Essential oil content and heavy metals composition of thymus vulgaris cultivated in various climatic regions of Jordan

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 59-63

  Abu Darwish, Mohammad S ^a   Abu Dieyeh, Ziad H M ^a  

^a AL BALQA APPLIED UNIVERSITY   (Jordan)

Author keywords

Amman; Cadmium; Environment; Lead; Medicinal plant; Thyme

Indexed keywords

THYMUS VULGARIS;

EID: 60749113726     PISSN: 15608530     EISSN: 18149596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Ahmed, S., A. Rehman and Y. Badar, 1994. Elemental analysis of a herbal drug intella, a neuoroenergizer. J. Fac. Pharm. Gazi University, 21: 83-90
2. Al-Alawi, M.M. and K.L. Mandiwana, 2007. The use of Aleppo pine needles as a bio-monitor of heavy metals in the atmosphere. J. Haz. Mat., 148:43-46
3. Al-Jundi, B., 2000. Determination of trace elements and heavy metals in the Zarka River sediments by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys, Res., 170: 180-186
4. Al-Khlaifat, A.L. and O.A. Al-Khashmanb, 2007. Atmospheric heavy metal pollution in Aqaba city, Jordan, using Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves. J. Atmos. Environ., 41: 8891-8897
5. Allaway, W.H., 1968. Agronomic controls over environmental cycling of trace elements. Adv. Agron., 20: 235-274
6. Ajasa, A.U.O., M.O. Bello, A.O. Ibrahim, I.A. Ogunwarde and N.O. Olawore, 2004. Heavy trace metals and macronutrients status in herbal plants of Nigeria. Food Chem., 85: 67-71
7. Akerele, O., 1993. Nature's medicinal bounty: don't throw it away. World Health Forum, 14: 390-395
8. Amr, S. and S. cross D sign or cross d sign ević, 2000. The Investigation of the quality of Sage (Salvia officinalis) originating from Jordan FACTA Universitatis Series: J. Working Living Environ. Prot., 5: 103-108
9. Atti-Santos, A.C., M.R. Pansera, N Paroul, L. Atti-Serafini and P. Moyna, 2004. Seasonal variation of essential oil yield and composition of Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) from South Brazil. J. Essential Oil Res., 16: 294-295
10. Bolukbasi, S.C. and M.K. Erhan, 2007. Effect of dietary thyme on laying hen's performance and E. coli concentration in Feces. Int. J. Nat. Engin. Sci., 2: 55-58
11. Boskabady, M.H., M.R. Aslani and S. Kiani, 2006. Relaxant effect of Thymus vulgaris on guinea-pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). J. Phytotherapy Res., 20: 28-33
12. Bowen, H.J.M., 1966. Trace Elements in Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York
13. British Pharmacopeia, 1998. Her Majesty's Stationery office, London, 2: 137-138
14. Deans, S.G. and G. Ritchie, 1987. Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 5: 165-180
15. th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research. Graz, Austria September 2-6
16. Erdemoglu, S.B. and S. Basgel, 2006. Determination of mineral and trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their infusions consumed in Turkey. J. Sci. Total Environ., 35: 82-89
17. th edition. EDQM
18. Godt, J., F. Scheidig, C.G. Siestrup, V. Esche, P. Brandenburg, A. Reich, A. David and D.A. Groneberg, 2006. The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol., 22: 1-6
19. Hassanali, N.B., Y. Darab, MA. Sajed and N. Fatemah, 2004. Effects of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in thyme, Thymus vulgaris L. J. Indus. Crops Prod., 19:231-236
20. Hernandez, F., J. Madrid, V. Garcia, J. Oregano and M.D. Megias, 2004. Influence of two plant extras on broiler performance, Digestibility and Digestive Organ size. J. Poult. Sci, 83: 169-174
21. Hooker, J.D., 1982. The Flora of British India, Vol. III, p: 640. Reeve and Co Huciaib, M. and T. Aburjai, 2007. Volatile components of Thymus vulgaris L. from wild-growing and cultivated plants in Jordan. Flavour Fragrance J., 22: 322-327
22. Inouye, S., T. Takizawa and H. Yamaguchi, 2001. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 47: 565-573
23. Jaradat, Q.M., A. Kamal and K.M. Moman, 1999. Contamination of roadside soil, plants and air with heavy metals in Jordan, A Comparative Study. Turkish J. Chem., 23: 209-220
