The Public and Private Faces of Eighteenth-Century London Dispensary Charity

Medical History

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 127-149

  Croxson, Bronwyn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CENTER; HISTORY; POLITICS; POVERTY; SOCIAL WELFARE; UNITED KINGDOM;

CHARITIES; COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTERS; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; LONDON; POLITICS; POVERTY;

EID: 0031111395     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300062359     Document Type: Article

References (214)

1. British Library (BL), 777.1.1(70), The dispensaries and dispensary physicians vindicated, c. 1687; Wellcome Library, EPB/T478.4, Censor censor'd or the antidote examined wherein the designs of Dr Pitt and the dispensary physicians are detected, 1704.
2. British Library (BL), 777.1.1(70), The dispensaries and dispensary physicians vindicated, c. 1687; Wellcome Library, EPB/T478.4, Censor censor'd or the antidote examined wherein the designs of Dr Pitt and the dispensary physicians are detected, 1704.
3. BL., 123330.k.12. untitled.
4. BL., 777.1.1(71), Proposals by the Dispensary Society for supplying the nobility, gentry and other reputable persons with all sorts of medicines, 15 September 1732.
5. A W Hill, John Wesley among the physicians, London, Epworth Press, 1958, p. 47.
6. D Doughton, 'Cheltenham Dispensary: its beginnings', Hist. Nursing Soc. J., 1992, 4: 67-76.
7. F Spilsbury, Free thoughts on quacks and their medicines, London, J Wilkie, 1777; Plan of the Medical Society and Dispensary for the private and only immediate use of the subscribers, their families and friends, London, 1778; The Amico-Medical Society, Soho-Square, London, Frys, Conchman, and Collier, 1778.
8. F Spilsbury, Free thoughts on quacks and their medicines, London, J Wilkie, 1777; Plan of the Medical Society and Dispensary for the private and only immediate use of the subscribers, their families and friends, London, 1778; The Amico-Medical Society, Soho-Square, London, Frys, Conchman, and Collier, 1778.
9. F Spilsbury, Free thoughts on quacks and their medicines, London, J Wilkie, 1777; Plan of the Medical Society and Dispensary for the private and only immediate use of the subscribers, their families and friends, London, 1778; The Amico-Medical Society, Soho-Square, London, Frys, Conchman, and Collier, 1778.
10. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
11. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
12. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
13. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
14. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
15. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth-century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
16. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
17. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
18. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
19. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
20. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
21. T H Bickerton, A medical history of Liverpool from the earliest days to the year 1920, London, J Murray, 1936; W F Bynum, 'Physicians, hospitals and career structures in eighteenth-century London', in R Porter and W F Bynum (eds), William Hunter and the eighteenth-century medical world, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Z Cope, 'A forgotten health service, being the story of the general medical dispensaries in Britain', unpublished manuscript, Wellcome Library for the History of Medicine, 1963; Z Cope, 'The influence of the free dispensaries upon medical education in Britain', Med. Hist., 1969, 8: 29-36; L Granshaw, 'The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993; R Kilpatrick, '"Living in the light": dispensaries, philanthropy and medical reform in late-eighteenth- century London', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990; I Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; H Marland, Doncaster Dispensary 1792-1867: sickness, charity, and society, Doncaster Library Service Occasional Paper, 1989; F J W Miller, 'The Newcastle Dispensary 1777-1976', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th Series, 1990, 18: 177-95; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; K A Webb, "One of the most useful charities in the city": York Dispensary 1788-1988, University of York, 1988; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
22. B Croxson, 'An economic analysis of a voluntary hospital: the foundation and institutional structure of the Middlesex Hospital', PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995.
23. J C Lettsom, Of the improvement of medicine in London on the basis of the public good, 2nd ed., London, Dilly, 1775, p. 38.
24. W J Maloney, George and John Armstrong of Castleton: two eighteenth-century medical pioneers, Edinburgh and London, E & S Livingstone, 1954. For an alternative account of the demise of this dispensary see I S L Loudon, 'John Brunnell Davis and the Universal Dispensary for Children', Br. med. J., 1979, i: 1191-4.
25. W J Maloney, George and John Armstrong of Castleton: two eighteenth-century medical pioneers, Edinburgh and London, E & S Livingstone, 1954. For an alternative account of the demise of this dispensary see I S L Loudon, 'John Brunnell Davis and the Universal Dispensary for Children', Br. med. J., 1979, i: 1191-4.
26. A similar point has been made by Marland, who argued that it is important that the traditional focus on doctors and patients should be enlarged to include the role played by lay-people in medical charities. H Marland, Medicine and society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, 1780-1870, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
27. Webb, op. cit., note 7 above; Marland, op. cit., note 11 above. Peterson has also recognized that benefactors founded, and dominated, charitable medical institutions. She does not, however, examine benefactors' objectives, and why they were interested in founding hospitals, but rather states only that hospitals were "created to bring health care to the sick poor". M Jeanne Peterson, The medical profession in mid-Victorian London, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1978, p. 116.
28. Webb, op. cit., note 7 above; Marland, op. cit., note 11 above. Peterson has also recognized that benefactors founded, and dominated, charitable medical institutions. She does not, however, examine benefactors' objectives, and why they were interested in founding hospitals, but rather states only that hospitals were "created to bring health care to the sick poor". M Jeanne Peterson, The medical profession in mid-Victorian London, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1978, p. 116.
29. Webb, op. cit., note 7 above; Marland, op. cit., note 11 above. Peterson has also recognized that benefactors founded, and dominated, charitable medical institutions. She does not, however, examine benefactors' objectives, and why they were interested in founding hospitals, but rather states only that hospitals were "created to bring health care to the sick poor". M Jeanne Peterson, The medical profession in mid-Victorian London, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1978, p. 116.
30. D Andrew, Philanthropy and police: London charity in the eighteenth century, Princeton University Press, 1989; A Borsay, '"Persons of honour and reputation": the voluntary hospital in an age of corruption', Med. Hist., 1991, 35: 281-94; F Prochaska, Royal bounty: the making of a welfare monarchy, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1995; Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; R Porter, 'The gift relation: philanthropy and provincial hospitals in eighteenth-century England', in L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London and New York, Routledge, 1989.
31. D Andrew, Philanthropy and police: London charity in the eighteenth century, Princeton University Press, 1989; A Borsay, '"Persons of honour and reputation": the voluntary hospital in an age of corruption', Med. Hist., 1991, 35: 281-94; F Prochaska, Royal bounty: the making of a welfare monarchy, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1995; Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; R Porter, 'The gift relation: philanthropy and provincial hospitals in eighteenth-century England', in L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London and New York, Routledge, 1989.
32. D Andrew, Philanthropy and police: London charity in the eighteenth century, Princeton University Press, 1989; A Borsay, '"Persons of honour and reputation": the voluntary hospital in an age of corruption', Med. Hist., 1991, 35: 281-94; F Prochaska, Royal bounty: the making of a welfare monarchy, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1995; Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; R Porter, 'The gift relation: philanthropy and provincial hospitals in eighteenth-century England', in L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London and New York, Routledge, 1989.
