Trucking country: The road to America's Wal-Mart economy

Trucking Country: The Road to America's Wal-Mart Economy

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages

  Hamilton, Shane ^a  

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References (232)

1. Peter Bonventre et al., "Truckers in Revolt," NW, Jun. 25, 1979, 45; "One Hellacious Uproar," Time, Jul. 2, 1979, 22-27; NYT, Jun. 22, 1979, B4.
2. House Small Business Committee, Regulatory Problems of the Independent Owner- Operator in the Nation's Trucking Industry, Part 1, Hearings, 94th Cong., 2nd sess., May 19, 20, 26, Jun. 5, 1976, 195
3. House Public Works and Transportation Committee, Examining Current Conditions in the Trucking Industry and the Possible Necessity for Change in the Manner and Scope of Its Regulations, Part 1, Hearings, 96th Cong., 1st sess., Aug. 20, 21, Sep. 22, Oct. 4, 5, 27, Nov. 20, Dec. 28, 1979, 1089
4. Senate Agriculture Committee, Agricultural Transportation Problems, Part 2, Hearings, 95th Cong., 1st sess. Sep. 27, 28, 1977, 2.
5. Nelson Lichtenstein, ed., Wal-Mart: The Face of Twenty-First-Century Capitalism (New York: New Press, 2006).
6. Tracy Deutsch, "Untangling Alliances: Social Tensions Surrounding Independent Grocery Stores and the Rise of Mass Retailing," in Food Nations, ed. Warren Belasco and Philip Scranton (New York: Routledge, 2002), 156-74
7. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003).
8. Jerome Frank, Opinion in Queensboro Farm Products vs. Wickard, 137 F. 2nd 969, (2nd Cir. 1943), 974; "SEC Appointments," NW, Dec. 20, 1937, 42
9. Reinhold Niebuhr, "Jerome Frank's Way Out," Nation, Jul. 9, 1938, 45.
10. James Shideler, Farm Crisis, 1919-1923 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957)
11. Hansen, Gaining Access; Hamilton, From New Day to New Deal
12. Gilbert C. Fite, George N. Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954).
13. Daniel, Breaking the Land
14. Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984) Fitzgerald, Every Farm a Factory.
15. Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 114 -17
16. Richard S. Kirkendall, Social Scientists and Farm Politics in the Age of Roosevelt (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1966).
17. Persia C. Campbell, Consumer Representation in the New Deal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940), 203- 4 Howe quoted in Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 119; Peek quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 52.
18. Michele Micheletti, The Swedish Farmers' Movement and Government Agricultural Policy (New York: Praeger, 1990), 44 -52
19. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, 315, 319
20. George N. Peek with Samuel Crowther, Why Quit Our Own (New York: Van Nostrand, 1936), 20
21. Irons, New Deal Lawyers, 10 Fite, George N. Peek, 243-66.
22. Steve Fraser, Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (New York: Free Press, 1991)
23. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990)
24. Nelson Lichtenstein, State of the Union: A Century of American Labor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 20- 97 Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics.
25. Jonathan J. Bean, Beyond the Broker State: Federal Policies toward Small Business, 1936-1961 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 17-36
26. Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 160-63
27. Richard S. Tedlow, New and Improved: The Story of Mass Marketing in America (New York: Basic Books, 1990), 182-239.
28. E. Melanie DuPuis, Nature's Perfect Food: How Milk Became America's Drink (New York: New York University Press, 2002)
29. Daniel R. Block, "The Development of Regional Institutions in Agriculture: The Chicago Milk Marketing Order," (Ph.D. diss., University of California-Los Angeles, 1997), 1-199.
30. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 46-54.
31. John D. Black, The Dairy Industry and the AAA (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1935), 60-82, 463.
32. NYT, Aug. 13, 1933, 2
33. E. Wilson, "Milk Strike," NR, Sep. 13, 1933, 122-25; MJ, Feb. 7, 1933, 6; MJ, Feb. 19, 1933, 3
34. A. William Hoglund, "Wisconsin Dairy Farmers on Strike," AH 35 ( Jan. 1961): 24 -34; MJ, Feb. 8, 1933, 1; MJ, Feb. 15, 1933, 1, 2; MJ, Feb. 17, 1933, 1, 3; MJ, Feb. 18, 1933, 1, 3; MJ, Feb. 20, 1933, 1, 2; MJ, Feb. 21, 1933, 1, 2
35. Dr. Pilgrim, "Health Department Activities during the Milk Strike," 1933, box 14, folder 3, entry 27, AMSR.
36. Mr. Blatz to Rodger Crabtree, "Report on Trip to South Milwaukee Farmers," Apr. 13, 1934, box 46, folder 6, entry 27, AMSR; Percy S. Hardiman, Interview by Dale Trelevan, Aug. 3, 1976, Percy Hardiman Oral History, WHS, tape 3, side 1.
