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Volumn 74, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 795-809

Practical synthesis of a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BORONIC ACIDS; BUILDING BLOCKS; EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; MAP KINASE; ONE POTS; PHTHALAZINE; SYNTHETIC ROUTES;

EID: 60849134008     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo802186m     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (81)
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    • Etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab are TNF-α blockers currently approved in the US and elsewhere for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases
    • Etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab are TNF-α blockers currently approved in the US and elsewhere for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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    • A one-pot hydrolysis/cyclization attempt under the conditions (1-BuOH, aq NaOH, 120 °C) developed for cyclizations of o-cyanobenzaldehydes (Sato, R.; Ohmori, M.; Kaitani, F.; Kurosawa, A.; Senzaki, T.; Goto, T.; Saito, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 2481) led to a complex mixture of products.
    • A one-pot hydrolysis/cyclization attempt under the conditions (1-BuOH, aq NaOH, 120 °C) developed for cyclizations of o-cyanobenzaldehydes (Sato, R.; Ohmori, M.; Kaitani, F.; Kurosawa, A.; Senzaki, T.; Goto, T.; Saito, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 2481) led to a complex mixture of products.
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    • A number of inexpensive para-substituted benzoic acids or para- substituted benzoyl chlorides are readily available.
    • A number of inexpensive para-substituted benzoic acids or para- substituted benzoyl chlorides are readily available.
  • 14
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    • Recent examples of ortho-functionalization of benzamides via a directed ortho-lithiation approach: (a) Olivier, A.; Sperry, J.; Larsen, U. S.; Brimble, M. A. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 3912.
    • Recent examples of ortho-functionalization of benzamides via a directed ortho-lithiation approach: (a) Olivier, A.; Sperry, J.; Larsen, U. S.; Brimble, M. A. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 3912.
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    • These results confirm that kinetic basicity of LDA (as well as other lithium dialkylamides, e.g., LTMP) is insufficient for the directed ortho-metalation (DoM) reaction of aromatic carbocycles.1
    • These results confirm that kinetic basicity of LDA (as well as other lithium dialkylamides, e.g., LTMP) is insufficient for the directed ortho-metalation (DoM) reaction of aromatic carbocycles.1
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    • Equilibrium pK values in DMSO: Bordwell, F. G
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    • (a) Equilibrium pK values in DMSO: Bordwell, F. G. Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 21, 456, and references cited therein.
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    • a values in water: Smith, M. B.; March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; Wiley- Interscience: New York, 2001; pp 329-331, and references cited therein.
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    • At the end of alkyllithium addition, the reaction medium consists of at 2/3 v/v THF and 1/3 v/v alkyllithium solvent pentane, hexanes, or di- ethoxymethane
    • At the end of alkyllithium addition, the reaction medium consists of at 2/3 v/v THF and 1/3 v/v alkyllithium solvent (pentane, hexanes, or di- ethoxymethane).
  • 30
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    • The molarity of the alkyllithium reagents was determined immediately prior each experiment using the 1,10-phenanthroline/menthol method: Ho-Shen,L, Paquette, L. Synth. Commun. 1994, 24, 2503
    • The molarity of the alkyllithium reagents was determined immediately prior each experiment using the 1,10-phenanthroline/menthol method: Ho-Shen,L.; Paquette, L. Synth. Commun. 1994, 24, 2503.
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    • For a more detailed summary of the experiments, see
    • For a more detailed summary of the experiments, see Table 1 in the Supporting Information.
    • 1 in the Supporting Information
    • Table1
  • 32
    • 64549123388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extended time required to add DMF on a larger scale was a major factor contributing to increased amounts of 17a, while use of unnecessarily strong base (tBuLi or nBuLi versus MeLi) exacerbated the issue
    • The extended time required to add DMF on a larger scale was a major factor contributing to increased amounts of 17a, while use of unnecessarily strong base (tBuLi or nBuLi versus MeLi) exacerbated the issue.
  • 33
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    • 14b
    • 14b
  • 34
    • 64549138348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimization of 17a was desirable as it could not be readily cleared from 16.
    • Minimization of 17a was desirable as it could not be readily cleared from 16.