33. D Andrew, Philanthropy and police: London charity in the eighteenth century, Princeton University Press, 1989; A Borsay, '"Persons of honour and reputation": the voluntary hospital in an age of corruption', Med. Hist., 1991, 35: 281-94; F Prochaska, Royal bounty: the making of a welfare monarchy, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1995; Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; R Porter, 'The gift relation: philanthropy and provincial hospitals in eighteenth-century England', in L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London and New York, Routledge, 1989.
34. D Andrew, Philanthropy and police: London charity in the eighteenth century, Princeton University Press, 1989; A Borsay, '"Persons of honour and reputation": the voluntary hospital in an age of corruption', Med. Hist., 1991, 35: 281-94; F Prochaska, Royal bounty: the making of a welfare monarchy, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1995; Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; R Porter, 'The gift relation: philanthropy and provincial hospitals in eighteenth-century England', in L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London and New York, Routledge, 1989.
35. C Rosenberg, 'Social class and medical care in nineteenth-century America: the rise and fall of the dispensary', in idem, Explaining epidemics and other studies in the history of medicine, Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 162.
36. A small amount of material relating to the Edinburgh Public Dispensary has also been used, because it highlights the complementary relationship between dispensaries and hospitals.
37. Cf. W K Jordan, Philanthropy in England, 1480-1660, London, Allen and Unwin, 1959, p. 155.
38. Andrew, op. cit., note 13 above.
39. An account of the General Dispensary for the relief of the poor. Instituted 1770 in Aldersgate Street, London, 1776/7, p. 9; Account of the General Dispensary in Aldersgate Street, for the relief of the poor, 1792, p. 4.
40. An account of the General Dispensary for the relief of the poor. Instituted 1770 in Aldersgate Street, London, 1776/7, p. 9; Account of the General Dispensary in Aldersgate Street, for the relief of the poor, 1792, p. 4.
41. R Watson, A sermon preached before the stewards of the Westminster Dispensary at their anniversary meeting in Charlotte-Street Chapel, April 1785, London, Cadell, 1793; Henry Peckwell, The substance of a sermon preached at the parish church of St. Botolph Bishopgate on Sunday the 17th of March 1782 for the benefit of the London Dispensary, London, J W Paham, 1782, p. 21.
42. R Watson, A sermon preached before the stewards of the Westminster Dispensary at their anniversary meeting in Charlotte-Street Chapel, April 1785, London, Cadell, 1793; Henry Peckwell, The substance of a sermon preached at the parish church of St. Botolph Bishopgate on Sunday the 17th of March 1782 for the benefit of the London Dispensary, London, J W Paham, 1782, p. 21.
43. General Dispensary, 1776/7, op. cit., note 18 above, p. 7.
44. This was explicitly recognized as a benefit by at least one charity providing care to the poor in their own homes. A short statement of the nature, objects and proceedings of the Scottish Hospital in London London, 1809.
45. Watson, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 15; George Horne, "Charity recommended on its true motive". A sermon preached . . . before the governors of the Benevolent Institution for the Delivering of Poor Married Women at Their Own Habitations, Oxford, Prince and Cooler, 1788.
46. Watson, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 15; George Horne, "Charity recommended on its true motive". A sermon preached . . . before the governors of the Benevolent Institution for the Delivering of Poor Married Women at Their Own Habitations, Oxford, Prince and Cooler, 1788.
47. Plan of the Westminster Dispensary, London, 1779, p. 1. See also Thomas Francklin, A sermon preached on Thursday the 12th of May 1774 before the president, vice-presidents, treasurer and guardians of the Dispensary for the Infant Poor, London, J Millidge, 1774.
48. Plan of the Westminster Dispensary, London, 1779, p. 1. See also Thomas Francklin, A sermon preached on Thursday the 12th of May 1774 before the president, vice-presidents, treasurer and guardians of the Dispensary for the Infant Poor, London, J Millidge, 1774.
49. I am grateful to an anonymous referee who brought to my attention the interest of benefactors in the research process.
50. Peckwell, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 18; see also Plan of the Western Dispensary in Charles Street Westminster, London, A Macpherson, 1801 p. vi; Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 8.
51. Peckwell, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 18; see also Plan of the Western Dispensary in Charles Street Westminster, London, A Macpherson, 1801 p. vi; Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 8.
52. Peckwell, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 18; see also Plan of the Western Dispensary in Charles Street Westminster, London, A Macpherson, 1801 p. vi; Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 8.
53. Andrew, op. cit., note 13 above; idem, 'Two medical charities in eighteenth-century London: the Lock Hospital and the Lying-in Charity for Married Women', in J Barry and C Jones (eds), Medicine and charity before the welfare state, London and New York, Routledge, 1991.
54. Andrew, op. cit., note 13 above; idem, 'Two medical charities in eighteenth-century London: the Lock Hospital and the Lying-in Charity for Married Women', in J Barry and C Jones (eds), Medicine and charity before the welfare state, London and New York, Routledge, 1991.
55. Lettsom, op. cit., note 9 above; Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 15; Plan of the St. Marylebone Dispensary, London, 1791, pp. vi-vii.
56. Lettsom, op. cit., note 9 above; Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 15; Plan of the St. Marylebone Dispensary, London, 1791, pp. vi-vii.
57. Lettsom, op. cit., note 9 above; Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 15; Plan of the St. Marylebone Dispensary, London, 1791, pp. vi-vii.
58. Account of the Benevolent Institution: with a list of the governors annexed, London, 1801, p. 3. See also Francklin, op. cit., note 23 above, p. 7; General Dispensary, 1776/7, op. cit., note 18 above; Watson, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 3.
59. Account of the Benevolent Institution: with a list of the governors annexed, London, 1801, p. 3. See also Francklin, op. cit., note 23 above, p. 7; General Dispensary, 1776/7, op. cit., note 18 above; Watson, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 3.
60. Account of the Benevolent Institution: with a list of the governors annexed, London, 1801, p. 3. See also Francklin, op. cit., note 23 above, p. 7; General Dispensary, 1776/7, op. cit., note 18 above; Watson, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 3.
61. Account of the Benevolent Institution: with a list of the governors annexed, London, 1801, p. 3. See also Francklin, op. cit., note 23 above, p. 7; General Dispensary, 1776/7, op. cit., note 18 above; Watson, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 3.
62. Western Dispensary, op. cit., note 25 above, p. viii.
63. Peckwell, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 20.
64. Plan of the Western Dispensary in Charles Street Westminster, 1789, p. 8.
65. General Dispensary, 1776/7, op. cit., note 18 above, p. 4.
66. R J Morris, Class, sect and party, Manchester University Press, 1990; Prochaska, op. cit., note 13 above; P Thane, The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978; R H Trainor, Black country elites, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993. For a general discussion of social control as a concept, see F M L Thompson, 'Social control in Victorian Britain', Econ. Hist. Rev., 1981, 34: 189-206.
