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Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 241-271

Who's afraid of Marie-Antoinette? Diplomacy, austrophobia and the queen

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EID: 60950136998     PISSN: 02691191     EISSN: 14774542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/fh/14.3.241     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (43)

References (174)
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    • Dévot support for a Prussian alliance did lapse at times, for example when Frederick the Great marched into Saxony at the start of the Seven Years War and brutalized the family of the dévot Dauphine, Marie-Josèphe of Saxony, whose mother died as a result. In 1759, Général-Major de Martange wrote to Prince Xavier, Marie-Josèphe's brother, that Saxony's hopes rested on Frederick's humiliation: C. Bréard (ed.), Correspondance inédite du Général-Major de Martange (1898), p. 85
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    • and E. Lever, Marie-Antoinette (1991) have at least the rare virtue of fully citing their sources
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    • Thus Choiseul wrote to the marquis de Durfort, French ambassador to Vienna, on 18 May 1768, that it was clear 'combien peu la C[our]. de Vienne est disposée à concourir à ce qui peut procurer quelque avantage à la France'. A[rchives du Ministère des] A[ffaires] E[trangères] C[orrespondance] P[olitique] Autriche 309 fo. 218. On the proposed marriage of Louis XV to a Habsburg princess: A. d'Arneth and J. Flammermont (eds.), Correspondance secrète du comte de Mercy-Argenteau avec l'empereur Joseph II et le prince Kaunitz (2 vols., 1891), ii. 348-9. I have modernized some of the spelling and punctuation in quotations taken from manuscript sources
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    • This may be true, but it is unlikely this popularity was instantly manufactured, given the effusive outpouring of support for him at that time from many sources: H. Verdier, Le duc de Choiseul: la politique et les plaisirs (1969), pp. 227-8
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    • Marie-Antoinette was specifically addressed in a poem written on behalf of the maidens of Salency as a 'young Sovereign, so deservedly adored by all Frenchmen . . . who graces the throne with all the virtues.' Quoted in Maza, Private lives, pp. 110-11
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    • On the visit, see also Mercy-Argenteau's report of 16 June 1773 to Maria-Theresa in Arneth and Geffroy, Correspondance secrète, i. 465-7
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    • The queen's early popularity would be remembered long after it had expired; thus one verse would recall at the time of her execution that 'Jadis, l'on vous a trop aimé parmi le peuple,/ Qui trop élevait jusqu'aux cieux des malheureux.' G. Walter (ed.), Actes du tribunal ré volutionnaire (1968), p. 140
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    • Indianapolis and New York
    • Edmund Burke would remember her at this time as 'glittering like the morning star, full of life and splendor and joy' in a celebrated passage from his Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis and New York, 1955), pp. 85-6
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    • which had a deep impact on British readers: L. Colley, Britons: forging the nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven, Conn. and London, 1992), pp. 252-6
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    • See the funeral éloge of Marie-Thérèse of Spain, wife of Louis XIV, which noted how 'dès le moment qu'elle fut mariée avec le Roy, estant d'Infante devenue Reine de France, elle quitta les moeurs de son pais pour s'asujettir à nos manières: Une Pistole d'Espagne qui sous le balancier des monnoyes change de figure, & devient un Louis d'or.'Claude-François Menestrier, Description de la Décoration Funèbre de Saint Denis Pour les Obsèques de la Reine (1683), p. 9
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    • Mouffle d'Angerville, La vie privée de Louis XV (4 vols., London, 1781), iv. 186-7. I have examined the affair and its implications in 'The first misstep: the marriage of Marie-Antoinette, the house of Lorraine, and the affair of the minuet', unpub. paper to the Society for French Historical Studies, 20 March 1999
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    • The background to this development was the curious complot de la Bastille, recounted by Antoine in Louis XV, pp. 974-81
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    • ed. G. B. Volz et al., 46 vols., Berlin
    • Frederick the Great's ultimately unavailing efforts to penetrate the nature of Marie-Antoinette's influence on state affairs are particularly interesting. From all he could learn, she had no talent for politics, and yet Louis unaccountably preserved the Austrian alliance, an outcome that Frederick could only attribute to a hidden influence on her part: 'Comme cette Princesse n'entre pour rien dans les affaires du gouvernement, il faut qu'elle ait su prendre un ascendant sur l'esprit de son époux qui nous est inconnu et qui lui donne une influence indirecte dans les affaires.' Letter of Frederick the Great to the baron de Goltz, 27 March 1777, in Frederick II, Politische Correspondenz Friedrichs des Grossen ed. G. B. Volz et al. (46 vols., Berlin, 1879-1939), xxxix. 130
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    • Un nouveau patriotisme français, 1750-1770: la France face à la puissance anglaise à l'époque de la guerre de Sept Ans