24. Jones, J.B. and V.W. Case, 1990. Sampling, Handling and Analyzing Plant Tissue Samples. In: Westerman, R.L. (ed.), Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, pp: 404-409. Madison
25. Jordan, M.J., R.M. Martinez, K.L. Goodner, E.A. Baldwin and J.A. Sotomayor, 2006. Seasonal variation of thymus hyemalis Lange and Spanish thymus vulgaris L. essential oils composition. J. Indust. Crops Prod., 24: 253-263
26. Jordanweather™ Jordan Climate, 2008. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. http://www.jordanweather.net/weather-forecast-a/climate.htm
27. Karawya, M.S. and M.S. Hifrawy, 1974. Analytical study of the voltaic oil of Thymus vulgaris L. growing in Egypt. J. Assoc. Ojfic. Anal. Chem., 57: 977-1001
28. Kastori, R., N. Petrović and I. Arsenijevič- Maksimovič, 1997. Heavy metals and plants. In: Kastoři, R. (ed.), Heavy Metals in the Environment, pp: 195-257. Novi Sad
29. Khairallah, K., 2006. Fresh Cut Herbs for Export in Jordan. A case study submitted to the regional consultation on linking producers to market. Cairo, Egypt, January 29-Februrary, 2, 2006
30. Khazaie, H.R., F. Nadjaf and M. Bannayan, 2008. Effect of irrigation frequency and planting density on herbage biomass and oil production of thyme and hyssop. J. Indust. Crops Prod., 27: 315-321
31. Klarić, S.M, I. Kosalec, L Mastelić, E. Piecková and S. Pepeljnak, 2007. Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 44:36-42
32. Kulisic, T., A. Radonic and M. Milos, 2005. Antioxidant properties of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and wild thyme. Italian J. Food Sci., 17: 315-324
33. Loranger, S. and J. Zayed, 1994. Manganese and lead concentrations in ambient air and emission rates from unleaded and leaded gasoline between 1981 and 1992 in Canada: a comparative study. Atmos. Emiron., 28:1645-1651
34. Macrae, R, RK. Robinson and M.J. Sadler, 1993. Encyclopedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, Vol. 7. Academic Press INC, San Diego, CA
35. Maksimović, S., M. Jakovljević and D. Radanović, 1999. Influence of agro ecological factors on chemical composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), In: Brkić, D. (ed.), Sage (Salvia officinalis L.), pp: 61-80. Belgrade
36. Matiljan, J., 2008. Foundation, the World's Healthiest Foods. http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=77
37. Mayer, M.L. and L Vyklicky, 1989. The action of Zinc on synaptic transmission of mouse neural excitability in culture of mouse hippocampus. J. Physiol., 415: 351-365
38. McDevitt, D.E., R.M. Hillman, K. Acamovic and T. Cross, 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut micro flora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British J Poult. Sci., 48: 496-506
39. st century-historical remarks and trends for the future. Biometals, 17:485-489
40. Parman, V.S., A.K. Gupta, H.N. Jha and P.N. Verma, 1993. Metal content of the medicinal plants Agaves marianum, Sambucus nigra and Silybum marianum. In: Ajasa, M.O., M.O. Bello, A.O. Ibrahim and NO. Olawore, 2004. Heavy trace metals and macronutrients status in herbal plants of Nigeria. J. Food Chem., 85: 67-71
41. Perry, H.M, 1972. Hypertension and True Geochemical Environments in Relation to Health and Diseases. Academic Press, New York
42. Razie, S, A. Onjia and B. Potkonjak, 2003. Trace elements analysis of Echinacea purpurea-Herbal medicinal. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 33: 845-850
43. Sas User's Guide, 1987. Statistics. SAS Institute Inc. Cary NC, U.S.A
44. Stahl-Biskup, E. and F. Sáez, 2002. Thyme: The Genus Thymus, p: 354. CRC Press September
45. Waalkes, M.P., S. Rehm, C.W. Riggs, R.M. Bare, D.E. Devor, L.A. Poirier, ML. Wenk, J.R. Henneman and M.S. Balaschak, 1988. Cadmium carcinogenesis in male Wistar [Crl: (WI) BR] rats: dose-response analysis of tumor induction in the prostate and testes and at the injection site. Cancer Res., 48: 4656-4663
46. WHO (World Health Organization), 1985. Guidelines for Medicinal Plants Quality, Vol. 1. Recommendation WHO: Geneva