67. R J Morris, Class, sect and party, Manchester University Press, 1990; Prochaska, op. cit., note 13 above; P Thane, The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978; R H Trainor, Black country elites, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993. For a general discussion of social control as a concept, see F M L Thompson, 'Social control in Victorian Britain', Econ. Hist. Rev., 1981, 34: 189-206.
68. R J Morris, Class, sect and party, Manchester University Press, 1990; Prochaska, op. cit., note 13 above; P Thane, The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978; R H Trainor, Black country elites, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993. For a general discussion of social control as a concept, see F M L Thompson, 'Social control in Victorian Britain', Econ. Hist. Rev., 1981, 34: 189-206.
69. R J Morris, Class, sect and party, Manchester University Press, 1990; Prochaska, op. cit., note 13 above; P Thane, The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978; R H Trainor, Black country elites, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993. For a general discussion of social control as a concept, see F M L Thompson, 'Social control in Victorian Britain', Econ. Hist. Rev., 1981, 34: 189-206.
70. R J Morris, Class, sect and party, Manchester University Press, 1990; Prochaska, op. cit., note 13 above; P Thane, The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978; R H Trainor, Black country elites, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993. For a general discussion of social control as a concept, see F M L Thompson, 'Social control in Victorian Britain', Econ. Hist. Rev., 1981, 34: 189-206.
71. Watson, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 10. See also Plan of the Surry Dispensary, 1777, p. 6.
72. Watson, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 10. See also Plan of the Surry Dispensary, 1777, p. 6.
73. Watson, ibid., p. 12.
74. Ibid., p. 19. This is consistent with Stevenson's account of the contemporary perception that there was a "public order" problem, which was countered by a variety of measures, including charity. See J Stevenson, 'Social control and the prevention of riots in England', in A P Donajgrodzki (ed.), Social control in nineteenth-century Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1977.
75. Ibid., p. 19. This is consistent with Stevenson's account of the contemporary perception that there was a "public order" problem, which was countered by a variety of measures, including charity. See J Stevenson, 'Social control and the prevention of riots in England', in A P Donajgrodzki (ed.), Social control in nineteenth-century Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1977.
76. Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 14. See also Peckwell, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 3; Account of the Middlesex Dispensary, London, 1778; Plan of the General Dispensary in Aldersgate-Street, London, 1783, p. 3.
77. Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 14. See also Peckwell, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 3; Account of the Middlesex Dispensary, London, 1778; Plan of the General Dispensary in Aldersgate-Street, London, 1783, p. 3.
78. Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 14. See also Peckwell, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 3; Account of the Middlesex Dispensary, London, 1778; Plan of the General Dispensary in Aldersgate-Street, London, 1783, p. 3.
79. Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 14. See also Peckwell, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 3; Account of the Middlesex Dispensary, London, 1778; Plan of the General Dispensary in Aldersgate-Street, London, 1783, p. 3.
80. J Millar, Observations on the practice in the medical department of the Westminster General Dispensary, London, 1777, p. 11.
81. Western Dispensary, op. cit., note 25 above, p. 23; General Dispensary, op. cit., note 18 above, p. 22.
82. Western Dispensary, op. cit., note 25 above, p. 23; General Dispensary, op. cit., note 18 above, p. 22.
83. Marland, op. cit., note 11 above. This argument is consistent with the way a number of historians have analysed the role played by charity and poor relief in contemporary class relations. See note 33 above.
84. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic, transl. A M Sheridan, London, Tavistock Publications, 1973; L King, The medical world of the eighteenth century, Huntington, Krieger, 1958; G B Risse, Hospital life in enlightenment Scotland; care and teaching at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Cambridge University Press, 1986; Contributions by W R Albury, H Cook, C Hannaway, S Lawrence, and V Nutton to W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993.
85. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic, transl. A M Sheridan, London, Tavistock Publications, 1973; L King, The medical world of the eighteenth century, Huntington, Krieger, 1958; G B Risse, Hospital life in enlightenment Scotland; care and teaching at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Cambridge University Press, 1986; Contributions by W R Albury, H Cook, C Hannaway, S Lawrence, and V Nutton to W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993.
86. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic, transl. A M Sheridan, London, Tavistock Publications, 1973; L King, The medical world of the eighteenth century, Huntington, Krieger, 1958; G B Risse, Hospital life in enlightenment Scotland; care and teaching at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Cambridge University Press, 1986; Contributions by W R Albury, H Cook, C Hannaway, S Lawrence, and V Nutton to W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993.
87. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic, transl. A M Sheridan, London, Tavistock Publications, 1973; L King, The medical world of the eighteenth century, Huntington, Krieger, 1958; G B Risse, Hospital life in enlightenment Scotland; care and teaching at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Cambridge University Press, 1986; Contributions by W R Albury, H Cook, C Hannaway, S Lawrence, and V Nutton to W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 1993.
88. Benevolent Institution, op. cit., note 28 above, p. 4;
89. G Armstrong, Proposals for administering advice and medicines to the children of the poor, London, 1769, p. 1;
90. Surry Dispensary, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 7;
91. General Dispensary, op. cit., note 18 above, pp. 5-6.
92. A general view of the effects of the dispensary at Edinburgh, during the second year of that charitable establishment, Edinburgh, 1779, p. 5.
93. Surry Dispensary, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 7.
94. Middlesex Dispensary, op. cit., note 37 above, p. iv.
95. Greater London Record Office, rm/58.51 and Library of the Royal College of Physicians, Minutes of the Westminster Dispensary, General Meeting, 6 June 1774.
96. J Aikin, Thoughts on hospitals, London, J Johnson, 1771; J Clarke, Practical essays on the management of pregnancy and labour and on the inflammatory diseases of lying-in women, London, J Johnson, 1793; T Percival, 'On the internal regulation of hospitals', 1777, in The works, literary, moral, and medical of Thomas Percival, M.D., Bath, Richard Crutwell, 1807; idem, 'Remarks relative to the improvement of the Manchester Infirmary', 1789, ibid.; C White, A treatise on the management of pregnant and lying-in women, 2nd ed., London Dilly, 1777.
97. J Aikin, Thoughts on hospitals, London, J Johnson, 1771; J Clarke, Practical essays on the management of pregnancy and labour and on the inflammatory diseases of lying-in women, London, J Johnson, 1793; T Percival, 'On the internal regulation of hospitals', 1777, in The works, literary, moral, and medical of Thomas Percival, M.D., Bath, Richard Crutwell, 1807; idem, 'Remarks relative to the improvement of the Manchester Infirmary', 1789, ibid.; C White, A treatise on the management of pregnant and lying-in women, 2nd ed., London Dilly, 1777.
98. J Aikin, Thoughts on hospitals, London, J Johnson, 1771; J Clarke, Practical essays on the management of pregnancy and labour and on the inflammatory diseases of lying-in women, London, J Johnson, 1793; T Percival, 'On the internal regulation of hospitals', 1777, in The works, literary, moral, and medical of Thomas Percival, M.D., Bath, Richard Crutwell, 1807; idem, 'Remarks relative to the improvement of the Manchester Infirmary', 1789, ibid.; C White, A treatise on the management of pregnant and lying-in women, 2nd ed., London Dilly, 1777.
