The creation of Richard Hooker's public authority: Rhetoric, reputation and reassessment

Journal of Religious History

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 35-59

  Condren, Conal ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 61049109951     PISSN: 00224227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9809.00026     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. W. D. J. Cargill Thompson, 'The Philosopher of the Politic Society', in Studies in Richard Hooker Prefatory to an Edition of his Works, W. Speed Hill (ed. ), Cleveland and London 1972, pp. 4-5;
2. Eccleshall, 'Richard Hooker', Vol. 2, p. 63.
3. A. P. d'Entreves, Ricardo Hooker: contributo alla teoria e alla storia diritta naturale, Turin 1932;
4. W. J. Allen, Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, London 1928, 1961;
5. Peter Munz, Place of Hooker, A. S. McGrade, 'The Coherence of Hooker's Polity: The Books on Power', Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 24, 1963.
6. On the uncertain nature of this status, see Cargill Thompson, Studies in Richard Hooker, p. 3;
7. Quentin Skinner, 'Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas', History and Theory, Vol. 8, 1969, p. 15;
8. and regretably too recent to discuss here, J. C. Davis, 'Backing into Modernity: The Dilemma of Richard Hooker', in The Certainty of Doubt: Tributes to Peter Munz, M. Fairburn and W. H. Oliver (eds), Wellington 1996.
9. Damian Grace, 'Natural Law in Hooker's Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity', Journal of Religious History, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1997.
10. Bernard de Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: Or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits, F. B. Kaye (ed. ), 1924, Indianapolis 1988, Vol. II. The origins of this view are to be found Lucretius and it is cited here to indicate that the broad emphasis on language as rhetorical or pragmatic is not anachronistic.
11. Eccleshall, 'Richard Hooker', at length.
12. For a discussion of this more general point, see Conal Condren, The Language of Politics in Seventeenth-Century England, London 1994, Ch. 5. Eccleshall's use of the expression 'status quo' does not accord with contemporary use, and throughout my employment of it only echoes his problematic claims about a 'status quo'.
13. Throughout I have put inverted commas around 'puritans' to sound a warning. It is a tricky word, usually operating in a register of abuse. For a stimulating study of the issues, see W. Lamont, Puritanism and Historical Controversy, London 1996.
14. See, e. g. , Allen, Political Thought, p. 184;
15. G. R. Cragg, Freedom and Authority: A Study of English Thought in the Early Seventeenth Century, Philadelphia 1975, pp. 97f;
16. J. E. Booty, 'Hooker and Anglicanism', in Studies in Richard Hooker, Speed Hill (ed. ), pp. 208-11.
17. Bruce Kaye, 'Authority and the Interpretation of Scripture in Hooker's Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity', Journal of Religious History, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1997.
18. Booty, 'Hooker and Anglicanism', both at length.
19. Walter Travers, A Supplication made to the Privy Council, 1583, 1612, pp. 7-14, sounds not unlike some of the arguments developed by Brereley, The Protestant's Apology for the Roman Church, 1604(?)/1608. See below.
20. John Greenwood, M. Some laid open in his colours, 1590, p. 29.
21. Andrew Willet (?), A Christian letter, 1599.
22. See John Booty, The Folger Library Edition of the Works of Richard Hooker, Vol. IV, Harvard 1982, pp. xvii-xxiv.
23. Patrick Collinson, The Religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society, 1559-1625, Oxford 1982, Ch. 1, for a masterly outline of the complexity of the situation which later research has only confirmed.
24. Willet (?), A Christian letter, pp. 45-9.
25. Willet (?), pp. 3-5.
26. Willet (?), pp. 37, 45-7.
27. Willet (?), p. 4.
28. For general advice on the means of establishing an appropriate ethos see, e. g. , Henry Peacham, The Garden of Eloquence, London 1593, pp. 96-113.
29. A. D. Cousins, 'Playing with Reason: Aspects of Rhetoric in Hooker's Laws, 1-5', Journal of English and Germanic Philology, forthcoming.
30. Condren, The Language of Politics, Ch. 5.
31. William Covel, A Just and temperate defence of the five books of Ecclesiastical Polity, 1603, pp. 16, 4.
32. Covel, A temperate defence, pp. 5-6.
33. Robert Parsons/Persons, The third part of a treatise . . . (of) three conversions of England, 1603-4, 1, pp. 92, 162.
34. See also Phillip Woodward, A Forerunner of Bell's downfall, 1605, attrib. Parsons, p. 27.
35. Parsons, The third part, 1, pp. 162, 169, 623.
36. Parsons, The third part, 1a, p. 623; 3, p. 163.
37. Brereley, The Protestant's Apology, pp. 114, 135.
38. Brereley, p. 157.
39. Brereley, pp. 168-9; 470-3.
40. Brereley, pp. 247, 620.
41. For the notion of emblematic status in this context see C. Condren, 'Authorities Emblems and Sources: Reflections on a Rhetorical Strategy in the History of History', Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 15, 1982, pp. 176.
