Medicine creek to fox island: Cadastral scams and contested domains

Oregon Historical Quarterly

Volumn 106, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 374-397

  Reddick, SuAnn M ^a   Collins, Cary C ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 60950740407     PISSN: 00304727     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. A book-length history of the Medicine Creek treaty council has not been published. The most comprehensive study is Richard White,"The Treaty at Medicine Creek: Indian-White Relations on Upper Puget Sound, 1830-1880" (M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1972)
2. See also Robert I. Burns, The Jesuits and the Indian Wars of the Northwest (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966)
3. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965)
4. Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991)
5. Robert Utley, The Indian Frontier, 1846-1890 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003)
6. Robert E. Ficken, Washington Territory (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 2002)
7. "Legend to Live: Department Protects Historical Tree," Washington Highway News (Olympia) 24:2 (June 1973): 1, 11
8. C. Albert White, A History of the Rectangular Survey System (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1984)
9. On "She-nah-nam," see Mariane W. Smith, The Puyallup-Nisqually (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940): "The name is evidently derived from the word for shaman and shaman power... a fact to which informants always refer when speaking of the ill effects of white occupation" (12-13)
10. See also Hyde and Preston survey, Township 18 North Range 1 East, Bureau of Land Management offices, Portland, Ore
11. Charles F. Coan,"The Adoption of the Reservation Policy in the Pacific Northwest, 1853-1855," Oregon Historical Quarterly 23:1 (March 1922): 1-38
12. See also Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, 2 vols. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984)
13. Handwritten copies of the treaty minutes signed by George Gibbs, whom Stevens appointed as secretary after the treaty council concluded, are on microfilm, "Record of the Proceedings of the Commission to Hold Treaties with the Indian Tribes in Washington Territory and the Blackfoot Country, December 7, 1854-March 3, 1855" [hereafter Medicine Creek council minutes], Records of the Washington Superintendency of Indian Affairs, 1853-1874 [hereafter WSIA], Roll 26, M5, National Archives and Records Administration [hereafter NARA]
14. For a microfilmed copy of what appears to be the original Medicine Creek treaty document signed on the council ground, see Ratified Indian Treaties, 1722-1869, frames 66-83, Roll 11, M668, NARA
15. On the reliability of the Medicine Creek records, see James Wickersham, "The Indian Side of the Puget Sound Indian War," October 9, 1893, Wickersham Collection, MSS TS-120, box 1, folder 3, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma
16. See also Ezra Meeker, Pioneer Reminiscences of Puget Sound: The Tragedy of Leschi (Seattle: Lowman & Hanford Stationary and Print Company, 1905)
17. Elwood Evans, "Wickersham Roasted," Tacoma Ledger, October 17, 18, 1893
18. Benjamin F. Shaw, "Medicine Creek Treaty," speech delivered December 20, 1903, in Proceedings of the Oregon Historical Society (1906): appendix C, 24-32
19. See Prucha, Great Father, 1:396
20. Robert A. Trennert Jr., Alternative to Extinction: Federal Indian Policy and the Beginnings of the Reservation System, 1846-51 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975)
21. James M.Bergquist, "The Oregon Donation Act and the National Land Policy," Oregon Historical Quarterly 58 (March 1957): 17-47
22. See also Charles F. Coan,"The First Stage of the Federal Indian Policy in the Pacific Northwest," Oregon Historical Quarterly 22 (March 1921): 46-86
23. Daniel L. Boxberger and Herbert C. Taylor, Jr., "Treaty or Non-Treaty Status," Columbia 5:3 (Fall 1991): 40-5
24. Starling counted 330 Nisqually and Puyallup but admitted that figure was only an approximation. In December 1853, Starling presented revised totals - 80 Nisqually and 150 Puyallup - blaming disease for the decrease; Edmund Starling to Anson Dart, September 1, 1852, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1852), 168 [hereafter ARCIA]
25. and Starling to Isaac Stevens, December 10, 1853, Roll 9, WSIA
26. Coan, "Adoption of Reservation Policy," 11-13
27. Coan, "First Stage," 64-5
28. See also Stevens to George Manypenny, December 26, 1853, in U.S. Court of Claims, Duwamish et al. v. United States, University of Washington Library, Microfilm A-7374.725-8 [hereafter Duwamish]
29. Kent D. Richards, Isaac I. Stevens: Young Man in a Hurry (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1979
30. reprint, Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1993)
31. Hazard Stevens, The Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 2.vols. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1900)
32. Kent D. Richards, "The Young Napoleons: Isaac I. Stevens, George B. McClellan and the Cascades Mountains Route," Columbia 3:4 (Winter 1989-90): 21-8
