Constituents in tobacco and smoke emissions from Canadian cigarettes

Tobacco Control

Volumn 17, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2008, Pages

  Hammond, David ^a   O'Connor, R J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKALOID; AMMONIA; METAL; NITROSAMINE;

ARTICLE; CANADA; CHEMISTRY; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DANGEROUS GOODS; MATERIALS TESTING; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PH; SAFETY; SMOKE; SMOKING; TOBACCO;

ALKALOIDS; AMMONIA; CANADA; COMMERCE; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; MATERIALS TESTING; METALS; NITROSAMINES; SMOKE; SMOKING; TOBACCO;

EID: 60549103800     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: 14683318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2008.024778     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. World Health Organization. Tobacco free initiative. http://www.who.int/ tobacco/health-priority/en/index.html.
2. Euromonitor International. The world market for tobacco. November, 2007. http://www.euromonitor.com/The-World-Market-for-Tobacco (accessed 4 April 2008).
3. Hoffmann I, Hoffman D. The changing cigarette: chemical studies and bioassays. In: Boyle P, Gray N, Henningfield J, et al, eds. Tobacco: science, policy and public health. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004:53-92.
4. Roberts DL. Natural tobacco flavor. Recent Adv Tob Sci 1988;14:49-81.
5. WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. Guiding principles for the development of tobacco research and testing capacity and proposed protocols for the initiation of tobacco product testing, 2004. http://www.who.int/tobacco/ global-interaction/tobreg/goa-2003-principles/en/index.ht ml (accessed 20 April 2007).
6. Kozlowski LT, Mehta NY, Sweeney CT, et al. Filter ventilation and nicotine content of tobacco in cigarettes from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Tob Control 1998;7:369-75. (Pubitemid 128656178)
7. Connolly GN, Alpert HR, Wayne GF, et al. Trends in smoke nicotine yield and relationship to design characteristics among popular US cigarette brands 19972005: a report of the Tobacco Research Program Division of Public Health Practice Harvard School of Public Health. January 2007. Available at: http://www. hsph.harvard.edu/nicotine/trends.pdf.
8. Fischer S, Spiegelhalder B, Preussmann R. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in European and USA cigarettes. Arch Geschwulstforsch 1990;60:169-77. (Pubitemid 20218782)
9. Fischer S, Castonguay A, Kaiserman M, et al. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Canadian cigarettes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1990;116:563-8. (Pubitemid 20386358)
10. Rickert B, Sharifi M, Wu J, et al. TSNAs in cigarette filler and mainstream smoke from Canadian cigarettes 2003-2005: a period of major change. 60th Tobacco Science Research Conference. 17 -20 September 2006. Montreal, Quebec Canada.
11. Counts ME, Morton MJ, Laffoon SW, et al. Smoke composition and predicting relationships for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine smoking conditions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005;41:185-227. (Pubitemid 40312818)
12. Adamu CA, Bell PF, Mulchi CL, et al. Residual metal levels in soils and leaf accumulations in tobacco a decade following farmland application of municipal sludge. Environ Pollut 1989;56:113-26. (Pubitemid 19042893)
13. Gutenmann WH, Bache CA, Lisk DJ, et al. Cadmium and nickel in smoke of cigarettes prepared from tobacco cultured on municipal sludge-amended soil. J Toxicol Environ Health 1982;10:423-31. (Pubitemid 12005520)
14. Stephens WE, Calder A, Newton J. Source and health implications of high toxic metal concentrations in illicit tobacco products. Environ Sci Technol 2005;15:479-88. (Pubitemid 40129866)
15. Bush LP, Cui M, Shi H, et al. Formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in air-cured tobacco. Recent Adv Tob Sci 2001;27:23-46.
16. Rickert B, Sharifi M, Wu J, et al. TSNAs in cigarette filler and mainstream smoke from Canadian cigarettes 2003-2005: a period of major change. 60th Tobacco Science Research Conference. Montreal, Quebec Canada, 17-20 September 2006.
17. Rickert WS, Joza PJ, Sharifi M, et al. Reductions in the tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) content of tobaccos taken from commercial Canadian cigarettes and corresponding reductions in TSNA deliveries in mainstream smoke from such cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; (in press).
18. Henningfield J, Pankow J, Garrett B. Ammonia and other chemical base tobacco additives and cigarette nicotine delivery: issues and research needs. Nicotine Tob Res 2004;6:199-205. (Pubitemid 38678850)
19. Thielmann HW, Potschke-Langer M. Increased health hazards due to additives of tobacco products-consequences for product regulation. Heidelberg: Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, 2005. Available at: http://www.ensp.org/files/ DKFZ-factsheet-Zusatzstoffe-EN.pdf.
20. Rabinoff M, Caskey N, Rissling A, et al. Pharmacological and chemical effects of cigarette additives. Am J Public Health 2007;97:1981-91. (Pubitemid 351194727)