42. See also earlier Walter Travers, A Supplication, 1612 edn, pp. 7-14, possibly in anticipation of the line Brereley takes.
43. Travers, A Supplication, pp. 10-11. This should, perhaps, be taken with a grain of salt, for Travers in defending himself had been both minimizing the extent of his own disagreements with Hooker and intimating the unreasonableness of equating any single voice with English doctrine. He had been arguing for a hearing.
44. George Hakewill, An Apologie of the Power and Providence of God, 1627?/1613, pp. 18, 27.
45. Richard Broughton, The English protestant's recantation, 1617;
46. James Huntley, A summary of controversies, trans. I. L. , 1618;
47. John Pickford, A safeguard from shipwreck, 1618;
48. M. E. , An application of the laws of England to the Catholic priesthood, 1623;
49. D. Norris, The pseudo scripturalist, 1623;
50. William Bishop, Maister Perkins, reformed Catholique, 1625;
51. Brereley, alias L. Anderton, The triple cord, 1634;
52. Matthew Wilson, Mercy and truth or charity maintained by Catholiques, 1634.
53. Broughton, The . . . recantation, pp. 238, 267;
54. Pickford, A safeguard, p. 93;
55. M. E. , An application, p. 86;
56. Norris, The pseudo scripturalist, pp. 46, 56, 139;
57. Anderton, The triple cord p. 3.
58. Wright, A brief treatise that Catholiques may be saved, 1623, p. 3.
59. Broughton, The . . . recantation, Ch. 7, 1a, 65;
60. Bishop, Maister Perkins, p. 762;
61. Wilson, Mercy and truth, pp. 42, 43, 61.
62. Wright, A brief treatise, p. 19;
63. George Gillespie, A dispute against the English-Popish ceremonies obtruded upon the church of Scotland, 1637.
64. Gillespie, A dispute, pp. 20, 47; Aa2, Pt. 3, Ch. 1.
65. John Aubrey, Brief Lives, Oliver Lawson Dick (ed. ), Harmondsworth 1962 edn, pp. 159ff;
66. Irene Coltman, Private Men and Public Causes, London 1962, p. 184.
67. Munz, Place of Hooker, esp. Ch. 2.
68. John Toland, An Appeal to Honest People Against Wicked Priests, 1710, p. 38.
69. Cousins, 'Playing with Reason'.
70. Lotte Mulligan, ' "Reason", "Right Reason" and "Revelation" in Mid-Seventeenth Century England', in Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance, Brian Vickers (ed. ), Cambridge 1984, pp. 375.
71. Francis White (?), A relation of a conference between William Laud and Mr. Fisher the Jesuit, 1624, 1639, 1886 edn, p. 65.
72. White (?), A relation, p. 70.
73. White (?), pp. 87-90. It could be added that the Jesuit use of Hooker has in turn been misconstrued.
74. White (?), pp. 90, 118.
75. White (?), pp. 129, 51;
76. Collinson, The Religion of Protestants, pp. 148-9, for pertinent comment on accusations of innovation.
77. William Lamont, Richard Baxter, pp. 96, 98.
78. Brian Tierney, Religion, Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought, Cambridge 1982, at length.
79. Richard Baxter, A Holy commonwealth, 1659, Ch. 14.
80. David Owen, Herod and Pilate reconciled, 1610;
81. John Maxwell, Sacro-sancta regnum majestas, 1644.
82. Henry Parker, Observations on some of his majesties late answers and expresses, 1642, at length.
83. John Hall, The true cavalier, 1656, pp. 23, 29, 30.
84. Anthony Sparrow, A rationale on the Book of Common Prayer, 1657, 1668 edn, cited, pp. 42, 105, 318.
85. Edward Gee, The divine right and original of the civil magistrate, 1658, pp. 265, 138, 294-5.
86. Edward Bagshawe, The Great Question of Things Indifferent, 1660, at length.
87. John Locke, Bodley, Locke Mss e7 (1660) in Two Tracts on Government, Phillip Abrams (ed. ), Cambridge 1967.
88. M. Casaubon, A vindication of the Lord's Prayer, (1660);
89. see John Barbon, Litergie a most divine service, 1662.
90. G. Masterson, The spiritual house in its foundation, 1661, p. 143.
91. Masterson, The spiritual house, p. 146
92. citing Laws, 5. 28, and Covel's Defence.
93. Masterson, p. 149.
94. Nicholas Bernard, Clavi trabales, or nailes fastened . . . confirming the King's supremacy and subjects duty . . . , for example, 1661, pp. 65-70.
