-
1
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0035413618
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(a) Chen, Z.; Gibson, T. B.; Robinson, F.; Silvestro, L.; Pearson, G.; Xu, B.; Wright, A.; Vanderbilt, C.; Cobb, M. H. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2449.
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Chem. Rev
, vol.101
, pp. 2449
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Chen, Z.1
Gibson, T.B.2
Robinson, F.3
Silvestro, L.4
Pearson, G.5
Xu, B.6
Wright, A.7
Vanderbilt, C.8
Cobb, M.H.9
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2
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0028935270
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(b) Raingeaud, J.; Gupta, S.; Rogers, J. S.; Dickens, M.; Han, J.; Ulevitch, R. J.; Davis, R. J. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 7420.
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J. Biol. Chem
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Raingeaud, J.1
Gupta, S.2
Rogers, J.S.3
Dickens, M.4
Han, J.5
Ulevitch, R.J.6
Davis, R.J.7
-
3
-
-
84869272205
-
-
Etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab are TNF-α blockers currently approved in the US and elsewhere for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases
-
Etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab are TNF-α blockers currently approved in the US and elsewhere for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
35348907987
-
-
(a) Gaestal, M.; Mengel, A.; Bothe, U.; Asadullah, K. Curr. Med. Chem.2007, 14, 2214.
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(2007)
Curr. Med. Chem
, vol.14
, pp. 2214
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Gaestal, M.1
Mengel, A.2
Bothe, U.3
Asadullah, K.4
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5
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33646165882
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(b) Peifer, C.; Wagner, G.; Laufer, S. A. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2006, 6, 113.
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(2006)
Curr. Top. Med. Chem
, vol.6
, pp. 113
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Peifer, C.1
Wagner, G.2
Laufer, S.A.3
-
7
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-
54549083435
-
-
Herberich, B.; Cao, G.-Q.; Chakrabarti, P. P.; Falsey, J. R.; Pettus, L.; Rzasa, R. M.; Reed, A. B.; Reichelt, A.; Sham, K.; Thaman, M.; Wurz, R. P.; Xu, S.; Zhang, D.; Hsieh, F.; Lee, M. R.; Syed, R.; Li, V.; Grosfeld, D.; Plant, M. H.; Henkle, B.; Sherman, L.; Middleton, S.; Wong, L. M.; Tasker, A. S.J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 6271.
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J. Med. Chem
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Herberich, B.1
Cao, G.-Q.2
Chakrabarti, P.P.3
Falsey, J.R.4
Pettus, L.5
Rzasa, R.M.6
Reed, A.B.7
Reichelt, A.8
Sham, K.9
Thaman, M.10
Wurz, R.P.11
Xu, S.12
Zhang, D.13
Hsieh, F.14
Lee, M.R.15
Syed, R.16
Li, V.17
Grosfeld, D.18
Plant, M.H.19
Henkle, B.20
Sherman, L.21
Middleton, S.22
Wong, L.M.23
Tasker, A.S.24
more..
-
8
-
-
84869267560
-
-
A one-pot hydrolysis/cyclization attempt under the conditions (1-BuOH, aq NaOH, 120 °C) developed for cyclizations of o-cyanobenzaldehydes (Sato, R.; Ohmori, M.; Kaitani, F.; Kurosawa, A.; Senzaki, T.; Goto, T.; Saito, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 2481) led to a complex mixture of products.
-
A one-pot hydrolysis/cyclization attempt under the conditions (1-BuOH, aq NaOH, 120 °C) developed for cyclizations of o-cyanobenzaldehydes (Sato, R.; Ohmori, M.; Kaitani, F.; Kurosawa, A.; Senzaki, T.; Goto, T.; Saito, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 2481) led to a complex mixture of products.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
64549125072
-
-
A number of inexpensive para-substituted benzoic acids or para- substituted benzoyl chlorides are readily available.
-
A number of inexpensive para-substituted benzoic acids or para- substituted benzoyl chlorides are readily available.
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
64549144536
-
-
Ph.D Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
-
(b) Metallinos, C. Development of New Directed Metalation Groups for the (-)- Sparteine-Mediated Synthesis of Ferrocenes with Planar Chirality. Ph.D Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 2001.