99. J Aikin, Thoughts on hospitals, London, J Johnson, 1771; J Clarke, Practical essays on the management of pregnancy and labour and on the inflammatory diseases of lying-in women, London, J Johnson, 1793; T Percival, 'On the internal regulation of hospitals', 1777, in The works, literary, moral, and medical of Thomas Percival, M.D., Bath, Richard Crutwell, 1807; idem, 'Remarks relative to the improvement of the Manchester Infirmary', 1789, ibid.; C White, A treatise on the management of pregnant and lying-in women, 2nd ed., London Dilly, 1777.
100. J Aikin, Thoughts on hospitals, London, J Johnson, 1771; J Clarke, Practical essays on the management of pregnancy and labour and on the inflammatory diseases of lying-in women, London, J Johnson, 1793; T Percival, 'On the internal regulation of hospitals', 1777, in The works, literary, moral, and medical of Thomas Percival, M.D., Bath, Richard Crutwell, 1807; idem, 'Remarks relative to the improvement of the Manchester Infirmary', 1789, ibid.; C White, A treatise on the management of pregnant and lying-in women, 2nd ed., London Dilly, 1777.
101. McKeown and Brown cite a number of these writers to support their pessimistic view of the efficacy of hospitals. As will be shown below, a careful reading of eighteenth-century writers, including those cited by McKeown and Brown, undermines this view. See T McKeown and R G Brown, 'Medical evidence related to English population changes in the eighteenth century' Pop. Stud., 1955, 9: 119-41.
102. A number of contemporary writers noted that the dangers of infection were not unique to hospitals, but that there was also a significant risk of infection within the homes of the poor. See J Hunter, 'Observations on jail and hospital fever', Med. Trans. College of Physicians, 1785, 3: 345-68; J Pringle, Observations on the nature and cure of hospital and jayl fevers, London, Millar and Wilson, 1750; idem, Observations on the diseases of the army, 4th ed., London, Millar and Wilson, 1764.
103. A number of contemporary writers noted that the dangers of infection were not unique to hospitals, but that there was also a significant risk of infection within the homes of the poor. See J Hunter, 'Observations on jail and hospital fever', Med. Trans. College of Physicians, 1785, 3: 345-68; J Pringle, Observations on the nature and cure of hospital and jayl fevers, London, Millar and Wilson, 1750; idem, Observations on the diseases of the army, 4th ed., London, Millar and Wilson, 1764.
104. A number of contemporary writers noted that the dangers of infection were not unique to hospitals, but that there was also a significant risk of infection within the homes of the poor. See J Hunter, 'Observations on jail and hospital fever', Med. Trans. College of Physicians, 1785, 3: 345-68; J Pringle, Observations on the nature and cure of hospital and jayl fevers, London, Millar and Wilson, 1750; idem, Observations on the diseases of the army, 4th ed., London, Millar and Wilson, 1764.
105. Aikin, op. cit., note 47 above, pp. 8-9.
106. W Blizzard, Suggestions for the improvement of hospitals and other charitable institutions, London, Dilly and Poultry, 1796; J Howard, The state of the prisons in England and Wales, London, William Eyres, 1777; T Day, To purify close infected places, as gaols, hospitals, &c. communicated to the committee appointed to superintend the [Maidstone] gaol, Maidstone, [Maidstone?, 1784?]; J Howard, An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe; with various papers relative to the plague: together with further observations on some foreign prisons and hospitals; and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and Ireland, London, William Eyres, 1789; Pringle, op. cit., note 49 above.
107. W Blizzard, Suggestions for the improvement of hospitals and other charitable institutions, London, Dilly and Poultry, 1796; J Howard, The state of the prisons in England and Wales, London, William Eyres, 1777; T Day, To purify close infected places, as gaols, hospitals, &c. communicated to the committee appointed to superintend the [Maidstone] gaol, Maidstone, [Maidstone?, 1784?]; J Howard, An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe; with various papers relative to the plague: together with further observations on some foreign prisons and hospitals; and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and Ireland, London, William Eyres, 1789; Pringle, op. cit., note 49 above.
108. W Blizzard, Suggestions for the improvement of hospitals and other charitable institutions, London, Dilly and Poultry, 1796; J Howard, The state of the prisons in England and Wales, London, William Eyres, 1777; T Day, To purify close infected places, as gaols, hospitals, &c. communicated to the committee appointed to superintend the [Maidstone] gaol, Maidstone, [Maidstone?, 1784?]; J Howard, An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe; with various papers relative to the plague: together with further observations on some foreign prisons and hospitals; and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and Ireland, London, William Eyres, 1789; Pringle, op. cit., note 49 above.
109. W Blizzard, Suggestions for the improvement of hospitals and other charitable institutions, London, Dilly and Poultry, 1796; J Howard, The state of the prisons in England and Wales, London, William Eyres, 1777; T Day, To purify close infected places, as gaols, hospitals, &c. communicated to the committee appointed to superintend the [Maidstone] gaol, Maidstone, [Maidstone?, 1784?]; J Howard, An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe; with various papers relative to the plague: together with further observations on some foreign prisons and hospitals; and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and Ireland, London, William Eyres, 1789; Pringle, op. cit., note 49 above.
110. W Blizzard, Suggestions for the improvement of hospitals and other charitable institutions, London, Dilly and Poultry, 1796; J Howard, The state of the prisons in England and Wales, London, William Eyres, 1777; T Day, To purify close infected places, as gaols, hospitals, &c. communicated to the committee appointed to superintend the [Maidstone] gaol, Maidstone, [Maidstone?, 1784?]; J Howard, An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe; with various papers relative to the plague: together with further observations on some foreign prisons and hospitals; and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and Ireland, London, William Eyres, 1789; Pringle, op. cit., note 49 above.
111. Percival, 1777, op. cit., note 47 above; Millar, op. cit., note 38 above, pp. 18ff.
112. Percival, 1777, op. cit., note 47 above; Millar, op. cit., note 38 above, pp. 18ff.
113. T Beddoes, 'Considerations on infirmaries, and on the advantages of such an establishment for the county of Cornwall', 1791, in J E Stock, Memoirs of the life of Thomas Beddoes, M.D.: with an analytical account of his writings, London, Murray, 1811, note 5. See also W Black, Observations medical and political: on the smallpox and inoculation, London, J Johnson, 1781, pp. 51-2.
114. T Beddoes, 'Considerations on infirmaries, and on the advantages of such an establishment for the county of Cornwall', 1791, in J E Stock, Memoirs of the life of Thomas Beddoes, M.D.: with an analytical account of his writings, London, Murray, 1811, note 5. See also W Black, Observations medical and political: on the smallpox and inoculation, London, J Johnson, 1781, pp. 51-2.
115. St. Marylebone Dispensary, op. cit., note 27 above, p. viii.
116. Kilpatrick discusses a Quaker movement for the reform of institutions where people were "confined and deprived of their liberty", op. cit., note 7 above.