  • 35
    • 64549150035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ability to agitate reaction mixtures by the end of the lithiation period. Reactions using n-butyllithium in hexanes or n-hexyllithium in hexanes tend to give thick gelatinous mixtures.
    • The ability to agitate reaction mixtures by the end of the lithiation period. Reactions using n-butyllithium in hexanes or n-hexyllithium in hexanes tend to give thick gelatinous mixtures.
  • 36
    • 33845282521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A similar o,o-dilithioamide was postulated by: Eaton, P. E.; Cunkle,G. T.; Marchioro, G.; Martin, R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 948.
    • A similar o,o-dilithioamide was postulated by: Eaton, P. E.; Cunkle,G. T.; Marchioro, G.; Martin, R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 948.
  • 37
    • 64549129491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An aromatic ring in a related unsubstituted isoindolone was lithiated at the position adjacent to the amide carbonyl cf. ref 8b, pp 29 and 30
    • An aromatic ring in a related unsubstituted isoindolone was lithiated at the position adjacent to the amide carbonyl (cf. ref 8b, pp 29 and 30).
  • 38
    • 64549158750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of hydrazine is a safety hazard on scale
    • Accumulation of hydrazine is a safety hazard on scale.
  • 39
    • 64549087081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2.5% of 17a by LC in the starting hydroxyindolinone 16 led to an acceptable <0.5% of 23a by LC in isolated 6-chlorophthalazin-1- ol (24).
    • 2.5% of 17a by LC in the starting hydroxyindolinone 16 led to an acceptable <0.5% of 23a by LC in isolated 6-chlorophthalazin-1- ol (24).
  • 41
    • 4344580342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of transition-metal catalysts in the final step of the synthetic sequence can be complicated by issues related to removal of metal residues. For a reference, see: Garrett, C. E, Prasad, K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004, 346, 889
    • Use of transition-metal catalysts in the final step of the synthetic sequence can be complicated by issues related to removal of metal residues. For a reference, see: Garrett, C. E.; Prasad, K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004, 346, 889.
  • 43
    • 0000006651 scopus 로고
    • Halogen-lithium exchange occurs at competitive rates to deprotonation; see
    • Halogen-lithium exchange occurs at competitive rates to deprotonation; see: Narasimhan, N. S.; Sunder, N. M.; Ammanamanchi, R.; Bonde, B. D. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4431.
    • (1990) J. Am.Chem. Soc , vol.112 , pp. 4431
    • Narasimhan, N.S.1    Sunder, N.M.2    Ammanamanchi, R.3    Bonde, B.D.4
  • 44
    • 64549092325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two protocols could be used: (1) 8, LiOH (1.0 equiv), EtOH, followed by solvent removal and oven drying, affording anhydrous solid lithium carboxylate 26; (2) 8, LiOH (1.0 equiv), 3 A molecular sieves, THF, followed by filtration, affording anhydrous THF solution of lithium carboxylate 26.
    • Two protocols could be used: (1) 8, LiOH (1.0 equiv), EtOH, followed by solvent removal and oven drying, affording anhydrous solid lithium carboxylate 26; (2) 8, LiOH (1.0 equiv), 3 A molecular sieves, THF, followed by filtration, affording anhydrous THF solution of lithium carboxylate 26.
  • 45
    • 64549134554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • tert-Butyl iodide rapidly reacts with excess tert-butyllithium to form isobutylene, isobutane, and lithium iodide.
    • tert-Butyl iodide rapidly reacts with excess tert-butyllithium to form isobutylene, isobutane, and lithium iodide.
  • 46
    • 84869268427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • tBuLi in pentane/THF (0.9:1.0 to 0.6:1.0 v/v).
    • tBuLi in pentane/THF (0.9:1.0 to 0.6:1.0 v/v).
  • 47
    • 64549116222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Likely due to impeded deaggregation of tBuLi and decreased solubility of 26 in pentane-rich pentane/THF mixtures.
    • Likely due to impeded deaggregation of tBuLi and decreased solubility of 26 in pentane-rich pentane/THF mixtures.
  • 48
    • 0037037947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Only limited examples of in situ deprotonation of a carboxylic acid followed by halogen-metal exchange with another reagent have been reported. Deprotonation with dibutylmagnesium: Kato, S, Nonoyama, N, Tomimoto, K, Mase, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7315
    • (a) Only limited examples of in situ deprotonation of a carboxylic acid followed by halogen-metal exchange with another reagent have been reported. Deprotonation with dibutylmagnesium: Kato, S.; Nonoyama, N.; Tomimoto, K.; Mase, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7315.