-
(2001)
Development of New Directed Metalation Groups for the (-)- Sparteine-Mediated Synthesis of Ferrocenes with Planar Chirality
-
-
Metallinos, C.1
-
12
-
-
21144473577
-
-
Epsztajn, J.; Brzezinski, J. Z.; Czech, K. Monatsh. Chem. 1993, 124, 549.
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(1993)
Monatsh. Chem
, vol.124
, pp. 549
-
-
Epsztajn, J.1
Brzezinski, J.Z.2
Czech, K.3
-
14
-
-
64549149672
-
-
Recent examples of ortho-functionalization of benzamides via a directed ortho-lithiation approach: (a) Olivier, A.; Sperry, J.; Larsen, U. S.; Brimble, M. A. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 3912.
-
Recent examples of ortho-functionalization of benzamides via a directed ortho-lithiation approach: (a) Olivier, A.; Sperry, J.; Larsen, U. S.; Brimble, M. A. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 3912.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
37349115572
-
-
(b) Khanolkar, A. D.; Lu, D.; Ibrahim, M., Jr.; Thakur, G. A., Jr.; Porreca, F.; Veerappan, V.; Tian, X.; George, C.; Parrish, D. A.; Papahatjis, D. P.; Makriyannis, A. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 6493.
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(2007)
J. Med. Chem
, vol.50
, pp. 6493
-
-
Khanolkar, A.D.1
Lu, D.2
Ibrahim Jr., M.3
Thakur Jr., G.A.4
Porreca, F.5
Veerappan, V.6
Tian, X.7
George, C.8
Parrish, D.A.9
Papahatjis, D.P.10
Makriyannis, A.11
-
16
-
-
35548962680
-
-
(c) Clayden, J.; Hebditch, K. R.; Read, B.; Helliwell, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 8550.
-
(2007)
Tetrahedron Lett
, vol.48
, pp. 8550
-
-
Clayden, J.1
Hebditch, K.R.2
Read, B.3
Helliwell, M.4
-
17
-
-
4344596900
-
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(d) Uchiyama, M.; Naka, H.; Matsumoto, Y.; Ohwada, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 10526.
-
(2004)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.126
, pp. 10526
-
-
Uchiyama, M.1
Naka, H.2
Matsumoto, Y.3
Ohwada, T.4
-
19
-
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0011668109
-
-
(f) Martin, C.; Macintosh, N.; Lamb, N.; Fallis, A. G. Org. Lett. 2001, 3,1021.
-
(2001)
Org. Lett
, pp. 3-1021
-
-
Martin, C.1
Macintosh, N.2
Lamb, N.3
Fallis, A.G.4
-
21
-
-
64549092234
-
-
These results confirm that kinetic basicity of LDA (as well as other lithium dialkylamides, e.g., LTMP) is insufficient for the directed ortho-metalation (DoM) reaction of aromatic carbocycles.1
-
These results confirm that kinetic basicity of LDA (as well as other lithium dialkylamides, e.g., LTMP) is insufficient for the directed ortho-metalation (DoM) reaction of aromatic carbocycles.1
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
0344887064
-
Equilibrium pK values in DMSO: Bordwell, F. G
-
and references cited therein
-
(a) Equilibrium pK values in DMSO: Bordwell, F. G. Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 21, 456, and references cited therein.
-
(1988)
Acc. Chem. Res
, vol.21
, pp. 456
-
-
-
23
-
-
84869265832
-
-
a values in water: Smith, M. B.; March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; Wiley- Interscience: New York, 2001; pp 329-331, and references cited therein.
-
a values in water: Smith, M. B.; March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; Wiley- Interscience: New York, 2001; pp 329-331, and references cited therein.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
0000006651
-
-
Narasimhan, N. S.; Sunder, N. M.; Ammanamanchi, R.; Bonde, B. D.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4431.
-
(1990)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.112
, pp. 4431
-
-
Narasimhan, N.S.1
Sunder, N.M.2
Ammanamanchi, R.3
Bonde, B.D.4
-
25
-
-
34247636039
-
-
(a) Nguyen, T.-H.; Chau, N. T. T.; Castanet, A.-S.; Nguyen, K. P. P.;Mortier, J. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3419.
