into the debate in his Sermon at the 1778 anniversary (pp. 22-24)
182. Archer, History of the Haberdashers' Company, pp. 126, 130-32; [Ned Ward], The Parish Gutt'lers: or, the Humours of a Select Vestry (London, 1722)
183. McVeigh, Concert Life in London, pp. 14-15, 58; Langford, Polite and Commercial People, pp. 574-75
184. Public Advertiser (24 April 1762). The hospital returned to this venue in subsequent years. See, e.g., Public Advertiser (5 June 1777); Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser (16 May 1771)
185. For example, Jonas Hanway, A Journal of Eight Days Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston upon Thames, . . . to Which is Added, an essay on Tea . . . (London, 1756)
186. Solkin, Painting for Money, pp. 78 ff
187. Hanway, Defects of Police, pp. 276-77
188. John Sekora, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smollett (Baltimore, 1977), pp. 119-22
189. Kennett, "Sermon," pp. 51-52
190. Stanhope, "Sermon," p. 45
191. See also Snape, "Sermon" (1711) in Twenty Five Sermons, p. 191
192. Gillian Russell, The Theatres of War: Performance, Politics and Society, 1793-1815 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 137-39. In the 1760s, the Society of Musicians attempted to circumvent the bishop of London's restrictions on theatrical performances in Passion week by appealing to Archbishop Seeker, president of the Sons of the Clergy, and hinting that in return they would perform for nothing for that charity. See Lambeth Palace Library, Misc 1121, pp. 85-88
193. Spectator, no. 294 (6 February 1712), and no. 372 (7 May 1712)
194. Mandeville, Fable of the Bees, pp. 313, 321
195. John Brown, An Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times, 3d ed. (London, 1757), pp. 66-67
196. Lloyd, "'Pleasure's Golden Bait.'"
197. Maureen Harkin, "Smith's Tlie Theory of Moral Sentiments: Sympathy, Women and Emulation," Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 24 (1995): 175-90
198. Brown, Estimate, p. 51
199. For example, Public Advertiser (28 March 1753), Middlesex Hospital (advertisement); General Advertiser (28 February 1752), Smallpox Hospital (advertisement)
200. Hannah More to one of her family, 1776, The Letters of Hannah More, Selected with an Introduction by R. Brimley Johnson (London, 1925), p. 30
201. Public Advertiser (I May 1753): "At the Desire of several Ladies of Distinction, there will be a charitable Collection, for the Benefit of poor Clergymens Daughters, upon the Delivery of the Tickets going into the Choir." This is later subsumed into the more general statement that the collection "is appropriated for apprenticing the Sons and Daughters of necessitous Clergymen." See Public Advertiser (28 April 1775)
202. quot;Arrangements for the Annual Meeting," York Ladies Female Friendly Society, York City Archives, Ace 50 YL/FF:12, 14 May 1794
203. Catharine Cappe, An Account of Two Charity Schools for the Education of Girls: And of a Female Friendly Society in York: Interspersed with Reflections on Charity Schools and Friendly Societies in General (York, 1800), pp. 71-72
204. See also More to Wilberforce, 1791, The Letters of Hannah More, pp. 171-73
205. Catharine Cappe, Observations on Charity Schools, Female Friendly Societies, and Other Subjects Connected with the Views of the Ladies' Committee (York, 1805), p. ix
206. Cappe, Observations, p. 170n
207. Catharine Cappe, Memoirs of the Late Mrs Catharine Cappe, Written by Herself (London, 1822), p. 392
208. For conceptual problems concerning female sentiment and virtue, see Haricin, "Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
209. M. G. Jones, Hannah More (Cambridge, 1952)
210. Public Advertiser (3 May 1757)
211. For example, London Chronicle (12-14 June 1783) on charity schools
212. Klein, "Gender and the Public/Private Distinction."