Effects of slow-release urea on ruminal digesta characteristics and growth performance in beef steers

Journal of Animal Science

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 200-208

  Taylor Edwards, C C ^a   Hibbard, G ^a   Kitts, S E ^a   McLeod, K R ^a   Axe, D E ^b   Vanzant, E S ^a   Kristensen, N B ^c   Harmon, D L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b Agri Nutrients Technology Group   (United States)

^c DANISH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Metabolism; Nitrogen; Nonprotein nitrogen; Ruminant; Steer; Urea

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BOVIDAE; ZEA MAYS;

UREA;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; BODY WEIGHT; CATTLE; CHEMISTRY; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZATION; RUMINANT STOMACH; STOMACH JUICE;

ANIMALS; BODY WEIGHT; CATTLE; DIET; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; GASTROINTESTINAL CONTENTS; MALE; RANDOM ALLOCATION; RUMEN; UREA;

EID: 60549114228     PISSN: 00218812     EISSN: 15253163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0912     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Ammerman, C. B., G. J. Verde, J. E. Moore, W. C. Burns, and C. F. Chicco. 1972. Biuret, urea, and natural proteins as nitrogen supplements for low quality roughage for sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 35:121-127.
2. Bach, A., S. Calsamiglia, and M. D. Stern. 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 88:E9-E21.
3. Bunting, L. D., J. A. Boling, C. T. MacKown, and G. M. Davenport. 1989. Effect of dietary protein level on nitrogen metabolism in the growing bovine: II. Diffusion into and utilization of endogenous urea nitrogen in the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 67:820-826.
4. Campbell, T. C., J. K. Loosli, R. G. Warner, and I. Tasaki. 1963. Utilization of biuret by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 22:139-145.
5. Chicco, C. F., T. A. Shultz, A. A. Carnevali, L. Oropeza, and C. B. Ammerman. 1971. Biuret and urea in supplements for bovines fed green chop elephant grass. J. Anim. Sci. 33:133-136.
6. Clark, J. H., and C. L. Davis. 1983. Future improvement of milk production: Potential for nutritional improvement. J. Anim. Sci. 57:750-764.
7. Clark, J. H., T. H. Klusmeyer, and M. R. Cameron. 1992. Microbial protein synthesis and flows of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 75:2304-2323.
8. Faverdin, P. 1999. The effect of nutrients on feed intake in ruminants. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58:523-531.
9. Galo, E., S. M. Emanuele, C. J. Sniffen, J. H. White, and J. R. Knapp. 2003. Effects of a polymer-coated urea product on nitrogen metabolism in lactating Holstein dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2154-2162.
10. Garrett, J., T. Miller-Webster, W. Hoover, C. Sniffen, and D. Putnam. 2005. Encapsulated slow release urea in lactating dairy cow diets impacts microbial efficiency and metabolism in continuous culture. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):321 (Abstr.)
11. Griswold, K. E., W. H. Hoover, T. K. Miller, and W. V. Thayne. 1996. Effect of form of nitrogen on growth of ruminai microbes in continuous culture. J. Anim. Sci. 74:483-491.
12. Harmon, D. L., R. A. Britton, R. L. Prior, and R. A. Stock. 1985. Net portal absorption of lactate and volatile fatty acids in steers experiencing glucose-induced acidosis or fed a 70% concentrate diet ad libitum. J. Anim. Sci. 60:560-569.
13. Herrera-Saldana, R. E., J. T. Huber, and M. H. Poore. 1990. Dry matter, crude protein, and starch degradability of five cereal grains. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2386-2393.
14. YATP. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1640-1659.
15. Hoover, W. H. 1978. Digestion and absorption in the hindgut of ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 46:1789-1799.
16. Karr, M. R., U. S. Garrigus, E. E. Hatfield, H. W. Norton, and B. B. Doane. 1965. Nutritional and chemical evaluation of urea and of biuret in complete ensiled finishing diets by lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 24:469-475.
