Putting It All Together: A Unified Account of Word Recognition and Reaction-Time Distributions

Psychological Review

Volumn 116, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 207-219

  Norris, Dennis ^a  

^a MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

computation modeling; diffusion model; lexical decision; reaction time; word recognition

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BAYES THEOREM; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; LEARNING; PROBABILITY; REACTION TIME; READING; RECOGNITION; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ATTENTION; BAYES THEOREM; DECISION MAKING; HUMANS; MODELS, STATISTICAL; PROBABILITY; REACTION TIME; READING; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 60749115348     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0014259     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Adelman J.S., and Brown G.D. Modeling lexical decision: The form of frequency and diversity effects. Psychological Review 115 (2008) 214-229
2. Adelman J.S., and Brown G.D.A. Postscript: Deviations from the predictions of serial search. Psychological Review 115 (2008) 228-229
3. Adelman J.S., Brown G.D., and Quesada J.F. Contextual diversity, not word frequency, determines word-naming and lexical decision times. Psychological Science 17 (2006) 814-823
4. Andrews S. The effect of orthographic similarity on lexical retrieval: Resolving neighborhood conflicts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4 (1997) 439-461
5. Andrews S., and Heathcote A. Distinguishing common and task-specific processes in word identification: A matter of some moment?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27 (2001) 514-544
6. Baayen R.H., Piepenbrock R., and Gulikers L. The CELEX lexical database (Release 2) [CD-ROM] (1995), University of Pennsylvania, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia
7. Balota D.A., and Chumbley J.I. Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10 (1984) 340-357
8. Balota D.A., Cortese M.J., Sergent-Marshall S.D., Spieler D.H., and Yap M. Visual word recognition of single-syllable words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133 (2004) 283-316
9. Balota D.A., and Spieler D.H. The utility of item-level analyses in model evaluation: A reply to Seidenberg and Plaut. Psychological Science 9 (1998) 238-240
10. Balota D.A., and Spieler D.H. Word frequency, repetition, and lexicality effects in word recognition tasks: Beyond measures of central tendency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128 (1999) 32-55
11. Baum C.W., and Veeravalli V. A sequential procedure for multihypothesis testing. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 40 (1994) 1994-2007
12. Bogacz R. Optimal decision-making theories: Linking neurobiology with behaviour. Trends in Cognitive Science 11 (2007) 118-125
13. Bogacz R., Brown E., Moehlis J., Holmes P., and Cohen J.D. The physics of optimal decision making: A formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks. Psychological Review 113 (2006) 700-765
14. Carpenter R.H.S. Oculomotor procrastination. In: Fisher D.F., Monty R.A., and Senders J.W. (Eds). Eye Movements: Cognition and Visual Perception (1981), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale 237-246
15. Carpenter R.H.S. A neural mechanism that randomises behaviour. Journal of Consciousness Studies 6 (1999) 13-22
16. Chaffin R., Morris R.K., and Seely R.E. Learning new word meanings from context: A study of eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 27 (2001) 225-235
17. Coltheart M., Rastle K., Perry C., Langdon R., and Ziegler J. DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 204-256
18. Dragalin V., Tartakovsky A., and Veeravalli V. Multihypothesis sequential probability ratio tests: Asymptotic optimality. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 45 (1999) 2448-2461
19. Dragalin V., Tartakovsky A., and Veeravalli V. Multihypothesis sequential probability ratio tests. II. Accurate asymptotic expansions for the expected sample size. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 46 (2000) 1366-1383
20. Eastway R., Wyndham J., and Rice T. Why do buses come in threes? (1998), Robson Books, London, United Kingdom
21. Grainger J., and Jacobs A.M. Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model. Psychological Review 103 (1996) 518-565
22. Gray A., and Kolda T.G. Asynchronous parallel pattern search for derivative-free optimization. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 32 (2006) 485-507
23. Howes D.H., and Solomon R.L. Visual duration threshold as a function of word probability. Journal of Experimental Psychology 41 (1951) 401-410