  • 49
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    • Deprotonation with methylmag- nesium bromide: Kopp, F.; Wunderlich, S.; Knochel, P. Chem. Commun. 2007, 2075.
    • (b) Deprotonation with methylmag- nesium bromide: Kopp, F.; Wunderlich, S.; Knochel, P. Chem. Commun. 2007, 2075.
  • 50
    • 3142711543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • nBuLi for both deprotonation and halogen- metal exchange has been reported for a sterically hindered benzoic acid. Wang, Q.; Qu, D.; Ren, J.; Chen, K.; Tian, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2004, 43, 2661.
    • nBuLi for both deprotonation and halogen- metal exchange has been reported for a sterically hindered benzoic acid. Wang, Q.; Qu, D.; Ren, J.; Chen, K.; Tian, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2004, 43, 2661.
  • 51
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    • For a comprehensive review about the preparation of organomagnesium reagents, see: Knochel, P.; Dohle, W.; Gommermann, N.; Kneisel, F. F.; Kopp, F.; Korn, T.; Sapountzis, I.; Vu, V. A. Ansew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4302.
    • For a comprehensive review about the preparation of organomagnesium reagents, see: Knochel, P.; Dohle, W.; Gommermann, N.; Kneisel, F. F.; Kopp, F.; Korn, T.; Sapountzis, I.; Vu, V. A. Ansew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4302.
  • 52
    • 64549089946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploration of the scope of this method for the synthesis of other boronic acid with free carboxylic acid groups is currently ongoing and will be reported in due course
    • Exploration of the scope of this method for the synthesis of other boronic acid with free carboxylic acid groups is currently ongoing and will be reported in due course.
  • 53
    • 0032560932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2P-analogues of these ligands were not effective.(40) 2-Dicyclohexylphosphinobiphenyl ligands in Suzuki coupling reactions: (a) Old, D. W.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9722
    • 2P-analogues of these ligands were not effective.(40) 2-Dicyclohexylphosphinobiphenyl ligands in Suzuki coupling reactions: (a) Old, D. W.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9722
  • 55
    • 11844301268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A related recent application of dicyclohexylamine to minimize protode- boronation in a Suzuki reaction: (a) Payack, J. F, Vazquez, E, Matty, L, Kress,M. H, McNamara, J. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 175
    • A related recent application of dicyclohexylamine to minimize protode- boronation in a Suzuki reaction: (a) Payack, J. F.; Vazquez, E.; Matty, L.; Kress,M. H.; McNamara, J. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 175.
  • 56
    • 84869265830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2NH was sufficient for a complete conversion at the expense of extended reaction time.
    • 2NH was sufficient for a complete conversion at the expense of extended reaction time.
  • 57
    • 64549151933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid hydrolysis back to 28 and oligomerization to MS 579, MS 597, and higher molecular weight products.
    • Rapid hydrolysis back to 28 and oligomerization to MS 579, MS 597, and higher molecular weight products.
  • 58
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    • 1-chlorophthalazines are fairly inert to aqueous base due to their limited solubility
    • carboxylate salt is water soluble, which can explain its unusual hydrolytic lability
    • Typically, 1-chlorophthalazines are fairly inert to aqueous base due to their limited solubility. Chlorophthalazine acid 32 carboxylate salt is water soluble, which can explain its unusual hydrolytic lability.
    • Chlorophthalazine acid , vol.32
    • Typically1
  • 59
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    • Addition of a tertiary amine provides a source of soluble chlorides increasing the overall reaction rate, see: a
    • Addition of a tertiary amine provides a source of "soluble chlorides" increasing the overall reaction rate, see: (a) VanSickle, A. P.; Rapoport, H. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 895.
    • (1990) J. Org. Chem , vol.55 , pp. 895
    • VanSickle, A.P.1    Rapoport, H.2
  • 60
    • 64549115304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No conversion observed in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran or chloroform. MeCN = acetonitrile, DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane, DCE = 1,2-dichloro- ethane.
