Was there a revival of logical studies in eighteenth-century Egypt?

Welt des Islams

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-19

  El Rouayheb, Khaled ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 60950182116     PISSN: 00432539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1570060053628034     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. See Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800-1914 (London & New York, 1981), 2-10;
2. th Centuries: An Introduction (New York & London, 1984), 5-9.
3. See Peter Gran, Islamic Roots of Capitalism: Egypt 1760-1840 (Austin & London, 1978),
4. and Reinhardt Schulze's articles "Das islamische achtzehnte Jahrhundert", WI 30 (1990): 140-159;
5. and "Was ist die islamische Aufklärung?", WI 36 (1996): 276-325.
6. For a critical review of Gran's book, followed by Gran's reply, see F. De Jong, "On Peter Gran, Islamic Roots of Capitalism: Egypt, 1760-1840", IJMES 14 (1982): 381-92.
7. For a recent overview of the scholarly controversy surrounding Schulze's thesis, see S. Reichmuth, "Arabic Literature and Islamic Scholarship in the 17th/18th Centuries: Topics and Biographies: Introduction", WI, 43 (2002): 281-88.
8. nd edition, Leiden: Brill, 1954-), 7:445,
9. and S. Reichmuth, "Murtadcombining dot belowā az-Zabīdī (d.1791): Biographical and Autobiographical Accounts: Glimpses of Islamic Scholarship in the 18th Century", WI, 39 (1999), 64-102.
10. Zabīdī, Ithcombining dot belowāf, 1:183.
11. I follow the translation of M. Watt, The Faith and Practice of al-Ghazali (London, 1953), 35-36.
12. Damanhūrī, Īdcombining dot belowāhcombining dot below al-mubham, 32-33.
13. Yūsuf al-Hcombining dot belowafnī, Hcombining dot belowāshiya 'alā Sharhcombining dot below Īsāghū jī (Cairo, 1302AH), p. 10. In vocalizing the nisba, I follow Zabīdī's Tāj al-'arūs, rather than modern Egyptian vocalization, thus Hcombining dot belowafnī rather than Hcombining dot belowifnī, and - below - Manūfī, Dasūqī and Ujhūrī rather than Minūfi, Disūqī and Ajhūrī.
14. Bājūrī's commentary on al-Sullam al-murawnaq was repeatedly printed in the 19th and early 20th century, see Fihris al-kutub al-'arabiyya al-mahcombining dot belowfūzcombining dot belowa bi-l-kutubkhāna al-khediviyya al-miscombining dot belowriyya (Cairo, 1305AH), 6:53.
15. 'Adawī wrote an esteemed supercommentary (Hcombining dot belowāshiya) on the commentary of Kharāshī on Mukhtascombining dot belowar Khalīl, an authoritative compendium of Mālikī law, see N. Cottart, "Mālikiyya", in Encylopaedia of Islam (Leiden, 1991), 6:279.
16. It was repeatedly printed in Cairo in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, see Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur (Leiden, 1937-49), 2:84 (and Suppl.).
17. Jabartī, 'Ajā'ib al-āthār fī l-tarājim wa l-akhbār (Cairo, 1279AH), 1:414-416.
18. Dasūqī, Hāshiya 'alā Sharhcombining dot below al-Shamsiyya (Cairo, 1905) 1: 2 (margins).
19. See Jabartī, 'Ajā'ib al-āthār, 1:286-287 (on Mallawī);
20. Warzāzī and Kinaksī were of Berber origin, as is revealed by Zabīdī's own mention of them in his Tāj al-'arūs in the entry on w-r-z and k-n-k-s respectively, see Zabīdī, Tāj al-'arūs, 15:371
21. Zabīdī mentions that the first name of Kinaksī was Muhcombining dot belowammad, but Jabartī consistently writes 'Abdallāh al-Kinaksī, and this is supported by Kinaksī's student Ahcombining dot belowmad al-Mallawī in his Sharhcombining dot below al-risāla al-samarqandiyya fī l-isti'ārāt (Cairo, 1287H), 15 (margin).