24. Kolda T.G. Revisiting asynchronous parallel pattern search for nonlinear optimization. SIAM Journal on Optimization 16 (2005) 563-586
25. Kucera H., and Francis W.N. Computational analysis of present-day American English (1967), Brown University Press, Providence, RI
26. Laming D.R.J. Information theory of choice-reaction times (1968), Wiley, New York
27. McCusker, L. M. (1977, April). Some determinants of word recognition: Frequency. Paper presented at the 24th annual convention of the Southwestern Psychological Association. Fort Worth, TX.
28. Monsell S., Doyle M.C., and Haggard P.N. Effects of frequency on visual word recognition tasks: Where are they?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118 (1989) 43-71
29. Murray, W. S. (2001, November). The rank hypothesis: Evidence from reaction times, error rates and eye movements. Paper presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Orlando, FL.
30. Murray, W. S. (2007, August). Lexical access reflected in the eye movement record. Paper presented at the 14th European Conference on Eye Movements, Potsdam, Germany.
31. Murray W.S., and Forster K.I. Serial mechanisms in lexical access: The rank hypothesis. Psychological Review 111 (2004) 721-756
32. Murray W.S., and Forster K.I. The rank hypothesis and lexical decision: A reply to Adelman and Brown (2008). Psychological Review 115 (2008) 240-252
33. Norris D. The Bayesian reader: Explaining word recognition as an optimal Bayesian decision process. Psychological Review 113 (2006) 327-357
34. Norris D., and McQueen J.M. Shortlist B: A Bayesian model of continuous speech recognition. Psychological Review 115 (2008) 357-395
35. Norris D., and Kinoshita S. Perception as evidence accumulation and Bayesian inference: Insights from masked priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137 (2008) 434-455
36. Perea M., and Rosa E. The effects of orthographic neighborhood in reading and laboratory identification tasks: A review. Psicológica 21 (2000) 237-340
37. Plourde C.E., and Besner D. On the locus of the word frequency effect in visual word recognition. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 51 (1997) 181-194
38. Pollatsek A., Perea M., and Binder K. The effects of neighborhood size in reading and lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25 (1999) 1142-1158
39. Ratcliff R. A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review 85 (1978) 59-109
40. Ratcliff R., Gomez P., and McKoon G. A diffusion model account of the lexical decision task. Psychological Review 111 (2004) 159-182
41. Ratcliff R., and McKoon G. The diffusion decision model: Theory and data for two-choice decision tasks. Neural Computation 20 (2008) 873-922
42. Schilling H.H., Rayner K., and Chumbley J.I. Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition 26 (1998) 1270-1281
43. Spieler D.H., and Balota D.A. Bringing computational models of word naming down to the item level. Psychological Science 8 (1997) 411-416
44. Spieler D.H., and Balota D.A. Factors influencing word naming in younger and older adults. Psychology of Aging 15 (2000) 225-231
45. Stone M. Models for choice reaction time. Psychometrika 25 (1960) 251-260
46. van Casteren M., and Davis M.H. Match: A program to assist in matching the conditions of factorial experiments. Behavior Research Methods 39 (2007) 973-978
47. Wagenmakers E.J., Ratcliff R., Gomez P., and McKoon G. A diffusion model account of criterion shifts in the lexical decision task. Journal of Memory and Language 58 (2008) 140-159
48. Wagenmakers E.J., Steyvers M., Raaijmakers J.G., Shiffrin R.M., van Rijn H., and Zeelenberg R. A model for evidence accumulation in the lexical decision task. Cognitive Psychology 48 (2004) 332-367
49. Wald A. Sequential analysis (1947), Wiley, New York
50. Whaley C.P. Word-nonword classification time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17 (1978) 143-154
51. Yap M.J., and Balota D.A. Additive and interactive effects on response time distributions in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33 (2007) 274-296
52. Yap M.J., Balota D.A., Cortese M.J., and Watson J.M. Single- versus dual-process models of lexical decision performance: Insights from response time distributional analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 32 (2006) 1324-1344
53. Yap M.J., Balota D.A., Tse C.S., and Besner D. On the additive effects of stimulus quality and word frequency in lexical decision: Evidence for opposing interactive influences revealed by RT distributional analyses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 34 (2008) 495-513