33. Sherburn F. Cook, Jr.,"The Little Napoleon: The Short and Turbulent Career of Isaac I. Stevens," Columbia 14:4 (Winter 2000-1): 17-20
34. and Karen Meador, "An Unlikely Champion: Jefferson Davis and the Pacific Northwest," Columbia 18:4 (Winter 2004-5): 12-21
35. Elwood Evans, ed., History of the Pacific Northwest, 2 vols. (Portland, Ore.: North Pacific History Company, 1889), 2:333-9, lists the white population north of the Columbia at 1,049, according to the 1850 census. Gibbs counted 7,559 Indians in the region
36. Gibbs, Indian Tribes of Washington Territory (1855; reprint, Fairfield, Wash.: Ye Galleon Press, 1978), 42
37. Marian Smith suggests that Gibbs underestimated the Indian population by at least half; "The Puyallup of Washington," in Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes, ed. Ralph Linton (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1940), 11
38. E.E. Rich, The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870, 2 vols. (London: Robert MacLehose, 1959): 2:658
39. Stevens to Manypenny, December 26, 1853
40. Duwamish, 725-8
41. Richards, Young Man in a Hurry, 157-79
42. Stevens to Michael T. Simmons, March 22, 1854, Roll 1, WSIA
43. See also Murray Morgan, Puget's Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979): 79-80
44. For claims that Simmons was illiterate, see Evans, "Wickersham Roasted," 2
45. and Edward Huggins to Dye, May 27, 1904, "Huggins Letters Outward: 1899-1906 to Mrs. Eva Emery Dye," unpublished, undated manuscript by Joseph Huntsman, Tacoma Public Library, pp. 73-4. According to Kent Richards, Simmons' family denied that he was illiterate; Richards to authors, January 28,2005
46. Charles F. Wilkinson, Messages from Frank's Landing: A Story of Salmon, Treaties, and the Indian Way (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000), 11-12
47. George C. Shaw, The Chinook Jargon and How to Use It (Seattle: Rainier Printing, 1909), available online at chinookjargon.home.att. net/shaw.htm (accessed September 1, 2005)
48. Morgan, Puget's Sound, 88
49. Smith, Puyallup-Nisqually
50. Hermann Karl Haeberlin and Erna Gunther, The Indians of Puget Sound (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1930)
51. Cecelia Svinth Carpenter, Fort Nisqually: A Documented History of Indian and British Interaction (Tacoma, Wash: Tahoma Research Service, 1986)
52. Cecelia Svinth Carpenter, Leschi: Last Chief of the Nisquallies (Tacoma, Wash: Tahoma Research Service, 1998)
53. Cecelia Svinth Carpenter, The Nisqually: My People (Tacoma, Wash: Tahoma Research Service, 2002)
54. Delia Gould Emmons, Leschi of the Nisquallies (Minneapolis: T.S. Deni-son, 1965)
55. Alexander Olson, "Our Leschi: The Making of a Martyr," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 95:1 (Winter 2003-4): 26-36
56. Thomas W. Prosch, McCarver and Tacoma (Seattle: Lowman and Hanford, 1906), 154
57. J.C. Rathbun, History of Thurston County (Olympia, Wash.: n.p. 1895), 23
58. On Goldsborough, see Evans, History of the Pacific Northwest, 1:348
59. James Robert Tannis, ed., "The Journal of Levi Lathrop Smith, 1847-1848," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 43 (1952): 277-301, available online, transcribed by Roger Easton, at olym-piahistory.org/Olympia-biblio.html (accessed July 26, 2005)
60. On Gibbs, see Stephen Dow Beckham, "George Gibbs, 1815-1873: Historian and Ethnologist" (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1970)
61. and George Gibbs, Indian Tribes of Washington Territory (Fairfield, Wash.: Ye Galleon Press, 1978)
62. Medicine Creek council minutes, Roll 26, WSIA. At Medicine Creek, Stevens was operating on instructions from the Office of Indian Affairs
63. see Manypenny to Stevens, May 9, 1853, and Charles Mix to Stevens, August 30,1854, both Roll 7, WSIA
64. Medicine Creek council minutes, Roll 26, WSIA
65. Shaw, "Medicine Creek Treaty," 27-8
66. Stevens, Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 1:456
67. Carpenter.Fort Nisqunlly, 166-7
68. Statistics on the populations of the villages in the South Sound vary widely, but Marian W. Smith concluded that, based upon all later census figures, the estimates for the tribes covered by the Medicine Creek treaty and used by Isaac Stevens in 1854 were "50 per cent short"; see Smith,"Puyallup of Washington," 11
69. Stevens to Manypenny, December 26, 1853, Senate Exec. Doc. 34, 33rd Cong. 1st sess. [698] 1854. P-392-462
70. Meeker, Pioneer Reminiscences, 242
71. quoted in James G. Swan, The Northwest Coast, or Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972), 428
72. Carpenter, Fort Nisqually, 1-6
73. See also Carpenter, Tears of Internment: The Indian History of Fox Island and the Puget Sound Indian War (Tacoma, Wash: Tahoma Research Service, 1996): 70
74. Charles J. Kappler, ed. and comp. Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, 5 vols. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1904-1941): 2:661-4
75. Colonel B.F. Shaw, "Did Leschi Sign the Medicine Creek Treaty?" Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 31, 1904