-
(2007)
J. Org. Chem
, vol.72
, pp. 3419
-
-
Nguyen, T.-H.1
Chau, N.T.T.2
Castanet, A.-S.3
Nguyen, K.P.P.4
Mortier, J.5
-
26
-
-
33644752654
-
-
(b) Nguyem, T.-H.; Castanet, A.-S.; Mortier, J. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 765.
-
(2006)
Org. Lett
, vol.8
, pp. 765
-
-
Nguyem, T.-H.1
Castanet, A.-S.2
Mortier, J.3
-
27
-
-
0346992402
-
-
(c) Yang, K.; Blackman, B.; Diederich, W.;Flaherty, P. T.; Mossman, C. J.; Roy, S.; Ahn, Y. M.; Georg, G. I. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 10030.
-
(2003)
J. Org. Chem
, vol.68
, pp. 10030
-
-
Yang, K.1
Blackman, B.2
Diederich, W.3
Flaherty, P.T.4
Mossman, C.J.5
Roy, S.6
Ahn, Y.M.7
Georg, G.I.8
-
28
-
-
0025637282
-
-
Palmer, B. D.; Boyd, M.; Denny, W. A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 438.
-
(1990)
J. Org. Chem
, vol.55
, pp. 438
-
-
Palmer, B.D.1
Boyd, M.2
Denny, W.A.3
-
29
-
-
64549123387
-
-
At the end of alkyllithium addition, the reaction medium consists of at 2/3 v/v THF and 1/3 v/v alkyllithium solvent pentane, hexanes, or di- ethoxymethane
-
At the end of alkyllithium addition, the reaction medium consists of at 2/3 v/v THF and 1/3 v/v alkyllithium solvent (pentane, hexanes, or di- ethoxymethane).
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
64549103708
-
-
The molarity of the alkyllithium reagents was determined immediately prior each experiment using the 1,10-phenanthroline/menthol method: Ho-Shen,L, Paquette, L. Synth. Commun. 1994, 24, 2503
-
The molarity of the alkyllithium reagents was determined immediately prior each experiment using the 1,10-phenanthroline/menthol method: Ho-Shen,L.; Paquette, L. Synth. Commun. 1994, 24, 2503.
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
84870743065
-
-
For a more detailed summary of the experiments, see
-
For a more detailed summary of the experiments, see Table 1 in the Supporting Information.
-
1 in the Supporting Information
-
-
Table1
-
32
-
-
64549123388
-
-
The extended time required to add DMF on a larger scale was a major factor contributing to increased amounts of 17a, while use of unnecessarily strong base (tBuLi or nBuLi versus MeLi) exacerbated the issue
-
The extended time required to add DMF on a larger scale was a major factor contributing to increased amounts of 17a, while use of unnecessarily strong base (tBuLi or nBuLi versus MeLi) exacerbated the issue.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
84869267557
-
-
14b
-
14b
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
64549138348
-
-
Minimization of 17a was desirable as it could not be readily cleared from 16.
-
Minimization of 17a was desirable as it could not be readily cleared from 16.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
64549150035
-
-
The ability to agitate reaction mixtures by the end of the lithiation period. Reactions using n-butyllithium in hexanes or n-hexyllithium in hexanes tend to give thick gelatinous mixtures.
-
The ability to agitate reaction mixtures by the end of the lithiation period. Reactions using n-butyllithium in hexanes or n-hexyllithium in hexanes tend to give thick gelatinous mixtures.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
33845282521
-
-
A similar o,o-dilithioamide was postulated by: Eaton, P. E.; Cunkle,G. T.; Marchioro, G.; Martin, R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 948.
-
A similar o,o-dilithioamide was postulated by: Eaton, P. E.; Cunkle,G. T.; Marchioro, G.; Martin, R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 948.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
64549129491
-
-
An aromatic ring in a related unsubstituted isoindolone was lithiated at the position adjacent to the amide carbonyl cf. ref 8b, pp 29 and 30
-
An aromatic ring in a related unsubstituted isoindolone was lithiated at the position adjacent to the amide carbonyl (cf. ref 8b, pp 29 and 30).
