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Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 83-118

Blood and covenant: Interpretive elaboration on genesis 9.4-6 in the book of Jubilees

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EID: 60950545199     PISSN: 09518207     EISSN: 17455286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0951820706061454     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 77956460875 scopus 로고
    • Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies
    • On 'rewritten Bible', see Geza Vermes, Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies (SPB, 4; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1961), pp. 65-126. Vermes, who coined the designation 'rewritten Bible', identifies as examples of this genre such ancient Jewish works as Jubilees and the Genesis Apocryphon, as well as the late haggadic midrash, Sefer ha-Yashar (c. eleventh century CE). Each of these works presents the results of the interpretation of biblical texts in a new 'biblical' form
    • (1961) SPB , vol.4 , pp. 65-126
    • Vermes, G.1
  • 2
    • 34547655342 scopus 로고
    • For further helpful discussion of this category of literature and the identification of texts that belong to it, see Philip S. Alexander, 'Retelling the Old Testament', in D.A. Carson and H.G.M. Williamson (eds.), It is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture: Essays in Honour of Barnabas Lindars, SSF (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 99-121
    • (1988) Retelling the Old Testament , pp. 99-121
    • Alexander, P.S.1
  • 3
    • 80054340649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation as Primordial Writing; Jubilees and its Authority Conferring Strategies
    • For further bibliography and a cautionary discussion of the category, see Hindy Najman, 'Interpretation as Primordial Writing; Jubilees and its Authority Conferring Strategies', JSJ 30 (1999), pp. 379-410 (406-409)
    • (1999) JSJ , vol.30 , pp. 379-410
    • Najman, H.1
  • 4
    • 0000625099 scopus 로고
    • Consumption of the Blood and its Covering in the Priestly and Rabbinic Traditions
    • Hebrew,
    • See Cana Werman, 'Consumption of the Blood and its Covering in the Priestly and Rabbinic Traditions', Tarbiz 63 (1993-94), pp. 173-83 (Hebrew)
    • (1993) Tarbiz , vol.63 , pp. 173-183
    • Werman, C.1
  • 5
    • 61949257704 scopus 로고
    • The Rules of Consuming and Covering the Blood in Priestly and Rabbinic Law
    • idem, 'The Rules of Consuming and Covering the Blood in Priestly and Rabbinic Law', RQ 16 (1993-95), pp. 621-36
    • (1993) RQ , vol.16 , pp. 621-636
  • 6
    • 60949920108 scopus 로고
    • The Story of the Flood in the Book of Jubilees
    • Hebrew
    • idem, 'The Story of the Flood in the Book of Jubilees', Tarbiz 64 (1994-95), pp. 183-202 (Hebrew)
    • (1994) Tarbiz , vol.64 , pp. 183-202
  • 7
    • 60949162640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis 1-11 in the Book of Jubilees
    • Leiden: E.J. Brill
    • Jacques T.A.G.M. van Ruiten, Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis 1-11 in the Book of Jubilees (JSJSup, 66; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000), pp. 181-305, passim
    • (2000) JSJSup , vol.66 , pp. 181-305
    • Jacques, T.A.G.M.1    Van Ruiten2
  • 8
  • 9
    • 79955352559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the heavenly tablets and the independent authority of Jubilees, see Najman, 'Interpretation', pp. 379-410
    • Interpretation , pp. 379-410
    • Najman1
  • 10
    • 79955180005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This article is part of a larger project exploring how ancient Jewish texts (before and after 70 CE) represent and interpret pre-Sinai sacrificial practice
    • This article is part of a larger project exploring how ancient Jewish texts (before and after 70 CE) represent and interpret pre-Sinai sacrificial practice
  • 12
    • 79955256574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SA
    • and James C. VanderKam (The Book of Jubilees [CSCO, 151; SA, 88; Leuven: Peeters, 1989] [hereafter cited as SA 88]), and also referred to the German translations of Enno Littmann ('Das Buch der Jubiläen', in Emil Kautzsch [ed.], Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments [2 vols.; repr., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1962 (1900)], 11, pp. 31 -119)
    • The Book of Jubilees [CSCO] , vol.151 , pp. 88
    • Vanderkam, J.C.1
  • 13
    • 79953623823 scopus 로고
    • Unterwiesung in erzählender Form: Das Buch der Jubiläen
    • and Klaus Berger (Unterwiesung in erzählender Form: Das Buch der Jubiläen [JSHRZ, 2.3; Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus/Gerd Mohn, 1981])
    • (1981) JSHRZ
    • Berger, K.1
  • 14
    • 79955324246 scopus 로고
    • The External Books [2 vols.; Jerusalem: Makor]
    • and the modern Hebrew rendering by Mosheh Goldmann ('The Book of Jubilees', in Abraham Kahana [ed.], The External Books [2 vols.; Jerusalem: Makor, 1978], I, pp. 216-313). I have referred to the fragments of the Latin version as they are included by Charles in his edition of the Ethiopie text (Mashafa Kufālē)
    • (1978) The Book of Jubilees , vol.1 , pp. 216-313
    • Kahana, A.1
  • 15
    • 79955196594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (in H.W. Attridge et al. [eds.]