    • No conversion observed in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran or chloroform. MeCN = acetonitrile, DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane, DCE = 1,2-dichloro- ethane.
  • 61
    • 64549140021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At least for a brief period of time e.g, 10 min
    • At least for a brief period of time (e.g., 10 min).
  • 62
    • 84869268423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1,2-Dichlorethane (DCE), toluene, chlorobenzene, anisole. (a) Reaction temperature of approx. 80 °C was required for conversion.
    • 1,2-Dichlorethane (DCE), toluene, chlorobenzene, anisole. (a) Reaction temperature of approx. 80 °C was required for conversion.
  • 63
    • 84869268425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 reaction conditions.
    • 3 reaction conditions.
  • 64
    • 64549112080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • good solubility was required for a phase-split after an aqueous quench
    • (c) good solubility was required for a phase-split after an aqueous quench.
  • 65
    • 64549151504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DCE was eliminated due to a low ICH guideline limit (5 ppm).
    • (d) DCE was eliminated due to a low ICH guideline limit (5 ppm).
  • 66
    • 64549115732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • is sparingly soluble in most organic solvents (<5 mg/mL).
    • is sparingly soluble in most organic solvents (<5 mg/mL).
  • 67
    • 64549099713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • is not sufficiently soluble in pure chlorobenzene at room temperature(0.05 g/mL).
    • is not sufficiently soluble in pure chlorobenzene at room temperature(0.05 g/mL).
  • 68
    • 64549092236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remaining chlorobenzene approximately 10 wt , was readily tolerated in the subsequent step
    • Remaining chlorobenzene (approximately 10 wt %) was readily tolerated in the subsequent step.
  • 69
    • 84869272207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similar dimerization of 1-chlorophthalazine in the presence of Brønsted acid has been described: Badger, G. M.; McCarthy, I. J.; Rodda, H. J. Chem. Ind. 1954, 964.
    • Similar dimerization of 1-chlorophthalazine in the presence of Brønsted acid has been described: Badger, G. M.; McCarthy, I. J.; Rodda, H. J. Chem. Ind. 1954, 964.
  • 70
    • 64549139237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This was presumably due to immiscibility and the resulting poor phase transfer
    • This was presumably due to immiscibility and the resulting poor phase transfer.
  • 71
    • 64549142300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Samples were pulled using Hamilton microsyringes equipped with a steel needle
    • Samples were pulled using Hamilton microsyringes equipped with a steel needle.
  • 72
    • 64549091812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A steel needle used during sampling was a source of Lewis acid
    • A steel needle used during sampling was a source of Lewis acid.
  • 73
    • 64549101462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water was added to solubilize the morpholine hydrochloride byproduct
    • Water was added to solubilize the morpholine hydrochloride byproduct.
  • 74
    • 84869267554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H NMR using maleic acid as internal standard.
    • 1H NMR using maleic acid as internal standard.
  • 75
    • 84869268420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3).
    • 3).
  • 76
    • 64549127663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initially, 1.00:2.00 Pd/L was used.
    • Initially, 1.00:2.00 Pd/L was used.
  • 77
    • 64549100617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chemical shifts of the second set are distinct both from 33 and the imidazolium salt of 33. Integration compared to 38 and comparison of this data point with the amount of starting material by HPLC suggest a dimeric structure.
    • The chemical shifts of the second set are distinct both from 33 and the imidazolium salt of 33. Integration compared to 38 and comparison of this data point with the amount of starting material by HPLC suggest a dimeric structure.
  • 78
    • 64549130758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solubility of 33 at rt with and without imidazole as determined by HPLC: 0.9 vs 0.2 mg/mL in ethyl acetate; 3.5 vs 2.3 mg/mL in THF.
    • Solubility of 33 at rt with and without imidazole as determined by HPLC: 0.9 vs 0.2 mg/mL in ethyl acetate; 3.5 vs 2.3 mg/mL in THF.
  • 80
    • 84869268422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal temperature should not exceed approximately 95 °C as it leads to formation of sticky and highly colored byproducts that can compromise the batch.
    • Internal temperature should not exceed approximately 95 °C as it leads to formation of sticky and highly colored byproducts that can compromise the batch.
  • 81
    • 64549144107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged heating adversely affects the impurity profile
    • Prolonged heating adversely affects the impurity profile.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.