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
64549158750
-
-
Accumulation of hydrazine is a safety hazard on scale
-
Accumulation of hydrazine is a safety hazard on scale.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
64549087081
-
-
2.5% of 17a by LC in the starting hydroxyindolinone 16 led to an acceptable <0.5% of 23a by LC in isolated 6-chlorophthalazin-1- ol (24).
-
2.5% of 17a by LC in the starting hydroxyindolinone 16 led to an acceptable <0.5% of 23a by LC in isolated 6-chlorophthalazin-1- ol (24).
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
3543028623
-
-
Cameron, K. S.; Pincock, A. L.; Pincock, J. A.; Thompson, A. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 4954.
-
(2004)
J. Org. Chem
, vol.69
, pp. 4954
-
-
Cameron, K.S.1
Pincock, A.L.2
Pincock, J.A.3
Thompson, A.4
-
41
-
-
4344580342
-
-
Use of transition-metal catalysts in the final step of the synthetic sequence can be complicated by issues related to removal of metal residues. For a reference, see: Garrett, C. E, Prasad, K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004, 346, 889
-
Use of transition-metal catalysts in the final step of the synthetic sequence can be complicated by issues related to removal of metal residues. For a reference, see: Garrett, C. E.; Prasad, K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004, 346, 889.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
0000006651
-
-
Halogen-lithium exchange occurs at competitive rates to deprotonation; see
-
Halogen-lithium exchange occurs at competitive rates to deprotonation; see: Narasimhan, N. S.; Sunder, N. M.; Ammanamanchi, R.; Bonde, B. D. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4431.
-
(1990)
J. Am.Chem. Soc
, vol.112
, pp. 4431
-
-
Narasimhan, N.S.1
Sunder, N.M.2
Ammanamanchi, R.3
Bonde, B.D.4
-
44
-
-
64549092325
-
-
Two protocols could be used: (1) 8, LiOH (1.0 equiv), EtOH, followed by solvent removal and oven drying, affording anhydrous solid lithium carboxylate 26; (2) 8, LiOH (1.0 equiv), 3 A molecular sieves, THF, followed by filtration, affording anhydrous THF solution of lithium carboxylate 26.
-
Two protocols could be used: (1) 8, LiOH (1.0 equiv), EtOH, followed by solvent removal and oven drying, affording anhydrous solid lithium carboxylate 26; (2) 8, LiOH (1.0 equiv), 3 A molecular sieves, THF, followed by filtration, affording anhydrous THF solution of lithium carboxylate 26.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
64549134554
-
-
tert-Butyl iodide rapidly reacts with excess tert-butyllithium to form isobutylene, isobutane, and lithium iodide.
-
tert-Butyl iodide rapidly reacts with excess tert-butyllithium to form isobutylene, isobutane, and lithium iodide.
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
84869268427
-
-
tBuLi in pentane/THF (0.9:1.0 to 0.6:1.0 v/v).
-
tBuLi in pentane/THF (0.9:1.0 to 0.6:1.0 v/v).
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
64549116222
-
-
Likely due to impeded deaggregation of tBuLi and decreased solubility of 26 in pentane-rich pentane/THF mixtures.
-
Likely due to impeded deaggregation of tBuLi and decreased solubility of 26 in pentane-rich pentane/THF mixtures.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
0037037947
-
-
Only limited examples of in situ deprotonation of a carboxylic acid followed by halogen-metal exchange with another reagent have been reported. Deprotonation with dibutylmagnesium: Kato, S, Nonoyama, N, Tomimoto, K, Mase, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7315
-
(a) Only limited examples of in situ deprotonation of a carboxylic acid followed by halogen-metal exchange with another reagent have been reported. Deprotonation with dibutylmagnesium: Kato, S.; Nonoyama, N.; Tomimoto, K.; Mase, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7315.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
34250724942
-
-
Deprotonation with methylmag- nesium bromide: Kopp, F.; Wunderlich, S.; Knochel, P. Chem. Commun. 2007, 2075.