117. Western Dispensary, op. cit., note 25 above, p. 7.
118. Plan of the Westminster Dispensary, London, 1775, p. 3.
119. Benevolent Institution, op. cit., note 28 above, p. 4.
120. Ibid., p. 4.
121. Surry Dispensary, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 7.
122. Westminster Dispensary, op. cit., note 57 above, pp. 2-3.
123. See Scottish Hospital, op. cit., note 21 above, p. 1.
124. Account of the Lying-in Charity for Delivering Poor Married Women in
125. In 1788, for example, the St Marylebone Dispensary started providing wine and sago to some patients. St. Marylebone Public Library, Acc 403/31, Minute Book, 5 November 1788.
126. The Lying-in Charity, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 11.
127. Andrew, op.cit., note 13 above, pp. 155-6.
128. Surry Dispensary, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 8.
129. General Dispensary, 1792, op. cit., note 18 above.
130. Middlesex Dispensary, op. cit., note 37 above, p. v; Surry Dispensary, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 10.
131. Middlesex Dispensary, op. cit., note 37 above, p. v; Surry Dispensary, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 10.
132. B Mandeville, An essay on charity and charity schools, 4th ed., London, Tonson, 1725, p. 294.
133. S Johnson, The Idler, No. 4, Saturday 6 May 1758, p. 21.
134. Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, pp. 4-8.
135. Cf. Webb, op. cit., note 7 above. One exception to this was the General Dispensary, which occupied a large house.
136. St. Marylebone Dispensary, op. cit., note 27 above.
137. One of the functions fulfilled by this rule was to communicate to benefactors that they could now recommend another patient to the dispensary. However, as discussed below, it also enabled benefactors to bask in the deference of the recipients of charity.
138. Br. med. J., 24 July 1869, ii: 82-3, 266; Lancet, 8 March 1834, i: 899; ibid., 10 April 1897, i: 1041-7.
139. Br. med. J., 24 July 1869, ii: 82-3, 266; Lancet, 8 March 1834, i: 899; ibid., 10 April 1897, i: 1041-7.
140. Br. med. J., 24 July 1869, ii: 82-3, 266; Lancet, 8 March 1834, i: 899; ibid., 10 April 1897, i: 1041-7.
141. Marland, op. cit., note 11 above, p. 140.
142. The regulations of most of the dispensaries specified that patients could be admitted only with a letter of recommendation from a benefactor. It appears that the Public, Western, and London dispensaries also admitted a small number of patients directly, if they could be classed as accident cases.
143. The Public Dispensary was one of the few to publish the number of patients "admitted as accidents and casualties without the usual form of recommendation". Between its foundation in 1783 and 1793, the Public Dispensary admitted 14,404 patients, of whom 288 (1.9 per cent) were admitted directly as "accidents and casualties". During the following year only 0.5 per cent of the patients admitted to the Public Dispensary were accident cases. See Plan of the Public Dispensary in Carey Street, London, 1793 and 1894. By contrast, in 1791 the Middlesex Hospital admitted 1117 in-patients and out-patients, of whom 30 per cent were casualties. In 1795, the next year for which data is available, 27 per cent of the total number of patients admitted to the Middlesex were accident cases. See Minutes of the weekly board of the Middlesex Hospital, 1791, 1795.
144. The Public Dispensary was one of the few to publish the number of patients "admitted as accidents and casualties without the usual form of recommendation". Between its foundation in 1783 and 1793, the Public Dispensary admitted 14,404 patients, of whom 288 (1.9 per cent) were admitted directly as "accidents and casualties". During the following year only 0.5 per cent of the patients admitted to the Public Dispensary were accident cases. See Plan of the Public Dispensary in Carey Street, London, 1793 and 1894. By contrast, in 1791 the Middlesex Hospital admitted 1117 in-patients and out-patients, of whom 30 per cent were casualties. In 1795, the next year for which data is available, 27 per cent of the total number of patients admitted to the Middlesex were accident cases. See Minutes of the weekly board of the Middlesex Hospital, 1791, 1795.
145. The disparity between the proportion of patients treated as accident victims in dispensaries as opposed to hospitals may reflect a disparity in demand, if the relative proliferation of hospitals in London meant that most "accidents" could gain admission to a hospital. I am grateful to an anonymous referee who emphasized this point.
146. J C Lettsom, Medical memoirs of the General Dispensary in London for part of the years 1773 and 1774, London, Dilly, 1774.
147. Benefactors to the Westminster Dispensary could cast one vote only if their annual subscription was at least two guineas. Five guinea subscribers could cast three votes, and twenty guinea subscribers twelve. At the St Marylebone Dispensary, one guinea subscribers were permitted one vote, two guinea subscribers two, and the number of votes allocated to governors increased proportionately with the level of their subscription. At the Western Dispensary, benefactors could vote only if their subscription was at least two guineas.
148. T Skeete, An exact representation of the very uncandid and extraordinary conduct of Dr. John Coakley Lettsom. With some remarks on the establishment of the New Finsbury Dispensary, London, J Fielding, 1786.
149. See Account of the New Finsbury Dispensary, London, 1792; A Highmore, Pietas Londinensis; the history, design, and present state of the various public charities in and near London, London, Richard Phillips, 1814. From the time of its foundation, the New Finsbury Dispensary permitted only those who had been subscribers for at least six months to vote in elections. By contrast, benefactors to the General Dispensary could vote at an election if their subscription had been received four days before the ballot, although they had to have been a subscriber for six months before they were permitted to vote on changing one of the laws of the dispensary. Similarly, benefactors to the Middlesex Dispensary could vote if they had paid their subscription by the day preceding the day of the ballot, and benefactors to the Surry Dispensary were able to vote if their subscription had been paid on or before the day of the election.
150. See Account of the New Finsbury Dispensary, London, 1792; A Highmore, Pietas Londinensis; the history, design, and present state of the various public charities in and near London, London, Richard Phillips, 1814. From the time of its foundation, the New Finsbury Dispensary permitted only those who had been subscribers for at least six months to vote in elections. By contrast, benefactors to the General Dispensary could vote at an election if their subscription had been received four days before the ballot, although they had to have been a subscriber for six months before they were permitted to vote on changing one of the laws of the dispensary. Similarly, benefactors to the Middlesex Dispensary could vote if they had paid their subscription by the day preceding the day of the ballot, and benefactors to the Surry Dispensary were able to vote if their subscription had been paid on or before the day of the election.
151. The president and vice-presidents of the Westminster Dispensary were: Sir Charles Whitworth, Lord Thomas Pelham-Clinton, Lord Viscount Beauchamp, Sir William Watkins Wynn, the Earl of Rochford, and Sir Michael Le Flemming. Their political allegiance is discussed in Section 4, below.
152. See p. 146 below.
153. Morris, op. cit., note 33 above; Trainor, op. cit., note 33 above.
154. Morris, op. cit., note 33 above; Trainor, op. cit., note 33 above.
155. Porter, op. cit., note 13 above, pp. 151-3. See also Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; Morris, op. cit., note 33 above; Trainor, op. cit., note 33 above. The Manchester Infirmary was an exception: Pickstone describes it as a "major focus of local politics", see Pickstone, op. cit., note 7 above, p. 19.