17. Koster, H. H., R. C. Cochran, E. C. Titgemeyer, E. S. Vanzant, T. G. Nagaraja, K. K. Kreikemeier, and G. St. Jean. 1997. Effect of increasing proportion of supplemental nitrogen from urea on intake and utilization of low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage by beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1393-1399.
18. Ludden, P. A., D. L. Harmon, G. B. Huntington, B. T. Larson, and D. E. Axe. 2000b. Influence of the novel urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide on ruminant nitrogen metabolism: IL Ruminal nitrogen metabolism, diet digestibility, and nitrogen balance in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 78:188-198.
19. Ludden, P. A., D. L. Harmon, B. T. Larson, and D. E. Axe. 2000a. Influence of the novel urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide on ruminant nitrogen metabolism: I. In vitro urea kinetics and substrate digestion. J. Anim. Sci. 78:181-187.
20. Males, J. R., R. A. Munsinger, and R. R. Johnson. 1979. In vitro and in vivo ammonia release from "slow-release" urea supplements. J. Anim. Sci. 48:887-892.
21. Marsh, W. H., B. Fingerhut, and H. Miller. 1965. Automated and manual direct methods for determination of blood urea. Clin. Chem. 11:624-627.
22. Mehrez, A. Z., E. R. Orskov, and I. McDonald. 1977. Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration. Br. J. Nutr. 38:437-443.
23. Oltjen, R. R., L. L. Slyter, A. S. Kozak, and E. E. Williams Jr. 1968. Evaluation of urea, biuret, urea phosphate and uric acid as NPN sources for cattle. J. Nutr. 94:193-202.
24. Owens, F. N., K. S. Lusby, K. Mizwicki, and O. Forero. 1980. Slow ammonia release from urea: rumen and metabolism studies. J. Anim. Sci. 50:527-531.
25. Philippeau, C., C. Martin, and B. Michalet-Doreau. 1999. Influence of grain source on ruminai characteristics and rate, site, and extent of digestion in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1587-1596.
26. Raun, N. S., and W. Burroughs. 1962. Suction strainer technique in obtaining rumen fluid samples from intact lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 21:454-457.
27. Reynolds, C. K., and N. B. Kristensen. 2008. Nitrogen recycling through the gut and the nitrogen economy of ruminants; an asynchronous symbiosis. J. Anim. Sci. 86:E293-E305.
28. Sannes, R. A., M. A. Messman, and D. B. Vagnoni. 2002. Form of rumen-degradable carbohydrate and nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis and protein efficiency of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85:900-908.
29. Satter, L. D., and L. L. Slyter. 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. Br. J. Nutr. 32:199-208.
30. Streeter, C. L., R. R. Oltjen, L. L. Slyter, and W. N. Fishbein. 1969. Urea utilization in wethers receiving the urease inhibitor, acetohydroxarnic acid. J. Anim. Sci. 29:88-93.
31. Taylor-Edwards, C. C., N. A. Elam, S. E. Kitts, K. R. McLeod, D. E. Axe, E. S. Vanzant, N. B. Kristensen, and D. L. Harmon. 2009. Influence of slow-release urea on nitrogen balance and portal-drained visceral nutrient flux in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 87:209-221.
32. Tedeschi, L. O., M. J. Baker, D. J. Ketchen, and D. G. Fox. 2002. Performance of growing and finishing cattle supplemented with a slow-release urea product and urea. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 82:567-573.
33. Thompson, L. H., M. B. Wise, R. W. Harvey, and E. R. Barrick. 1972. Starea, urea and sulfur in beef cattle rations. J. Anim. Sci. 35:474-480.
34. Voigt, J., B. Piatkowski, and J. Bock. 1980. Studies on the effect of phosphoric phenyl ester diamide as inhibitor of the rumen urease of dairy cows. 1. Influence on urea hydrolysis, ammonia release and fermentation in the rumen. Arch. Tierernahr. 30:811-823.
35. Whitelaw, F. G., J. S. Milne, and S. A. Wright. 1991. Urease (EC 3.5.1.5) inhibition in the sheep rumen and its effect on urea and nitrogen metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 66:209-225.