21. Stevenson T, Proctor RN. The secret and soul of Marlboro: Philip Morris and the origins, spread, and denial of nicotine freebasing. Am J Public Health 2008; (in press).
22. Browne CL. The design of cigarettes. 3rd ed. Charlotte, NC: Filter Products Division Hoechst Celanese Corporation, 1990.
23. Bates C, McNeill A, Jarvis M, et al. The future of tobacco product regulation and labelling in Europe: implications for the forthcoming European Union directive. Tob Control 1999;8:225-35.
24. Hammond D, Wiebel F, Kozlowski LT, et al. Revising the ISO machine smoking regime for cigarette emissions: implications for tobacco control policy. Tob Control 2007;16:8-14.
25. International Organization for Standardization. Routine analytical cigarette smoking machine-definitions and standard conditions, ISO Standard 3308. 4th ed. ISO, 2000.
26. Jarvis MJ, Boreham R, Primatesta P, et al. Nicotine yield from machine-smoked cigarettes and nicotine intakes in smokers: evidence from a representative population survey. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:134-8. (Pubitemid 32111991)
27. Benowitz NL. Biomarkers of cigarette smoking. The FTC cigarette test method for determining tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields of US cigarettes. Report of the NCI Expert Committee. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No 7. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH Publication No 96-4028, 1996.
28. US Department of Health and Human Services. Risks associated with smoking cigarettes with low machine measured yields of tar and nicotine. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute, 2001.
29. Ding YS, Trommel JS, Yan XJ, et al. Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:471-8. (Pubitemid 40129865)
30. Ding YS, Ashley DL, Watson CH. Determination of 10 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream cigarette smoke. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:5966-73. (Pubitemid 47235644)
31. Gray N, Zaridze D, Robertson C, et al. Variation within global cigarette brands in tar, nicotine, and certain nitrosamines: analytic study. Tob Control 2000;9:351-2.
32. Wu W, Zhang L, Jain RB, et al. Determination of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke from US-brand and non-US brand cigarettes from 14 countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2005;7:443-51. (Pubitemid 41418717)
33. Pappas RS, Polzin GM, Watson CH, et al. Cadmium, lead, and thallium in smoke particulate from counterfeit cigarettes compared to authentic US brands. Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45:202-9. (Pubitemid 44854304)
34. Ashley DL, Beeson MD, Johnson DR, et al. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco from US brand and non-US brand cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2003;5:323-31. (Pubitemid 36764027)
35. Health Canada. Tobacco industry reporting: tobacco reporting regulations. 1 May 2005. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/pubs/tobac-tabac/tir-rft/index-e.html (accessed 30 Nov 2007).
36. International Organization for Standardization. Cigarettes - sampling: ISO Standard 8243, 2nd ed, 1991.
37. Health Canada. Determination of alkaloids, ammonia, benzo[a]pyrene, eugenol, humectants, metals, nitrate, nitrosamines, pH, propionate, sorbic acid, and triacetin. Available at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobactabac/ legislation/reg/indust/method/whole-entier/index-e.html.
38. Tobacco Control Programme, Health Canada. Emissions from designated tobacco products. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/pubs/tobac-tabac/ tirrft/emissions-e.html (accessed 30 Nov 2006).
39. Tobacco Control Programme, Health Canada. Constituents and emissions reported for cigarettes sold in Canada - 2004. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobactabac/legislation/reg/indust/constitu-e.html (accessed 30 Nov 2006).
40. Tobacco Manufacturers Association. UK smoke constituents study: final report. June 2003. Available at: http://www.thetma.org.uk/benchmark/ benchmarkresources/final-report.pdf.
41. Connolly GN, Alpert HR, Wayne GF, et al. Trends in nicotine yield in smoke and its relationship with design characteristics among popular US cigarette brands, 1997-2005. Tob Control 2007;6:e5.
42. Benowitz NL, Henningfield JE. Establishing a nicotine threshold for addiction - the implications for tobacco regulation. N Engl J Med 1994;331:123-125. (Pubitemid 24202231)
43. Blackford AL, Yang G, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Cotinine concentration in smokers from different countries: relationship with amount smoked and cigarette type. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1799-804. (Pubitemid 44664251)
44. Collishaw N. Tales of toxic tobacco. BAT research on the harmful properties of smoke. Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, 2000. http://www.smokefree.ca/pdf-1/documentresearchpdf/toxictobacco.PDF (Accessed 30 Nov 2007).
45. King B, Borland R, Fowles J. Mainstream smoke emissions of Australian and Canadian cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9:835-44. (Pubitemid 47190151)
46. Hammond D, Fong GT, Cummings KM, et al. Cigarette yields and human exposure: a comparison of alternative smoking regimes. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1495-501. (Pubitemid 44299322)