Oregon, Illahee, and the empire republic: A case study of American colonialism, 1843-1858

Western Historical Quarterly

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 157-178

  Whaley, Gray H ^a  

^a WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60950428959     PISSN: 00433810     EISSN: 19398603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/25443145     Document Type: Article

References (91)

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13. See Johnson and Graham's Lessee v. William McIntosh (1823) in Documents of United States Indian Policy, ed. Francis Paul Prucha, 2d ed. (Lincoln, 1990), 35-7.
14. Lottie LeGett Gutley, ed. , Genealogical Material in Oregon: Provisional Land Claims, abstracted, volumes 1-VIII, 1845-1849 (Portland, OR, 1982);
15. William Bowen, "The Oregon Frontiersman: A Demographic View," in The Western Shore: Oregon Country Essays Honoring the American Revolution, ed. Thomas Vaughan (Portland, 1976), 181-98;
16. Frederick V. Holman, "A Brief History of the Oregon Provisional Government and What Caused Its Formation," Oregon Historical Quarterly 13, no. 2 (1912): 89-139.
17. Under the provisional government, claims larger than 640 acres were usually business partnerships; see Gurley, Genealogical Material, vol. 1 for examples.
18. For value consideration, see 4:110.
19. For indentures and crop liens, see 4:89, 90; 6:163; 7:196.
20. See also, Clatsop Plains, Anson Dart to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 7 November 1851
21. C. F. Coan, "The First Stage of the Federal Indian Policy in the Pacific Northwest," Oregon Historical Quarterly 22 (Spring 1921): 66.
22. For republican ideals, see David Alan Johnson, Founding the Far West: California, Oregon, and Nevada, 1840-1890 (Berkeley, 1992), 180-7, 270.
23. For market economy, see Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City & the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York, 1984);
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27. Holman, "A Brief History," 110-1.
28. David D. Smits, "'Squaw Men,' 'Half-Breeds,' and Amalgamators: Late Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Attitudes toward Indian-White Race-Mixing," American Indian Culture and Research Journal 15, no. 3 (1991): 29-61;
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31. Tomas Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (Berkeley, 1994).
32. Organic Laws of Oregon (article 2, part 10) quoted in Rueben Gold Thwaites, ed. , Early Western Travels, 1748-1846, vol. 30 (Cleveland, 1906), 306.
33. Lansford W. Hastings, The Emigrant's Guide to Oregon and California (1846; reprint, New York, 1969), 105, 113;
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37. Puget Sound Agent M. T. Simmons to Superintendent Nesmith, 30 June 1858, in U. S. Senate, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1858, 35th Cong. , 2d Sess. , 1858, S. Ex. Doc. 1, Serial 974, 224.
38. For the Fort Vancouver population as "mongrel," see Palmer, Journal of Travels, 100.
39. John Minto, "Early Days of Oregon," p. 9, MS P-A 50, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
40. U. S. Bureau of the Census, 8th United States Census, 1860 (Washington, DC, 1860);
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42. The 1843 law entitled singles to 640 acres, but by 1850 such was for married couples only, United States Statutes at Large, 31st Cong. , 1st Sess. , Chap. 76, 1850, sec. 4.
43. "Louis Vandolf, plaintiff, v. Daniel Otis, defendent," Supreme Court of Oregon, 1 Ore. 153, 1854, Ore. LEXIS 24.
44. Gray H. Whaley, "Creating Oregon from Illahee: Race, Settler-Colonialism, and Native Sovereignty in Western Oregon, 1792-1856" (PhD diss. , University of Oregon, 2002), 273-9
45. and John P. Harrington, The Papers of John Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Collection, 1907-1957, vol. 1, ed. Elaine L. Millis (Millwood, NY, 1981), reel 25: frame 943 and reel 24: frame 694.
46. Congressional Globe, 31st Cong. , 1st Sess. , 28 May 1850, 1079
47. and "Who May Be Citizens of the United States," Harper's Weekly, 15 May 1858, 306.
48. Janice K. Duncan, Minority without a Champion: Kanakas on the Pacific Coast, 1788-1850 (Portland, 1972), 15-6.
49. Kanaka Flats Inventory, April 12, 1865, Takelma Indians File, Southern Oregon Historical Society, Medford, OR.
50. Quoted in Bowen, "The Oregon Frontiersman," 183.
51. Table Rock (Jacksonville, OR) Sentinel, 21 December 1857.
52. George H. Hines, ed. , "Diary of Samuel Royal Thurston," Oregon Historical Quarterly 15, no. 3 (1914): 171-3, 175-6, 179-88, 191-8, 200.
53. Coan, "First Stage of Federal Indian Policy," 65.