156. Porter, op. cit., note 13 above, pp. 151-3. See also Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; Morris, op. cit., note 33 above; Trainor, op. cit., note 33 above. The Manchester Infirmary was an exception: Pickstone describes it as a "major focus of local politics", see Pickstone, op. cit., note 7 above, p. 19.
157. Porter, op. cit., note 13 above, pp. 151-3. See also Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; Morris, op. cit., note 33 above; Trainor, op. cit., note 33 above. The Manchester Infirmary was an exception: Pickstone describes it as a "major focus of local politics", see Pickstone, op. cit., note 7 above, p. 19.
158. Porter, op. cit., note 13 above, pp. 151-3. See also Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; Morris, op. cit., note 33 above; Trainor, op. cit., note 33 above. The Manchester Infirmary was an exception: Pickstone describes it as a "major focus of local politics", see Pickstone, op. cit., note 7 above, p. 19.
159. Porter, op. cit., note 13 above, pp. 151-3. See also Marland, op. cit., note 11 above; Morris, op. cit., note 33 above; Trainor, op. cit., note 33 above. The Manchester Infirmary was an exception: Pickstone describes it as a "major focus of local politics", see Pickstone, op. cit., note 7 above, p. 19.
160. Cf. A Wilson, 'The politics of medical improvement in early Hanoverian London', in Cunningham and French (eds), op. cit., note 7 above.
161. Horne, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 4.
162. Westminster Dispensary, op. cit., note 57 above, p. 2, emphasis added. This is consistent with Prochaska's arguments relating to the rationale for (and effect of) the monarchy's involvement in late eighteenth-century charity. See Prochaska, op. cit., note 13 above.
163. Westminster Dispensary, op. cit., note 57 above, p. 2, emphasis added. This is consistent with Prochaska's arguments relating to the rationale for (and effect of) the monarchy's involvement in late eighteenth-century charity. See Prochaska, op. cit., note 13 above.
164. F O'Gorman, The rise of party in England: the Rockingham Whigs 1760-82, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1975.
165. I Waddington, 'The role of the hospital in the development of modern medicine: a sociological analysis', Sociology, 1973, 7: 211-24.
166. Morris, op. cit., note 33 above.
167. Ibid., p. 194.
168. Library of the Royal College of Physicians, Westminster Dispensary General Minute Book.
169. O'Gorman, op. cit., note 92 above.
170. The identity of the men who held offices within the various medical charities was obtained using issues of the Royal calendar published between 1767 and 1800, and the material published by the charities themselves. Information about their political allegiance was obtained from I R Christie, The end of North's ministry, 1780-1782, London, Macmillan, 1958; Dictionary of national biography (DNB); L Namier and J Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790, London, Secker and Warburg, 1985; O'Gorman, op. cit., note 92 above; A Valentine, The British establishment 1760-1784, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. The account of contemporary politics given in this section draws on these sources, as well as D Jarrett, Britain 1688-1815, London, Longmans, 1965; F O'Gorman, 'Party in the later eighteenth century', in J Cannon (ed.), The Whig ascendancy: colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, Edward Arnold, 1981.
171. The identity of the men who held offices within the various medical charities was obtained using issues of the Royal calendar published between 1767 and 1800, and the material published by the charities themselves. Information about their political allegiance was obtained from I R Christie, The end of North's ministry, 1780-1782, London, Macmillan, 1958; Dictionary of national biography (DNB); L Namier and J Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790, London, Secker and Warburg, 1985; O'Gorman, op. cit., note 92 above; A Valentine, The British establishment 1760-1784, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. The account of contemporary politics given in this section draws on these sources, as well as D Jarrett, Britain 1688-1815, London, Longmans, 1965; F O'Gorman, 'Party in the later eighteenth century', in J Cannon (ed.), The Whig ascendancy: colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, Edward Arnold, 1981.
172. The identity of the men who held offices within the various medical charities was obtained using issues of the Royal calendar published between 1767 and 1800, and the material published by the charities themselves. Information about their political allegiance was obtained from I R Christie, The end of North's ministry, 1780-1782, London, Macmillan, 1958; Dictionary of national biography (DNB); L Namier and J Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790, London, Secker and Warburg, 1985; O'Gorman, op. cit., note 92 above; A Valentine, The British establishment 1760-1784, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. The account of contemporary politics given in this section draws on these sources, as well as D Jarrett, Britain 1688-1815, London, Longmans, 1965; F O'Gorman, 'Party in the later eighteenth century', in J Cannon (ed.), The Whig ascendancy: colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, Edward Arnold, 1981.
173. The identity of the men who held offices within the various medical charities was obtained using issues of the Royal calendar published between 1767 and 1800, and the material published by the charities themselves. Information about their political allegiance was obtained from I R Christie, The end of North's ministry, 1780-1782, London, Macmillan, 1958; Dictionary of national biography (DNB); L Namier and J Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790, London, Secker and Warburg, 1985; O'Gorman, op. cit., note 92 above; A Valentine, The British establishment 1760-1784, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. The account of contemporary politics given in this section draws on these sources, as well as D Jarrett, Britain 1688-1815, London, Longmans, 1965; F O'Gorman, 'Party in the later eighteenth century', in J Cannon (ed.), The Whig ascendancy: colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, Edward Arnold, 1981.
174. The identity of the men who held offices within the various medical charities was obtained using issues of the Royal calendar published between 1767 and 1800, and the material published by the charities themselves. Information about their political allegiance was obtained from I R Christie, The end of North's ministry, 1780-1782, London, Macmillan, 1958; Dictionary of national biography (DNB); L Namier and J Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790, London, Secker and Warburg, 1985; O'Gorman, op. cit., note 92 above; A Valentine, The British establishment 1760-1784, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. The account of contemporary politics given in this section draws on these sources, as well as D Jarrett, Britain 1688-1815, London, Longmans, 1965; F O'Gorman, 'Party in the later eighteenth century', in J Cannon (ed.), The Whig ascendancy: colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, Edward Arnold, 1981.
175. The identity of the men who held offices within the various medical charities was obtained using issues of the Royal calendar published between 1767 and 1800, and the material published by the charities themselves. Information about their political allegiance was obtained from I R Christie, The end of North's ministry, 1780-1782, London, Macmillan, 1958; Dictionary of national biography (DNB); L Namier and J Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790, London, Secker and Warburg, 1985; O'Gorman, op. cit., note 92 above; A Valentine, The British establishment 1760-1784, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. The account of contemporary politics given in this section draws on these sources, as well as D Jarrett, Britain 1688-1815, London, Longmans, 1965; F O'Gorman, 'Party in the later eighteenth century', in J Cannon (ed.), The Whig ascendancy: colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, Edward Arnold, 1981.