95. See Justin Champion, The Pillars of Statecraft Shaken: The Church of England and its Enemies, 1660-1730, Cambridge 1992, pp. 62f
96. and p. 88 for comment on Stillingfleet in this context. Champion does, however, refer to Hooker as providing impartial comment for Stillingfleet, p. 63.
97. Thomas Fuller, The worthies of England, 1662, Vol. I, p. 264.
98. R. A. , A letter to a friend, 1662, at length.
99. John Humfrey, A second discourse, 1662.
100. An outline of the relevant events is contained in Benjamin Hanbury's Historical memorials relating to the Independents, London, 1839(?)-44, Vol. III;
101. for discussion see Conal Condren, Lawson's Politica and the English Revolution, Cambridge 1989, Ch. 12.
102. Lamont, Richard Baxter, pp. 96, 98.
103. For example, John Humfrey, A Peaceable resolution of conscience, 1680, pp. 75-9.
104. Humfrey, A Peaceable Resolution;
105. and (?) Proposals humbly offered to the Lords, in Somers Tracts, 1688, Vol. VIII;
106. Condren, Lawson's Politica, Ch. 12.
107. For the Historical Essay see Andrew Marvell, Works, A. B. Grossart (ed. ), New York 1875, 1966;
108. for pertinent discussion see Annabel Patterson, Andrew Marvell and the Civic Crown, Princeton 1978, Ch. 4;
109. and esp. W. Lamont, 'The Religion of Andrew Marvell: Locating "the Bloody Horse"', in The Political Identity of Andrew Marvell, Conal Condren and A. D. Cousins (eds), Aldershot 1990, pp. 135-56.
110. Mark Goldie, 'The Revolution of 1689 and the Structure of Political Argument', The Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, 1980, at length.
111. Mark Goldie, 'The Political Thought of the Anglican Revolution', in The Revolutions of 1688, R. Beddard (ed. ), Oxford 1991, pp. 111-13.
112. Peter Allix, An examination of the scruples of those who refuse to take the oath of allegiance, 1689;
113. William Atwood, The fundamental constitution of the English government, 1690;
114. Richard Claridge, A Defence of the present government under King William and Queen Mary, 1689;
115. Thomas Long, A Resolution of certain queries . . . , 1689;
116. Timothy Wilson, The vanity of . . . passive obedience detected . . . , 1690;
117. William Lloyd, A discourse of God's ways of disposing of kingdoms, 1691.
118. See also the anonymous tracts Animadversions on a Discourse, 1691;
119. A Brief Vindication, 1689;
120. An Easie Method, 1691;
121. A Friendly Debate, 1689;
122. and Two Treatises of Government, 1690. Goldie has conveniently listed the works which cite figures such as Hooker.
123. J. W. Gough, The Social Contract: A Critical Study in its Development, Oxford 1936, 1963, pp. 131-2.
124. Thomas Long, A resolution, cf. The historian unmasked, 1689.
125. Benjamin Hoadly, in The Works of Benjamin Hoadly, London 1773.
126. Andrew Jackson, Occasional letters, 1745, pp. 225, 371.
127. M. Hemmings, An abridgement of Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, 1773, p. xxv.
128. Hemmings, An abridgement, Dedication, pp. iv-v.
129. Warburton, Works, 1811, Vol. 12, p. 384
130. on whom also see Eccleshall, and John Gascoigne, 'The Unity of Church and State Challenged: Responses to Hooker from the Restoration to the Nineteenth-Century Age of Reform', Journal of Religious History, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1997.
131. Gascoigne, 'Unity of Church and State'.
132. I have lifted this image of Trollope' s character and his modus operandi from A. C. Condren, 'The Finding Aid as Duke of Omnium: A Standard to Fail by', Australian Library Journal, Vol. 34, 1985, although in a less thorough sense the image is common enough.
133. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, James Engell and W. Jackson Bate (eds), Princeton 1984 edn, Vol. 1, p. 88;
134. Vol. 2, pp. 54-5.
135. William Blakey, A History of Political Literature, London 1855, New York n. d. (1960?), Vol. 2, p. 82.
136. See, e. g. , both d'Entrèves, Ricardo Hooker, and Munz, Place of Hooker, for the location of Hooker at the conceptual nexus of Aquinas and Marsilio, but there is negligible evidence that Hooker made any direct use of Marsilio, or even knew his work.
137. See W. D. J. Cargill Thompson, 'The Source of Hooker's Knowledge of Marsilius of Padua', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 25, 1974;
138. and Gregorio Piaia, Marsilio da Padova nella Riforma e Controriforma, Padua 1977, pp. 216-17.
139. G. H. Sabine and T. L. Thorson, A History of Political Theory, Chicago 1973, p. 169.
140. J. W. Allen, Political Thought, pp. 184ff.