37. Milk Council, Inc., Chicago Milk Dealers Association, and Pure Milk Association to Henry A. Wallace, May 26, 1933, box 41, folder 9, entry 25, AMSR; Pure Milk Association to Wallace and George N. Peek, Jul. 5, 1933, box 1811, folder 3, SAR.
38. House Agriculture Committee, Regulation of Milk Production, Distribution, and Pricing, Unpublished Hearings on H.R. 8988, 73rd Cong., 2nd sess., May 3, 1934, 126-27; "Let 'em Drink Grade A," Fortune, Nov. 1939, 82-84, 131-32.
39. Temporary National Economic Committee, Investigation of Concentration of Economic Power, Part 7: Milk Industry, Poultry Industry, Hearings, 76th Cong., 1st sess., Mar. 9- 11, May 1-3, 1939, 2778.
40. Wesley McCune, "Why Milk Costs So Much," Harper's, May 1942, 608.
41. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, 225-34
42. Mary Yeager, Competition and Regulation: The Development of Oligopoly in the Meat Packing Industry (Greenwich, CT.: Greenwood Press, 1981), 17, 49-59
43. John H. White, Jr., The American Railroad Freight Car: From the Wood- Car Era to the Coming of Steel (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 270-83.
44. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, 235
45. Oscar Edward Anderson, Jr., Refrigeration in America: A History of a New Technology and Its Impact (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953), 145-46, 148-49
46. Lewis Corey, Meat and Man: A Study of Monopoly, Unionism, and Food Policy (New York: Viking Press, 1950), 46-49
47. Yeager, Competition and Regulation, 61-77.
48. Corey, Meat and Man, 431; Federal Trade Commission, Report, Part III, 11, 15, 85- 116
49. Arnould, "Changing Patterns," 22
50. Charles L. Wood, The Kansas Beef Industry (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1980), 164, 165, 178-79.
51. Stafford v Wallace, 258 U.S. 495 (1922), 514 -16; NYT, May 15, 1922, 8.
52. Frederic C. Howe, "Working Arrangement with Meat Packing Companies," Jan. 24, 1934, box 1995, folder 6, SAR;
53. Ezekiel to Chester Davis, Jun. 11, 1934, box 1995, folder 6, SAR;
54. Charles F. Hurley to Wallace, Oct. 7, 1937, box 2589, folder 2, SAR;
55. Arnould, "Changing Patterns," 26
56. Corey, Meat and Man, 90-91
57. Robert Aduddell and Louis Cain, "Public Policy toward 'The Greatest Trust in the World,'" BHR 55 (Summer 1981): 238.
58. They Drive by Night, directed Raoul Walsh, 97 min., Warner Bros., 1940, digital video disc.
59. Seely, Building the American Highway, 35-99; Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington: GPO, 1976), 710.
60. "Trucks Are Going over the Top," BW, Sep. 12, 1936, 13-14; Childs, Trucking and the Public Interest, 35.
61. Samuel E. Hill, Teamsters and Transportation: Employee-Employer Relationships in New England (Washington: American Council on Public Affairs, 1942), xii.
62. Thorp McClusky, "Truck Drivers Are Human, Too," Christian Science Monitor Magazine, Aug. 9, 1947, 13; "A Man's on His Own on the Highway," ORPD, Jun. 1967, 5.
63. State-level regulations preceded federal legislation. See Donald V. Harper, Economic Regulation of the Motor Trucking Industry by the States (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1950), 26-27, 32-34.
64. John Lewis Keeshin, No Fears, Hidden Tears: A Memoir of Four Score Years (Chicago: Castle-Pierce Press, 1983), 19-20, 32-33
65. Hawley, New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly, 19-71.
66. Ralph C. James and Estelle Dinerstein James, Hoffa and the Teamsters: A Study of Union Power (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1965), 91
67. Lawrence S. Rothenberg, Regulation, Organizations, and Politics: Motor Freight Policy at the Interstate Commerce Commission (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 76-78.