    • Of course, far less flattering images of England mingled with those exemplified by this begrudging compliment. E. Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme français, 1750-1770: la France face à la puissance anglaise à l'époque de la guerre de Sept Ans, in Studies on Voltaire and the eighteenth century, 365 (1998)
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    • The latter scheme involved collusion between the queen and the Cardinal de Rohan to feed information about the decisions of the Conseil d'État to Joseph. The queen's dislike of Rohan was allegedly feigned, and when the king found out about the leakage of information and reproached his wife, Marie-Antoinette pretended to be pregnant. A. Söderhjelm (ed.), Fersen et Marie-Antoinette: correspondance et journal intime inédits du comte Axel de Fersen (1930), p. 107
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    • Les Girondins et la guerre: les débuts de l'Assemblée législative
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    • 26 April
    • Le Moniteur Universel, vol. 4, no. 116 (26 April 1790), 209-12
    • (1790) Le Moniteur Universel , vol.4 , Issue.116 , pp. 209-212
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    • 6-12 April
    • See the interpretation in Révolutions de Paris, no. 39 (6-12 April 1790), 64-73
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    • Les correspondances des agents diplomatiques étrangers en France avant la
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    • J. Flammermont, Les correspondances des agents diplomatiques étrangers en France avant la Révolution (1896), pp. 51ff
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    • 15 October
    • Annales patriotiques, no. 13 (15 October 1789), 3
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    • Baltimore, Md and London
    • On the reluctance of some radicals to indict the queen: J. R. Censer, Prelude to power: the Parisian radical press, 1789-1791 (Baltimore, Md and London, 1976), pp. 96-8. I am not sure the reluctance was so strong and widespread as Censer indicates, but I believe he is right to suggest that hopes persisted she might change her ways
    • (1976) Prelude to Power: The Parisian Radical Press, 1789-1791 , pp. 96-98
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    • 1-8 May, n. 1
    • Révolutions de Paris, no. 43 (1-8 May 1790), 266 n. 1
    • (1790) Révolutions de Paris , Issue.43 , pp. 266
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    • 20 Dec.
    • AN D 29bis 16 no. 174, letter from M. Thirion, Thionville, 20 Dec. 1790
    • (1790) Thionville
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    • 29 July, Ibid. vol. 5 no. 210 (29 July 1790), 246
    • Le Moniteur Universel, vol. 5, no. 210 (29 July 1790), 244-5
    • (1790) Le Moniteur Universel , vol.5 , Issue.210 , pp. 244-245
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    • 24-31 July
    • Révolutions de Paris, no. 55 (24-31 July 1790), 115
    • (1790) Révolutions de Paris , Issue.55 , pp. 115
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    • 30 July
    • Annales patriotiques, no. 301 (30 July 1790), 207
    • (1790) Annales Patriotiques , Issue.301 , pp. 207
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    • 30 July
    • Le Moniteur Universel, vol. 5, no. 211 (30 July 1790), 256
    • (1790) Le Moniteur Universel , vol.5 , Issue.211 , pp. 256
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    • 13 July
    • Annales patriotiques, no. 284 (13 July 1790), 135
    • (1790) Annales Patriotiques , Issue.284 , pp. 135
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    • 16 July
    • Le père Duchesne, no. 155 (16 July 1792), 6
    • (1792) Le Père Duchesne , Issue.155 , pp. 6
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    • 19 May
    • For the debate, see Le Moniteur Universel, vol. 11, no. 140 (19 May 1792), 418-20
    • (1792) Le Moniteur Universel , vol.11 , Issue.140 , pp. 418-420
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    • 1 July
    • See Annales patriotiques, no. 277 (1 July 1790), 86
    • (1790) Annales Patriotiques , Issue.277 , pp. 86
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    • 4 vols., 137ff, 211ff
    • Charles-François Dumouriez, La vie et les mémoires du Général Dumouriez, (4 vols., 1822-3), ii. 137ff, 211ff. The speech was published in Louis XVI, Discours du roi, prononcé à l'Assemblée nationale, le 20 avril 1792. Suivi du Rapport fait au Conseil du Roi, & prononcé à l'Assemblée nationale par son ordre, par le Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, sur notre situation politique (1792)
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    • 15 January
    • Le Moniteur Universel, vol. 11, no. 15 (15 January 1792), 120
    • (1792) Le Moniteur Universel , vol.11 , Issue.15 , pp. 120
  • 170
    • 0039323705 scopus 로고
    • trans. C. A. Phillips New York, bk 3, ch. 8
    • But it is well to note that allegations of conspiring with Austria were commonplace well into the Terror, as in the case of the 'Foreign Plot' during which Austrophobia combined with a resurgent Anglophobia. For a short account: A. Mathiez, The French Revolution, trans. C. A. Phillips (New York, 1964), bk 3, ch. 8. I have dealt with these developments in 'From the "Austrian Committee" to the "Foreign Plot": Marie-Antoinette, Austrophobia, and the Terror', unpub. paper to the Society for French Historical Studies, March 2000
    • (1964) The French Revolution
    • Mathiez, A.1


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