176. The identity of the men who held offices within the various medical charities was obtained using issues of the Royal calendar published between 1767 and 1800, and the material published by the charities themselves. Information about their political allegiance was obtained from I R Christie, The end of North's ministry, 1780-1782, London, Macmillan, 1958; Dictionary of national biography (DNB); L Namier and J Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790, London, Secker and Warburg, 1985; O'Gorman, op. cit., note 92 above; A Valentine, The British establishment 1760-1784, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. The account of contemporary politics given in this section draws on these sources, as well as D Jarrett, Britain 1688-1815, London, Longmans, 1965; F O'Gorman, 'Party in the later eighteenth century', in J Cannon (ed.), The Whig ascendancy: colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, Edward Arnold, 1981.
177. According to Jarrett, there was a unified opposition to North's ministry until the end of 1770, see Jarrett, op. cit., note 98 above.
178. Between 1768 and 1770 the presidency of the Westminster Infirmary passed from the Earl of Lincoln (later Duke of Newcastle) to Earl Percy. According to Valentine, the former usually supported the Court Party, whereas the latter supported the Chatham ministry and opposed North. In 1770 the vice-presidents of this infirmary were all supporters of Rockingham: they were Edwin Sandys, Sir G Saville, and Sir William Beauchamp Proctor (although the latter had lost his seat to Wilkes in the 1768 election).
179. Three of the seven officers of the Westminster Lying-in Hospital, Joseph Mawbray, John Crewe, and Earl Percy, were Whigs who opposed the North ministry. Edward Astley was a Tory who also opposed North. Thomas Dundas was the exception to this pattern; he was a Bedfordite who supported North, but he had also supported Grafton and was married to Rockingham's niece. It was not possible to identify the political affiliation of Thomas Hearne (a painter) or Major General Geoffrey Williamson.
180. The president was the Duke of Gloucester, whose marriage to the illegitimate daughter of a Rockingham Whig lead to a rift with his father, King George III. One of the vice-presidents, Joseph Mellish, was connected by marriage to a family which supported Newcastle and opposed North. The Marquis of Granby was also a vice-president. He came from a Whig family, and although he supported first the Chatham administration and then the Court over the expulsion of Wilkes in 1769, he voted with the opposition in 1770. It was not possible to identify one of the three vice-presidents, John Dorien.
181. Only two of the officers of the City of London Lying-in Hospital could be identified. The first was Barlow Trecothick, a Member of Parliament for London who was a Rockingham Whig who consistently opposed the government between 1768 and 1771. Although he voted against expelling Wilkes he was not, however, a member of the so-called "Wilkes faction". The second was Henry Shiffner, who had supported Grenville and opposed Grafton. It was not possible to identify the allegiances of Sir James Hodges, Richard Moorhill, Richard Hoare, or William Gordon, although Hoare was an artist who painted portraits of a number of Whigs.
182. There was a second vice-president, John Westbrook, but it was not possible to identify his political affiliation.
183. The Lock Hospital had seven officers. Two of them, Lord Brownlow and the Duke of Manchester, were Whigs. Lord Monsoon and the Earl of Dartmouth were listed as Rockingham supporters in 1765, although Monsoon voted with the opposition in 1768, and the Earl of Dartmouth was related by marriage to North and eventually took a position in his ministry. The Marquis of Granby voted with the opposition in 1770, and subsequently resigned. It appears that Sir Richard Lyttleton was a Whig, although neither his nor the Earl of Shaftesbury's political allegiances could be ascertained.
184. The president of the Smallpox Hospital was the Duke of Marlborough, a Whig who had supported Grenville, but who, according to Valentine, took little part in London politics. The vice-presidents were Earl Lichfield, a Tory, Sir William Beauchamp Proctor who had supported Rockingham but lost his seat in 1768, and Rob Nettleton, who could not be identified.
185. According to the Royal calendar, St George's Hospital had only one vice-president, and he was the Earl of Shaftesbury. The Earl's political allegiance is not clear, although he is not included in O'Gorman's list of Rockinghamites.
186. The Duke of Bedford, whose clique played a central role in the North ministry, was the president of the Foundling Hospital. The vice-presidents who could be identified were also supporters of North; they were Lord Cadogan, Sir Charles Whitworth, the Earl of Dartmouth, and Rose Fuller (who voted with North after 1769). It was not possible to identify the political affiliations of the fifth vice-president, C Child.
187. The allegiance of the presidents of St Thomas's Hospital and Guy's Hospital, William Nash and Lewis Way, could not be identified.
188. The officers of the Middlesex Hospital included the Duke of Northumberland, Lord Scarsdale, the Earl of Gower, and Lord Grosvenor, who were all members of the Bedford-Northumberland clique. The officers of the hospital also included Sir William Beauchamp Proctor, who by this time was without a seat in parliament, Sir Robert Clayton, who opposed North, and General Cornwallis who was described as not being "a favourite of the King".
189. Maloney, op. cit., note 10 above, p. 53ff.
190. Ibid., pp. 48-51.
191. The four officers of the Dispensary for the Infant Poor who had Tory connections were the Earl of Winchelsea (President), Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, Sir George Cornewall, and Sir Sampson Gideon. The fifth, Sir George Colebrooke, was the exception; he was a Rockingham Whig who opposed North on most issues, including the expulsion of Wilkes.
192. The political allegiance of the two vice-presidents, Sir Lionel Lyde and T Nash, could not be identified.
193. T J Pettigrew, Memoirs of the life and writings of the late John Coakley Lettsom, 3 vols, London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1817, states that a man named Samuel Clark was a friend of Lettsom. Clark had been the partner of Samuel Richardson, who was a supporter of the Jacobite Duke of Wharton and who was therefore not likely to be a Whig.
194. Namier and Brooke, op. cit., note 98 above.
195. There is no direct information about John Lind, who was the only vice-president present at the first meeting of the Westminster Dispensary. He may have been related to one of the two James Linds who appear in the DNB; one was described as "devoted" to King George III, and the other was a Scottish medical professional.
196. Three of the officers, Sir Charles Whitworth, Lord Thomas Pelham-Clinton (3rd Duke Newcastle), and Lord Viscount Beauchamp (Francis Seymour Conway), could be unambiguously identified as supporters of the North ministry during this period. Another vice-president, Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, supported North after April 1775. The Earl of Rochford (William Henry Nassau Zuylestein) was a Secretary of State in the North government, but he resigned in 1775, although he remained loyal to George III. Michael Le Fleming was returned under the patronage of James Lowther in 1774, and although Lowther's allegiance was volatile, he generally voted with the North ministry before 1775. Although it appears that there were some changes in allegiances in 1775, the available evidence suggests that all the officers of the Westminster Dispensary supported the government over the issues relating to Wilkes and popular reform.