22. I have not found biographical entries on Kinaksī, though he appears regularly in the isnāds listed in 'Abd al-Hcombining dot belowayy al-Kattānī, Fihris al-fahāris (Beirut, 1982).
23. These isnāds reveal that he was an influential disciple of the Maghribī Shādhilī mystic 'Abdallāh al-Sharīf al-Yimlahcombining dot belowī (d.1678), see pp. 213, 749 and 932.
24. al-'Abbās al-Samlālī, al-I'lām bi-man hcombining dot belowalla Marrākush wa Aghmāt min al-a'lām, ed. by 'Abd al-Wahhāb b. Manscombining dot belowūr (Rabat, 1997), 6:33-34.
25. See Mallawī, Sharhcombining dot below al-Sullam, 34 (line 28)
26. and Scombining dot belowabbān, Hcombining dot belowāshiya, 34 (line 27).
27. On Hashtūkī, see al-Samlālī, al-I'lām, 2: 352-353;
28. Khayr al-Dīn al-Ziriklī, al-A'lām (Beirut, 1979), 1: 240.
29. Brockelmann mentions Hashtūkī's commentary in GAL, Suppl. 2: 356.
30. Note that commentaries nr. 2 (by Ahcombining dot belowmad b. Muhcombining dot belowammad al-Sūsī) and nr. 10 (by Ahcombining dot belowmad b. Muhcombining dot belowammad al-Hashtūkī) in Brockelmann's list are actually the same work. Hashtūka is south of Tcombining dot belowarūdant in the region of al-Sūs al-aqsā. Both Hashtūkī's commentary and the second commentary listed by Brockelmann are entitled al-Fathcombining dot below al-quddūsī 'alā Mukhtascombining dot belowar al-Sanūsī, see E. Fagnon, Catalogue Generale des manuscrits des bibliotheque publiques d'Alger (Paris, 1893) nr. 1410.
31. See on these works, Brockelmann, GAL, 2:463 (and Suppl.). Sa'īd Qaddūra, though of Tunisian origin, was the Mālikī Muftī of Algiers for over thirty years, and is often referred to as Sa'īd al-Jazā'irī.
32. For works (i)-(iv), see Fu'ād Sa'īd, Dār al-kutub al-miscombining dot belowriyya: Fihris al-makhtcombining dot belowūtcombining dot belowāt al-latī iqtanathā al-dār min sanat 1936-1955 (Cairo, 1961), 1:43,
33. Work (v) is mentioned in Y. Zaydān & M. Zahrān, Fihris makhtcombining dot belowūtcombining dot belowāt baladiyyat al-Iskandariyya: al-mantcombining dot belowiq (Alexandria, 2001), nr. 193.
34. Work (viii) is mentioned in Fagnon, Catalogue, nr. 1411.
35. A manuscript of the long commentary on the Sullam is extant in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, see M. Le Baron de Slane, Catalogue des Manuscrits Arabes (Paris, 1883-95), nr. 2403.
36. Heyworth-Dunne, An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt (London, 1938), p. 84 (n.5). The short commentary was repeatedly printed in Egypt in the nineteenth and twentieth century.
37. Jabartī's entries on Scombining dot belowa'īdī and Scombining dot belowabbān have been mentioned above. For Khulayfī, see Jabartī, 'Ajā'ib al-āthār, 2:259-260.
38. and the more informative entry in Muhcombining dot belowammad Khalīl al-Murādī, Silk al-durar fi a'yān al-qarn al-thānī 'ashar (Istanbul & Cairo, 1291-1301AH), 3:265.
39. Muhcombining dot belowibbī, Khulāscombining dot belowat al-athar, 3:158 (line 6).
40. The work is mentioned in the biographical entry on Yāsīn al-Hcombining dot belowimscombining dot belowī in Muhcombining dot belowibbī, Khulāscombining dot belowat al-athar, 4:492.