76. The change in numbers is based on Stevens, Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 1:456-7
77. Wickersham, "Indian Side."
78. Washington Territory Donation Land Claims: An Abstract of Information in the Land Claim Papers of Persons Who Settled in Washington Territory before 1856 (Seattle: Seattle Genealogical Society, 1980), 94
79. George Gibbs to Stevens, December 29, 1854, Roll 23, WSIA
80. Gibbs to Stevens, December 31, 1854, Roll 5, DRNRUT. The final language inserted into the treaty minutes describing the Nisqually reservation was:"[A] square tract containing two sections, or twelve hundred and eighty acres, on Puget's Sound, near the mouth of the She-nah-nam [Medicine] Creek, one mile west of the meridian line of the United States land survey. The tract thus selected was duly approved by Governor Stevens and adopted as a reservation under the Treaty and subject to the ratification thereof." Medicine Creek council minutes, Roll 26, WSIA
81. Stevens to Manypenny, December 30, 1854, Roll 5, DRNRUT
82. George Gibbs to Stevens, January 6,1855, Roll 5, DRNRUT. Gibbs referred to the Indians as "Skokomish," but that was an error. The Skokom-ish had not yet been treated with. The origin of the name Choche-oot-luts is unknown. The public lands survey had not yet been extended to Commencement Bay, so Gibbs could only describe the Puyallup reservation in the treaty document as, "a square tract containing two sections, or twelve hundred and eighty acres, lying on the south side of Commencement Bay."
83. William Tolmie to Lafayette McMuIlin, undated letter transcribed in Meeker, Pioneer Reminiscences, 447-9
84. Shaw, "Did Leschi Sign?" Both of the tracts Gibbs surveyed were directly adjacent to claims held by members of the treaty party, Shaw and Swan
85. Manypenny to R. McClelland, February 14, 1855, in Duwamish, 733
86. Olympia Pioneer and Democrat, April 21, 1855
87. Stevens to Manypenny, May 11, 1855, Roll 1, WSIA
88. Simmons to Stevens, December 30,1855, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880, Roll 907, M234, NARA
89. William Tolmie to Lafayette McMullin, undated letter transcribed in Meeker, Pioneer Reminiscences, 447-9
90. Shaw,"Did Leschi Sign?"
91. Sydney Ford, Sr., to Stevens, October 10,1856, Roll 16, WSIA
92. Lucile McDonald, "Michael T. Simmons," Seattle Times, June 1,1958
93. Stevens, Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 2:254-9
94. See also George L. Miller, Fox Island: A History (Fox Island, Wash.: Fox Island Historical Society, 1993): 14-17
95. See "Mrs. James Hartman," in Robert A. Bennett, ed., A Small World of Our Own: Authentic Pioneer Stories of the Pacific Northwest from the Old Settlers Contest of 1892 (Walla Walla, Wash.: Pioneer Press Books, 1985): 9-19
96. and Wilkinson, Messages from Frank's Landing, 16-17
97. Fox Island council minutes, FICM-Tacoma
98. Kent D. Richards, "Agrarianism, United States Indian Policy, and the Muckleshoot Indian Reservation," in William L. Lang, ed. Centennial West: Essays on the Northern Tier States (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991): 39-58
99. See Alexandra Harmon, Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998)
100. Charles Wilkinson, Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005)
101. and Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984)