    • I have referred to the Hebrew text of Jubilees whenever it is extant in the Qumran fragments published by James C. Vander-Kam (in H.W. Attridge et al. [eds.], Qumran Cave 4. VIII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 1 [DJD, 13; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994]). All translations of the Hebrew are my own, unless otherwise indicated
    • Qumran Cave , vol.4
    • Vander-Kam, J.C.1
  • 18
    • 79955326998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also van Ruiten, Primaeval History, p. 219 n. 6. 1 have accepted the minority reading, and would suggest that the majority reading emerged as a scribal 'correction' directed at what appeared to be an unnecessary repetition
    • Primaeval History , pp. 219
    • Van, R.1
  • 19
    • 60950575071 scopus 로고
    • The Righteousness of Noah
    • VanderKam, 'The Righteousness of Noah', in John J. Collins and George W.E. Nickelsburg (eds.), Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1980), pp. 13-32 (20)
    • (1980) Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism , Issue.20 , pp. 13-32
    • Vanderkam1
  • 20
    • 60950539093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the manipulation of the blood of the as a distinctive priestly duty and a ritual index (marker) of status, see Gilders, Blood Ritual, pp. 109-41
    • Blood Ritual , pp. 109-141
    • Gilders1
  • 21
    • 79955289617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • e.g., Lev. 6.23 (EV 6.30); 16.15-20, 27; 17.11.
    • See, e.g., Lev. 6.23 (EV 6.30); 16.15-20, 27; 17.11
  • 24
    • 84886603333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charles, Jubilees, p. 49, note on Jub. 6.2. The explanations of VanderKam and Charles require some modification, since both incorrectly assume that the hiphil and niphal forms of the verb themselves indicate that the earth became polluted. Rather, it seems that the author of Jubilees interpreted the verbs in this way in the light of Num. 35.33-34. That is, understanding 'corruption' to refer to 'pollution'
    • Jubilees , pp. 49
    • Charles1
  • 26
    • 63549091321 scopus 로고
    • Midrash and Allegory
    • For a useful discussion of pre-modern approaches to scripture as 'a self-glossing book' (with special reference to rabbinic midrash), see Gerald L. Bruns, 'Midrash and Allegory', in Frank Kermode and Robert Alter (eds.), The Literary Guide to the Bible (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 625-46 (626-27)
    • (1986) The Literary Guide to the Bible , pp. 625-646
    • Bruns, G.L.1
  • 28
    • 60950740108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflections on the Covenant with Noah
    • For a helpful discussion of this point, see James Barr, 'Reflections on the Covenant with Noah', in A.D.H. Mayes and R.B. Salters (eds.), Covenant as Context: Essays in Honour of E. W. Nicholson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 11-22
    • (2003) Covenant as Context: Essays in Honour of E. W. Nicholson , pp. 11-22
    • Barr, J.1
  • 29
    • 84969176548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charles adds 'beast' here in parentheses and suggests that the word 'ensesā ('beast') was omitted here before 'ahašešo ('I will seek for it'), which it resembles (Jubilees, p. 50, note on v. 7). Wintermute, similarly, adds 'creature' ('Jubilees', p. 66)
    • Jubilees , pp. 66
  • 30
    • 60950660631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Van Ruiten (Primaeval History) frequently notes verbal collocations, but does not, in my view, give sufficient attention to the specific roles these collocations play in Jubilees ' construction of new compositions from various elements drawn from biblical base texts
    • Primaeval History
    • Ruiten, V.1
  • 31
    • 80054416782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • My thinking on this issue was stimulated by Hindy Najman's discussion of how Jubilees functions as 'rewritten Bible' in relation to its biblical source texts ('Interpretation as Primordial Writing', pp. 406-409)
    • Interpretation as Primordial Writing , pp. 406-409
  • 33
    • 84969176548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wintermute, 'Jubilees', p. 66. While Charles' punctuation of the text is possible, the structure of the parallel formulation at Jub. 7.32 speaks against it
    • Jubilees , pp. 66
    • Wintermute1
  • 34
    • 79954011178 scopus 로고
    • Textual and Historical Studies in the Book of Jubilees
    • The citation here differs from what appears at Gen. 9.6 in the Ethiopic Bible, which follows LXX. See James C. VanderKam, Textual and Historical Studies in the Book of Jubilees (HSM, 14; Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1977), p. 148
    • (1977) HSM , vol.14 , pp. 148
    • Vanderkam, J.C.1
  • 38
    • 79955315619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • preferred this reading