41. It is extant in the Princeton University Library, see R. Mach, Catalogue of the Yahuda (Garrett) Collection of Arabic Manuscripts in the Princeton University Library (Princeton, 1983), nrs. 3252 and 3253.
42. This is almost certainly the Shibanid ruler of Transoxania between 1540 and 1552, see C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties (Edinburgh, 1996), 288.
43. In the catalogue of logical works in the old Zcombining dot belowāhiriyya library in Damascus, copies of the Īsāghū jī and its commentaries and glosses outnumber the copies of the Sullam and its commentaries and glosses, see 'Abd al-Hcombining dot belowamīd Hcombining dot belowasan, Fihris makhtcombining dot belowūtcombining dot belowāt Dār al-Kutub al-Dāhiriyyah: al-falsafa wa al-mantcombining dot belowiq wa d̄dāb al-bahcombining dot belowth (Damascus, 1970), 86-104 (copies of Īsāghūjī)
44. A student of Yūsī wrote that he studied this work at his hands, see al-Samlālī, al-I'lām, 3:161.
45. Yūsī's student, Ahcombining dot belowmad al- Wallālī (d.1716) wrote a commentary on Khūnajī's work, see Muhcombining dot belowammad b. al-Tcombining dot belowayyib al-Qādirī, Nashr al-mathānī li-ahl al-qarn al-hcombining dot belowādī 'ashar wa al-thānī, ed. by M. Hcombining dot belowajjī and A. Tcombining dot belowawfīq (Rabat, 1986), 3: 229-230.
46. Mallawī refers to Sanūsī's commentary on Ibn 'Arafa in Sharhcombining dot below al-Sullam, p.73 (margin),
47. The advanced handbooks used, such as Kātibī's Shamsiyya or Khūnajī's Jumal belonged to the Avicennian logical tradition, as shown in Tony Street, "Arabic Logic", in J. Woods & D. Gabbay (eds.), Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Logic, vol. 1 (New-Holland, forthcoming). I am grateful to Dr Street for making a copy of his work available to me prior to publication.
48. Hallaq, Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians, xlviii-xlix.
49. Schulze mentions Zabīdī in "Was ist die islamische Aufklärung?", pp. 298 (n.53) and 314. In "Das islamische achtzehnte Jahrhundert" he suggests that the eighteenth-century "renaissance" in hcombining dot belowadīth studies, with which Zabīdī is usually associated, could be understood as part of an onslaught against established scholastic tradition.
50. G.L. Lewis, Kātib Chelebī: The Balance of Truth (London, 1957), p.136.
51. Zabīdī, Ithcombining dot belowāf al-sāda al-muttaqīn, 1:181.
52. Schulze, "Das islamische achtzehnte Jahrhundert", 156-157.
53. Qādirī, Nashr al-mathānī, 3: 9-10.
54. Sanūsī, Sharhcombining dot below Umm al-barāhīn (Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-'ilmiyyah, 2001), 293.
55. Gran, Islamic Roots of Capitalism, 57-75.
56. Gran's statement (p. 145) that Scombining dot belowabbān's glosses on Mallawī's commentary on the Sullam devotes only two pages to syllogism (qiyās) and is mostly devoted to hcombining dot belowadīth, is bizarre. A third of the work (ca. 50 pages) is devoted to syllogisms (see Scombining dot belowabbān, Hcombining dot belowāshiya, 110ff) and there is practically no mention of hcombining dot belowadīth except in the glosses on the religious formulae in the preface of the work.
57. Hasan al-'Atcombining dot belowtcombining dot belowār, Hcombining dot belowāshiya 'alā Sharhcombining dot below Jam' al-jawāmi' (Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-'ilmiyyah, 1999), 2:531-532.
58. See Fihris al-khizāna al-khediviyya, 6:62, 79, 82-84, 85, 87.