-
(b) Deprotonation with methylmag- nesium bromide: Kopp, F.; Wunderlich, S.; Knochel, P. Chem. Commun. 2007, 2075.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
3142711543
-
-
nBuLi for both deprotonation and halogen- metal exchange has been reported for a sterically hindered benzoic acid. Wang, Q.; Qu, D.; Ren, J.; Chen, K.; Tian, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2004, 43, 2661.
-
nBuLi for both deprotonation and halogen- metal exchange has been reported for a sterically hindered benzoic acid. Wang, Q.; Qu, D.; Ren, J.; Chen, K.; Tian, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2004, 43, 2661.
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
0141645562
-
-
For a comprehensive review about the preparation of organomagnesium reagents, see: Knochel, P.; Dohle, W.; Gommermann, N.; Kneisel, F. F.; Kopp, F.; Korn, T.; Sapountzis, I.; Vu, V. A. Ansew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4302.
-
For a comprehensive review about the preparation of organomagnesium reagents, see: Knochel, P.; Dohle, W.; Gommermann, N.; Kneisel, F. F.; Kopp, F.; Korn, T.; Sapountzis, I.; Vu, V. A. Ansew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4302.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
64549089946
-
-
Exploration of the scope of this method for the synthesis of other boronic acid with free carboxylic acid groups is currently ongoing and will be reported in due course
-
Exploration of the scope of this method for the synthesis of other boronic acid with free carboxylic acid groups is currently ongoing and will be reported in due course.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
0032560932
-
-
2P-analogues of these ligands were not effective.(40) 2-Dicyclohexylphosphinobiphenyl ligands in Suzuki coupling reactions: (a) Old, D. W.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9722
-
2P-analogues of these ligands were not effective.(40) 2-Dicyclohexylphosphinobiphenyl ligands in Suzuki coupling reactions: (a) Old, D. W.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9722
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
16844367937
-
-
(b) Barder, T. E.; Walker, S. D.; Martinelli, J. R.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 2005, 127, 4685.
-
(2005)
J. Am. Chem.Soc
, vol.127
, pp. 4685
-
-
Barder, T.E.1
Walker, S.D.2
Martinelli, J.R.3
Buchwald, S.L.4
-
55
-
-
11844301268
-
-
A related recent application of dicyclohexylamine to minimize protode- boronation in a Suzuki reaction: (a) Payack, J. F, Vazquez, E, Matty, L, Kress,M. H, McNamara, J. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 175
-
A related recent application of dicyclohexylamine to minimize protode- boronation in a Suzuki reaction: (a) Payack, J. F.; Vazquez, E.; Matty, L.; Kress,M. H.; McNamara, J. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 175.
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
84869265830
-
-
2NH was sufficient for a complete conversion at the expense of extended reaction time.
-
2NH was sufficient for a complete conversion at the expense of extended reaction time.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
64549151933
-
-
Rapid hydrolysis back to 28 and oligomerization to MS 579, MS 597, and higher molecular weight products.
-
Rapid hydrolysis back to 28 and oligomerization to MS 579, MS 597, and higher molecular weight products.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
64549159272
-
1-chlorophthalazines are fairly inert to aqueous base due to their limited solubility
-
carboxylate salt is water soluble, which can explain its unusual hydrolytic lability
-
Typically, 1-chlorophthalazines are fairly inert to aqueous base due to their limited solubility. Chlorophthalazine acid 32 carboxylate salt is water soluble, which can explain its unusual hydrolytic lability.
-
Chlorophthalazine acid
, vol.32
-
-
Typically1
-
59
-
-
0025303991
-
-
Addition of a tertiary amine provides a source of soluble chlorides increasing the overall reaction rate, see: a
-
Addition of a tertiary amine provides a source of "soluble chlorides" increasing the overall reaction rate, see: (a) VanSickle, A. P.; Rapoport, H. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 895.
-
(1990)
J. Org. Chem
, vol.55
, pp. 895
-
-
VanSickle, A.P.1
Rapoport, H.2
-
60
-
-
64549115304
-
-
No conversion observed in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran or chloroform. MeCN = acetonitrile, DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane, DCE = 1,2-dichloro- ethane.