    • idem, Mashafa Kufālē, p. 23 n. 22) preferred this reading
    • Kufālē , Issue.22 , pp. 23
    • Vanderkam, M.1
  • 39
    • 79955292781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Or, 'for themselves'. One MS (38 [D]) has 'for you (mp)'. Another (12 [A]) has 'for him'. Charles preferred the reading of MS A in his edition of the Ethiopic text (see Mashafa Kufālē, p. 23 n, 25). In his 1902 English translation, however, he opted for the reading of MS D and commented, 'The reading of d is to be preferred on the ground of the parallelism', citing Littmann as the source for this reasoning
    • Mashafa Kufālē , pp. 23
  • 41
    • 61949248894 scopus 로고
    • The Sacrificial System of the Temple Scroll and the Book of Jubilees
    • Pace Lawrence Schiffman ('The Sacrificial System of the Temple Scroll and the Book of Jubilees', SBLSP 24 [1985], pp. 217-33 [219]), who claims that Noah is identified as the beneficiary of the sacrifices. Schiffman seems to have been misled by Charles' English translation. He quotes the translation 'seek forgiveness on your behalf and glosses 'your' as indicating Noah. However, as I have noted, the Ethiopie text has a second person plural rather than a second person singular pronominal suffix. Furthermore, the context makes it clear that Moses is still being addressed. Thus, Schiffman is mistaken in his claim that the text 'refers to Noah whose transgression (which takes place in Jub. 7.6-9) is to be expiated eternally by Israel's daily sacrifice' (p. 219 n. 14)
    • (1985) SBLSP , vol.24 , pp. 217-233
    • Schiffman, P.L.1
  • 42
    • 79955302142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • God's covenants with Abraham are also made in the third month
    • 14.1-20 (esp. 14.20); 15.1-11
    • God's covenants with Abraham are also made in the third month. See Jub. 14.1-20 (esp. 14.20); 15.1-11
    • Jub.
  • 44
    • 84966129285 scopus 로고
    • The Calendar of the Book of Jubilees and the Bible
    • On Jubilees ' calendar Leiden; E.J. Brill
    • On Jubilees ' calendar, see Joseph M, Baumgarten, 'The Calendar of the Book of Jubilees and the Bible', in his Studies in Qumran Law (SJLA, 24; Leiden; E.J. Brill, 1977), pp. 101-14
    • (1977) Studies in Qumran Law (SJLA) , vol.24 , pp. 101-114
    • Baumgarten, J.M.1
  • 46
    • 79955187151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Origin, Character, and Early History of the 364-Day Calendar: A Reassessment of Jaubert's Hypotheses
    • Leiden: E.J. Brill
    • James C. Vander-Kam, 'The Origin, Character, and Early History of the 364-Day Calendar: A Reassessment of Jaubert's Hypotheses', in idem, From Revelation to Canon: Studies in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (JSJSup, 62; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000), pp. 81-104)
    • (2000) From Revelation to Canon: Studies in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (JSJSup , vol.62 , pp. 81-104
    • Vander-Kam, J.C.1
  • 49
    • 61249711837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where did Noah Place the Blood? A Textual Note on Jubilees 7.4
    • All Ethiopic manuscripts read šegā ('meat'), but this is nonsensical. The Ethiopic reading almost certainly resulted from confusion between ('horns') and ('meat') in the Greek version. The original Hebrew, therefore, read 'horns' , and I have emended the Ethiopie accordingly. See William K. Gilders, 'Where did Noah Place the Blood? A Textual Note on Jubilees 7.4', JBL 124 (2005), pp. 745-49
    • (2005) JBL , vol.124 , pp. 745-749
    • Gilders, W.K.1
  • 50
    • 79955341220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is also Werman's conclusion ('Story of the Flood', 190)
    • Story of the Flood , pp. 190
  • 53
    • 79955315608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 24.7-8 and the danger of exposed blood, see Gilders
    • On Ezek. 24.7-8 and the danger of exposed blood, see Gilders, Blood Ritual, pp. 24, 143-45
    • Blood Ritual
    • Ezek, O.1
  • 56
    • 85058917695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Prohibitions Concerning the Eating of Blood in Leviticus 17
    • Baruch J. Schwartz suggests that preventing the consumption of the blood is the rationale for the provision in its original context in Lev. 17.13 ('The Prohibitions Concerning the "Eating" of Blood in Leviticus 17', in Gary A. Anderson and Saul M. Olyan (eds.), Priesthood and Cult in Ancient Israel [JSOTSup, 125; Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991], pp. 34-66 [62])
    • JSOTSup , pp. 125
    • Anderson, G.A.1    Olyan, S.M.2
  • 60
    • 79955241066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Hebrew text of this verse is not extant. For VanderKam's retroversion of the Ethiopie to Hebrew, see DJD 13, p. 51
    • DJD , vol.13 , pp. 51


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