54. United States Statutes at Large, 27th Cong. , 1st Sess. , Chap. 16, 1841.
55. Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1789-1873, 31st Cong. , 1st Sess. , 29 May 1850, 978-9
56. and Senate Executive Journal in the following: 31st Cong. , 1st Sess. , 6 May 1850, 324;
57. 32d Cong. , 1st Sess. , 6 August 1852, 434;
58. 33d Cong. , 1st Sess. , 9 March 1854, 262.
59. Congressional Globe, 31st Cong. , 2d Sess. , 13 January 1851, 103.
60. Elmer G. Million, "Frontier Legal Process: Parrish vs. Gray, 1846," Oregon Historical Quarterly 73 (September 1972): 245-56
61. and "Treaty with Lower Band of Chinook," 9 August 1851 in Coan, "First Stage of Federal Indian Policy," 69-70.
62. Ronald Spores, "Too Small a Place: The Removal of the Willamette Valley Indians, 1850-1856," American Indian Quarterly 17 (Spring 1993): 171-93.
63. Allan Richardson, "The Control of Productive Resources on the Northwest Coast of North America," in Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter-Gatherers, ed. Nancy M. Williams and Eugene S. Hunn (Boulder, CO, 1982), 93-112.
64. A. L. Kroeber and E. W. Gifford, "World Renewal, A Cult System of Native Northwest California," University of California Publications in Anthropological Records 13, no. 1 (1952): 1-155;
65. Cora Dubois, Tututni (Rogue River) Fieldnotes, Frames 307-44, Reel 6, Microfilm 2216, MS CU-23. 1, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley;
66. Robert Kentta, cultural resources director, Confederated Tribes of Siletz, e-mail message to Gray H. Whaley, 19 August 2004;
67. Dr. George B. Wasson, Jr. , Coquille Indian Tribe, personal conversation with Gray H. Whaley, 12 July 2004.
68. Verne Frederick Ray, "Lower Chinook Ethnographic Notes," University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 7, no. 2 (1938): 79, 84.
69. Yvonne P. Hajda, "Regional Social Organization in the Greater Lower Columbia, 1792-1830" (PhD diss. , University of Washington, 1984), 2.
70. Robert Boyd, People of the Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission: A Historical Ethnography Based on the Papers of the Methodist Missionaries (Lincoln, 1996).
71. Palmer to CIA, 23 June 1853, in Robbins, "Extinguishing Indian Land Title," 14.
72. U. S. House, "Report of J. Ross Browne on Indian Affairs in the Territories of Oregon and Washington, 1857," 35th Cong. , 1st Sess. , 1858, H. Ex. Doc. 38, Serial 955, 44-7.
73. Stephen Dow Beckham, The Indians of Western Oregon: This Land Was Theirs (Coos Bay, OR, 1977), 95-6.
74. Abe Logan regarding Megwin and Joshua Tututni peoples in Philip Drucker, Field Notes 1934, vol. 3, 30, 31, file 78, MS 4516, Southwest Oregon Research Project, Knight Library, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.
75. Albert Samuel Gatschet, The Klamath Indians of Southwestern Oregon (Washington, DC, 1890);
76. Leslie Spier, "Klamath Ethnography," University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 30 (1930): 51-3;
77. Theodore Stern, "The Klamath Indians and the Treaty of 1864," Oregon Historical Quarterly 57 (September 1956): 229-73.
78. Isaac J. Stevens, Hazard Stevens, AX 42/8/22, 1956, pg. 4, Council Notes, Klickatat Indians, Indian Treaty File, Knight Library, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.
79. Alexandra Harmon, Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound (Berkeley, 1998).
80. James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds. , Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography: A School of American Research Advanced Seminar (Berkeley, 1986).
81. Harlow Zinser Head, "The Oregon Donation Acts: Background, Development and Application" (master's thesis, University of Oregon, 1969), 65-70.
82. James M. Bergquist, "The Oregon Donation Act and the National Land Policy," Oregon Historical Quarterly 58 (March 1957): 29
83. and Abstracts of Oregon Donation Land Claims, 1852-1903, reels 1-3, General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, National Archives, Washington, DC.
84. Head, The Oregon Donation Acts, 70.
85. Abstracts of Oregon Donation Land Claims, reels 1-3, certificates 44, 57, 79, 376, 380.
86. United States Statutes at Large, 31st Cong. , 1st Sess. , Chap. 76, 1850, sections 5 and 8.
87. Congressional Globe, 33d Cong. , 1st Sess. , 4 May 1854, 1076.
88. Stephen Dow Beckham, Requiem for a People: The Rogue Indians and the Frontiersmen (1971; reprint, Corvallis, 1996);
89. E. A. Schwartz, The Rogue River Indian War and Its Aftermath, 1850-1980 (Norman, 1997);
90. Whaley, "Creating Oregon from Illahee. "
91. William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, KS, 1994).