197. Those whose political allegiance could not be identified were Lady Winsor, Lady Caroline Egerton, the Duke of Marlborough, the Hon. Mrs Neville, and Lady Juliana Penn. The Dowager Countess Gallway's husband had sometimes opposed North, and Robert Scott and the Duchess of Devonshire were definitely opposed to the North ministry. The Hon. Mrs Howe and the Hon. Mrs Marsham may have had familial connections who opposed North. The following people had connections (given in brackets) who appear to have supported North, at least with respect to the expulsion of Wilkes: the Duchess of Buccleugh (husband), Lady Ancram (husband), Mrs Boscawen (family), Francis Filmer (John Filmer), Lady Lousia Leveson Gower (husband), Lord and Lady Howe, Lord Lincoln, Maurice Llyod, Alexander Leith, Duchess of Montagu (husband), Lady Mountstuart (husband), Mary Lowther (husband, daughter of Bute, sister-in-law of Lady Mountstuart), 2nd Duke of Newcastle, Lady Arch. Hamilton (husband), and Lady Whitworth (husband).
198. The Misericordia, or Hospital for the Cure and Relief of Indigent Persons Afflicted with the Venereal Disease, was founded in Great Ayliffe Street, Goodmans Fields, in 1774. See Royal calendar 1775; J H Hutchins, Jonas Hanway 1712-1786, London, Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 1940. Two of the vice- presidents of the Misericordia opposed North and supported Wilkes. They were Frederick Bull (whom Valentine described as "violently opposed" to North), and William Plumer who was also a Wilkes supporter. The vice-president whose political allegiance could not be identified was Andrew Thomson. Jonas Hanway was the treasurer of the Misericordia, and, according to his biographer, Hutchins, he did not support Wilkes. Frederick Bull was also the first president of the Humane Society Instituted for the Recovery of Drowned Persons. The initiators of this institution were both physicians: Dr Cogan, a Dissenter with an degree from Leiden, and Dr Hawes, who was also a physician to the London Dispensary.
199. The Misericordia, or Hospital for the Cure and Relief of Indigent Persons Afflicted with the Venereal Disease, was founded in Great Ayliffe Street, Goodmans Fields, in 1774. See Royal calendar 1775; J H Hutchins, Jonas Hanway 1712-1786, London, Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 1940. Two of the vice-presidents of the Misericordia opposed North and supported Wilkes. They were Frederick Bull (whom Valentine described as "violently opposed" to North), and William Plumer who was also a Wilkes supporter. The vice-president whose political allegiance could not be identified was Andrew Thomson. Jonas Hanway was the treasurer of the Misericordia, and, according to his biographer, Hutchins, he did not support Wilkes. Frederick Bull was also the first president of the Humane Society Instituted for the Recovery of Drowned Persons. The initiators of this institution were both physicians: Dr Cogan, a Dissenter with an degree from Leiden, and Dr Hawes, who was also a physician to the London Dispensary.
200. Royal calendar, 1776. Three of the four vice-presidents of the Dispensary for General Inoculation can be identified: Jonas Hanway, Jacob Wilkinson, and Sir Robert Barker. The latter two were returned to the House of Commons in 1774; one was a supporter of North, and the other was associated with Rockingham in the opposition. Hanway's allegiances have been discussed in note 120 above.
201. Royal calendar, 1778.
202. The officers of the General Medical Asylum who supported North were Viscount Beauchamp, Viscount Palmerston, Lord DeSpencer, and Lord Robert Spencer. The exception was Lord G A H Cavendish, who joined the House of Commons in 1775. The vice-president whose allegiance could not be identified, the Bishop of Landaff, may have supported North since O'Gorman does not include him as a supporter of Rockingham.
203. Two of the officers, Lord Onslow and Henry Thrale, supported North, but another two supported Dunning (they were Sir Joseph Mawbray and Nathaniel Polhill). It was not possible to identify the political allegiance of Sir James Esdaile.
204. Christie, op. cit., note 98 above. The vulnerability of Shelburne's position is indicated by Christie's estimate that his supporters numbered only six by 1780.
205. None of the vice-presidents was named by Christie as a member of Shelburne's "party", although James Townsend and Sir Gerard Van Neck did support his movement for economic reform in 1780 and his ministry in 1783. Sir Watkin Williams Wynn and Sir William Barker were opposed to Shelburne's ministry. Barker was a Rockingham Whig. He did, however, protest his independence and differed with Rockingham and Burke by supporting Parliamentary reform. The political allegiance of two of the vice-presidents could not be identified; they were James Vere and Evan Pugh.
206. The president of the Benevolent Institution was Marquis Carmarthen who withdrew his support for North's ministry in 1780. One of the vice-presidents, Viscount Bulkely, also withdrew his support for North in 1779. Cecil Wray and Sir John Smith had consistently opposed North; the former was an active supporter of Wilkes. The other vice-presidents, Viscount Malden and Sir Robert Barker, were North supporters who did not stand for election in 1780.
207. N A M Rodger, The insatiable earl: a life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich 1718-1792, London, Harper Collins, 1993; I R Christie, 'The changing nature of parliamentary politics, 1742-1789', in J Black (ed.), British politics and society from Walpole to Pitt, 1742-1789, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1990.
208. N A M Rodger, The insatiable earl: a life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich 1718-1792, London, Harper Collins, 1993; I R Christie, 'The changing nature of parliamentary politics, 1742-1789', in J Black (ed.), British politics and society from Walpole to Pitt, 1742-1789, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1990.
209. One of the officers of the Public Dispensary, the Earl of Essex, had, like the Earl of Sandwich, supported Bedford and then North. Unlike Sandwich, however, Essex opposed the coalition. Sandwich's son, Lord Hinchinbroke, was a vice-president of the dispensary. He initially supported the coalition, but then broke with his father to join Pitt. Two of the vice-presidents, Mr Serjeant Adair and Brass Crosby, were radical Whigs who supported Wilkes and had opposed North. Adair unsuccessfully contested the Southwark election in 1782; it was won by another of the vice-presidents, Henry Thornton, who opposed the coalition. It was not possible to identify the political allegiance of four of the vice-presidents: John Keysall, John Silvestor, Joseph Sims, Edward Webster.
210. The Earl of Talbot voted with North in 1782, then opposed Fox's coalition, and then supported Pitt. Five of the eleven vice-presidents had supported the North ministry, and they were all opposed to Pitt; they were Sir Grey Cooper, Sir Francis Basset, Sir Henry Clinton, the Earl of Dysart, and Sir Thomas Edwards. Lord Craven opposed North, but there is no information about his allegiances after 1782. There is no information about the political allegiance of Sir Robert Boyd or Vice Admiral Sir Edward Vernon (although the latter was the brother of Richard Vernon, a supporter of North in opposition). Nor was it possible to identify the political allegiance of Sir John Brisco or Sir John Moreshead.
211. The vice-presidents were William Saunders, Richard Clark, George Macaulay, John Braithwaite, John Brettel, William Bishop, John Hole, James Wildman. William Huck Saunders had formerly been physician to the Middlesex Hospital. Richard Clark was the only vice-president for whom a possible political allegiance could be identified; he was a friend of the Tory, Samuel Johnson.
212. Cf. Skeete, op. cit., note 83 above.
213. Account of the New Finsbury Dispensary, London, 1792.
214. M Rubin, 'Imaging medieval hospitals. Considerations on the cultural meaning of institutions', in Barry and Jones (eds), op. cit., note 26 above, p. 16.