Tunable liquid microlens arrays in electrode-less configuration and their accurate characterization by interference microscopy

Optics Express

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 2487-2499

  Miccio, L ^a   Finizio, A ^a   Grilli, S ^a   Vespini, V ^a   Paturzo, M ^a   De Nicola, S ^a   Ferraro, Pietro ^a  

^a ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI OTTICA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; ELECTRODES; LENSES; MICROOPTICS; OPTICAL PROPERTIES;

DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHY; ELECTRO WETTING; EXPERIMENTAL SET UP; INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPY; LIQUID MICROLENSE; POLAR DIELECTRICS; TRANSMITTED WAVEFRONTS; TUNABLE LIQUID MICROLENS;

MICROLENSES;

ARTICLE; COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN; ELECTRODE; ELECTRONICS; EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HOLOGRAPHY; INSTRUMENTATION; METHODOLOGY; OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION; POLARIZATION MICROSCOPY; REPRODUCIBILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY;

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN; ELECTRODES; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; HOLOGRAPHY; LENSES; MICROSCOPY, POLARIZATION; MINIATURIZATION; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SOLUTIONS;

EID: 60549109462     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10944087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/OE.17.002487     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. L. Dong, A. k. Agarwal, D. J. David, J. Beebe, and H. Jiang, "Adaptive liquid mcrolenses activated by stimuli-responsive hydrogels," Nature 442, 551-554 (2006).
2. B. Berge and J. Peseux, "Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting," Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 159-163 (2000).
3. L. G. Commander, S. E. Day, and D. R. Selviah, "Variable focal length microlenses," Opt. Comm. 17, 157-170 (2000).
4. P. H. Huang, T. C. Huang, Y. T. Sun, and S. Y. Yang, "Fabrication of large area resin microlens arrays using gas-assisted ultraviolet embossing," Opt. Express 16, 3041-3048 (2008).
5. A. Pikulin N. Bityurin, G. Langer, D. Brodoceanu, and D. Bauerle, "Hexagonal structures on metal-coated two-dimensional microlens arrays," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 191106 (2007).
6. F. Krogmann, W. Monch, and H. Zappe, "A MEMS-based variable micro-lens system," J. Opt. A 8, S330-S336 (2006)
7. C. C. Cheng, C. A. Chang, and J. A. Yeh, "Variable focus dielectric liquid droplet lens," Opt. Express 14, 4101-4106 (2006)
8. C. C. Cheng and J. A. Yeh, "Dielectrically actuated liquid lens," Opt. Express 15, 7140-7145 (2007).
9. N. Chronis, G. L. Liu, K. H. Jeong, and L. P. Lee, "Tunable liquid-filled microlens array integrated with microfluidic network," Opt. Express 11, 2370-2378 (2003).
10. D. Y. Zhang, N. Justis, and Y. H. Lo, "Integrated fluidic adaptive zoom lens," Opt. Lett. 29, 2855-2857 (2004).
11. P. M. Moran, S. Dharmatilleke, A. H. Khaw, K.W. Tan, M. L. Chan, and I. Rodriguez, "Fluidic lenses with variable focal length," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 041120 (2006).
12. H. Ren, D. Fox, P. A. Anderson, B. Wu, and S.T. Wu, "Tunable-focus liquid lens controlled using a servo motor," Opt. Express 14, 8031-8036 (2006).
13. L. Hou, N. Smith, and J. Heikenfeld, "Electrowetting Modulation of Any Flat Optical Film," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 251114 (2007).
14. N. Smith, D. Abeysinghe, J. Heikenfeld, and J. W.Haus, Agile, "Wide-Angle Beam Steering with Electrowetting Microprisms," Opt. Express 14, 6557 (2006).
15. B. Sun, K. Zhou, Y. Lao, W. Cheng, and J. Heikenfeld, "Scalable Fabrication of Electrowetting Pixel Arrays with Self-Assembled Oil Dosing," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 011106 (2007).
16. S. Kuiper and B. H. W. Hendriks, "Variable- focus liquid lens for miniature cameras," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1128-1130 (2004).
17. J. L. Lin, G. B. Lee, Y. H. Chang, and K. Y. Lien, "Model Description of Contact Angles in Electrowetting on Dielectric Layers," Langmuir 22, 484-489 (2006).
18. W. H. Hsieh and J. H. Chen, "Lens-Profile Control by Electrowetting Fabrication Technique," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 606-608 (2005).
19. G. Milne, G. D. M. Jeffries, and D. T. Chiu, "Tunable generation of Bessel beams with a fluidic axicon," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261101 (2008).
20. X. Mao, J. R. Waldeisen, B. K. Juluri, and T. J. Huang, "Hydrodynamically tunable optofluidic cylindrical microlens," Lab. Chip 7, 1303-1308 (2007).
21. X. Huang, C. M. Cheng, L. Wang, B. Wang, C. C. Su, M. S. Ho, P. R. LeDuc, and Q. Lin, "Thermally tunable polymer microlenses," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 251904 (2008).
22. Y. Lu and S. Chen, "Direct write of microlens array using digital projection photopolymerization," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 041109 (2008).
23. W. Moench and H. Zappe, "Fabrication and testing of micro-lens arrays by all-liquid techniques," J. Opt. A 6, 330-337 (2004).
24. Y. Choi, H. R. Kim, K. H. Lee, Y. M. Lee, and J. H. Kim, "A liquid crystalline polymer microlens array with tunable focal intensity by the polarization control of a liquid crystal layer," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 221113 (2007).
25. H. Ren, Y. H. Fan, and S. T. Wu, "Liquid-crystal microlens arrays using patterned polymer networks," Opt. Lett. 29, 1608-1610 (2004).
26. H. Ren and S. T. Wu, "Tunable-focus liquid microlens array using dielectrophoretic effect," Opt. Express 16, 2646-2652 (2008).
27. K. H. Jeong, G. L. Liu, N. Chronis, and L. P. Lee, "Tunable microdoublet lens array," Opt. Express 12, 2494-2500 (2004).
28. S. Grilli, L. Miccio, V. Vespini, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, and P. Ferraro, "Liquid micro-lens array activated by selective electrowetting on lithium niobate substrates," Opt. Express 16, 8084-8093 (2008).
29. 3 waveguide periodically poled by applying an external field for efficient blue second-harmonic generation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 435-436 (1993).
30. 3 by quantitative interference microscopy," Meas. Sci. Technol. 19, 074008 (2008).
31. E. M. Bourim C. W. Moon, S. W. Lee, V. Sidorkin, and I. K. Yoo, "Pyroelectric electron emission from -Z face polar surface of lithium niobate monodomain single crystal," J. Electroceram 17, 479-485 (2006).
32. P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, and G. Coppola, "Digital holography: recent advancements and prospective improvements for applications in microscopy," in Optical Imaging Sensors and Systems for Homeland Security Applications, vol. 2 of Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications series B. Javidi ed., (Springer, 2005), pp. 47-84.