-
No conversion observed in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran or chloroform. MeCN = acetonitrile, DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane, DCE = 1,2-dichloro- ethane.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
64549140021
-
-
At least for a brief period of time e.g, 10 min
-
At least for a brief period of time (e.g., 10 min).
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
84869268423
-
-
1,2-Dichlorethane (DCE), toluene, chlorobenzene, anisole. (a) Reaction temperature of approx. 80 °C was required for conversion.
-
1,2-Dichlorethane (DCE), toluene, chlorobenzene, anisole. (a) Reaction temperature of approx. 80 °C was required for conversion.
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
84869268425
-
-
3 reaction conditions.
-
3 reaction conditions.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
64549112080
-
-
good solubility was required for a phase-split after an aqueous quench
-
(c) good solubility was required for a phase-split after an aqueous quench.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
64549151504
-
-
DCE was eliminated due to a low ICH guideline limit (5 ppm).
-
(d) DCE was eliminated due to a low ICH guideline limit (5 ppm).
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
64549115732
-
-
is sparingly soluble in most organic solvents (<5 mg/mL).
-
is sparingly soluble in most organic solvents (<5 mg/mL).
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
64549099713
-
-
is not sufficiently soluble in pure chlorobenzene at room temperature(0.05 g/mL).
-
is not sufficiently soluble in pure chlorobenzene at room temperature(0.05 g/mL).
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
64549092236
-
-
Remaining chlorobenzene approximately 10 wt , was readily tolerated in the subsequent step
-
Remaining chlorobenzene (approximately 10 wt %) was readily tolerated in the subsequent step.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
84869272207
-
-
Similar dimerization of 1-chlorophthalazine in the presence of Brønsted acid has been described: Badger, G. M.; McCarthy, I. J.; Rodda, H. J. Chem. Ind. 1954, 964.
-
Similar dimerization of 1-chlorophthalazine in the presence of Brønsted acid has been described: Badger, G. M.; McCarthy, I. J.; Rodda, H. J. Chem. Ind. 1954, 964.
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
64549139237
-
-
This was presumably due to immiscibility and the resulting poor phase transfer
-
This was presumably due to immiscibility and the resulting poor phase transfer.
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
64549142300
-
-
Samples were pulled using Hamilton microsyringes equipped with a steel needle
-
Samples were pulled using Hamilton microsyringes equipped with a steel needle.
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
64549091812
-
-
A steel needle used during sampling was a source of Lewis acid
-
A steel needle used during sampling was a source of Lewis acid.
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
64549101462
-
-
Water was added to solubilize the morpholine hydrochloride byproduct
-
Water was added to solubilize the morpholine hydrochloride byproduct.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
84869267554
-
-
1H NMR using maleic acid as internal standard.
-
1H NMR using maleic acid as internal standard.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
84869268420
-
-
3).
-
3).
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
64549127663
-
-
Initially, 1.00:2.00 Pd/L was used.
-
Initially, 1.00:2.00 Pd/L was used.
-
-
-
-
77
-
-
64549100617
-
-
The chemical shifts of the second set are distinct both from 33 and the imidazolium salt of 33. Integration compared to 38 and comparison of this data point with the amount of starting material by HPLC suggest a dimeric structure.
-
The chemical shifts of the second set are distinct both from 33 and the imidazolium salt of 33. Integration compared to 38 and comparison of this data point with the amount of starting material by HPLC suggest a dimeric structure.
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
64549130758
-
-
Solubility of 33 at rt with and without imidazole as determined by HPLC: 0.9 vs 0.2 mg/mL in ethyl acetate; 3.5 vs 2.3 mg/mL in THF.
-
Solubility of 33 at rt with and without imidazole as determined by HPLC: 0.9 vs 0.2 mg/mL in ethyl acetate; 3.5 vs 2.3 mg/mL in THF.
-
-
-
-
80
-
-
84869268422
-
-
Internal temperature should not exceed approximately 95 °C as it leads to formation of sticky and highly colored byproducts that can compromise the batch.
-
Internal temperature should not exceed approximately 95 °C as it leads to formation of sticky and highly colored byproducts that can compromise the batch.
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
64549144107
-
-
Prolonged heating adversely affects the impurity profile
-
Prolonged heating adversely affects the impurity profile.
-
-
-
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