68. Robert T. Schultz, Conflict and Change: Minneapolis Truck Drivers Make a Dent in the New Deal (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2000)
69. James and James, Hoffa and the Teamsters, 91, 92-101.
70. Thaddeus Russell, Out of the Jungle: Jimmy Hoffa and the Remaking of the American Working Class (New York: Knopf, 2001), 18, 25-72.
71. Eastman to Wallace, "Effect of the Proposed Motor Carrier Act on Farm Trucking," Mar. 16, 1934, box 2032, folder 19, SAR; CR, 74th Cong., 1st sess., Jul. 31, 1935, vol. 79, pt. 11, pp. 12,217, 12,221
72. Warren H. Wagner, A Legislative History of the Motor Carrier Act, 1935 (Denton, Md.: Rue Publishing, 1935), 26-29.
73. Biographical notes, box 32, folder 1, JDB; Hamilton, From New Day to New Deal, 182.
74. Black, Dairy Industry and the AAA, 222, 302-3.
75. Black to James E. Russell, Mar. 2, 1934, box 5, folder 3, JDB.
76. Skaggs, Prime Cut, 134 -35; Corey, Meat and Man, 131.
77. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, 222, 236
78. J. S. Cotton, Edmund Thompson, and Jay Whitson, "Cost of Fattening Cattle," in Report of the Federal Trade Commission on the Meat- Packing Industry, Part VI (Washington: GPO, 1920), 64, 55-132.
79. J. R. Mohler to Wallace, Sep. 17, 1935, box 2209, folder 6, SAR;
80. A. G. Black to N. K. Carnes, Dec. 28, 1938, box 2821, folder 13, SAR; Wood, Kansas Beef, 270.
81. Schein, "Hearings on Proposed Code," 102; House Agriculture Committee, Prohibit Feeding of Livestock by Certain Packers, Hearings, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., Apr. 21, 22, Oct. 5, 6, 1966, 106
82. Aly A. Abdou, "Economic Aspects of Motor Transportation in Marketing Livestock," JFE 39 (Nov. 1957): 961; Wood, Kansas Beef, 179.
83. "Peg Beef Prices," BW, Dec. 19, 1942, 70
84. Marshall B. Clinard, The Black Market: A Study of White Collar Crime (New York: Rinehart, 1952), 116-17
85. Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 192-94, 202, 207, 215
86. Amy Bentley, Eating for Victory: Food Rationing and the Politics of Domesticity (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 9-29, 85-102.
87. Schlebecker, Cattle Raising, 171; "Boom in Beef," BW, May 30, 1942, 22
88. John D. Black and Charles A. Gibbons, "The War and American Agriculture," Review of Economic Statistics 26 (Feb. 1944): 14 -16; Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1976), 485.
89. Clinard, Black Market, 134, 142- 43; John J. Madigan to Jerry Thorne, May 12, 1943, box 1, folder 1, entry 111, AMSR.
90. Judith Russell and Renee Fantin, Studies in Food Rationing (Washington: GPO, 1947), 265; "Milk Rations Seen," BW, Jun. 12, 1943, 57; WSJ, Feb. 10, 1942, 1; NYT, Dec. 31, 1941, 32.
91. McCune, "Why Milk Costs So Much," 604, 608.
92. Russell and Fantin, Studies in Food Rationing, 267-68; Report of the Secretary of Agriculture (Washington: GPO, 1943), 149
93. Hugh Rockoff, Drastic Measures: A History of Wage and Price Controls in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
94. Labor Research Division, Mid-States Dairy Conference, Proceedings, Feb. 26, 1943
95. H. G. Burger to Thomas Flynn, May 14, 1942, box 119, folder 8, series II, IBTR.
96. NYT, May 24, 1942, 1, 39; NYT, May 29, 1942, 1, 10; "Milk Route Peace?" BW, Nov. 21, 1942, 112-13
97. Victor Jack Sheifer, "Technological Change and Collective Bargaining: Experiences in the New York Milk-Distributing Industry, 1939-1972" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1974), 326-27, 329.
98. "Prices Assailed," BW, Jul. 15, 1944, 28, 31; "Beef in Trouble," BW, Dec. 23, 1944, 17- 18; "Ceiling on Beef," BW, Feb. 3, 1945, 24 -26; Clinard, Black Market, 145- 47; Porter to Bowles, Mar. 12, 1946, box 1340, folder 1, SAR; Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 227-31.
99. Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 228-31; Matusow, Farm Policies and Politics, 52-61.
100. Corey, Meat and Man, 91-92, 186
101. William O'Dwyer to Anderson, Jun. 13, 1947, box 1471, folder 12, SAR
102. Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 235-36.
103. House Agriculture Committee, Long-Range Agricultural Policy, Part 1, Hearings, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Apr. 21, 22, 23, 1947
104. Matusow, Farm Policies and Politics, 3, 12
105. Dean, Opportunity Lost, 27; National Planning Association, Dare Farmers Risk Abundance? (Washington: National Planning Association, 1947).
106. Current Biography (1948), 57-59
107. Eleonora W. Schoenebaum, ed., Political Profiles: The Truman Years (New York: Facts on File, 1977), 51-53
108. Dean, Opportunity Lost, 80-81.
109. Matusow, Farm Politics and Policies, 110- 44
110. Dean, Opportunity Lost, 19- 48.
111. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 224
112. Matusow, Farm Policies and Politics, 178-87
113. Dean, Opportunity Lost, 97-108
114. Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 240-22.
115. Dean, Opportunity Lost, 131- 46
116. Reo Millard Christenson, The Brannan Plan (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959)
117. Matusow, Farm Policies and Politics, 191-201
118. Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics, 238-39.
119. David E. Lindstrom, "Farm Price Policies in Sweden," JFE 34 (May 1952): 267-74
120. David J. Vail, Knut Per Hasund, and Lars Drake, The Greening of Agricultural Policy in Industrial Societies: Swedish Reforms in Comparative Perspective (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), 91-238
121. Matusow, Farm Policies and Politics, 119, 121-23, 195.
122. Matusow, Farm Policies and Politics, 201, 205
123. Dean, Opportunity Lost, 148, 152-53
124. Marie Murtaugh to Brannan, Aug. 18, 1949, box 1712, folder 1, SAR.
125. American Trucking Associations, American Trucking Trends (1949), 1, 4
126. Ruggles et al., Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, 1950 1% sample; Thieves' Highway, dir. Jules Dassin, 94 min., Twentieth Century Fox, 1949, digital video disc.
127. Mildred R. DeWolfe, For-Hire Carriers Hauling Exempt Agricultural Commodities: Nature and Extent of Operations (Washington: Agricultural Marketing Service, 1963)
128. Walter Miklius, Comparison of For-Hire Motor Carriers Operating under the Agricultural Exemption with Regulated Carriers (Washington: Agricultural Marketing Service, 1966).
129. Ralph L. Dewey, "Regulations and Policies," in USDA, Yearbook of Agriculture (Washington: GPO, 1954), 109
130. Rose, Seely, and Barrett, Best Transportation System, 97-104.
131. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1976), 457, 467-68, 483.
132. Joe Miller, "Dave Beck Comes out of the West," Reporter, Dec. 8, 1953, 21; "Who Are the Teamsters?" USNWR, Mar. 8, 1957, 134; Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Over-the-Road Truckdrivers," Occupational Outlook Handbook 1255, 4th ed. (1959): 420; Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1976), 169, 173.
133. "Divided Highway: The Story of They Drive by Night," companion film to digital video disc.
134. Edward L. Schapsmeier and Frederick H. Schapsmeier, "Eisenhower and Ezra Taft Benson: Farm Policy in the 1950s," AH 44 (Oct. 1970): 376
135. Hansen, Gaining Access, 127- 63; McCune, Ezra Taft Benson, 79.
136. Ezra Taft Benson, Freedom to Farm (New York: Doubleday, 1960)
137. John H. Davis, "Business Responsibility and the Market for Farm Products," Address before Boston Conference on Distribution, Oct. 17, 1955, box 1, folder 2, John H. Davis Papers, NAL
138. John H. Davis, "From Agriculture to Agribusiness," Harvard Business Review 34 ( Jan. 1956), 115.
139. American Trucking Associations, American Trucking Trends (1960), 11
140. William J. Hudson and Don C. Leavens, "The Kinds and Uses of Carriers," in USDA, Yearbook of Agriculture (1954), 96-97.
141. Albro Martin, Railroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection, and Rebirth of a Vital American Force (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 339-98; Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1976), 224, 730, 733.
142. American Trucking Associations, American Trucking Trends (1970-1971), 15
143. David E. Moser and Wesley R. Kriebel, Transportation in Agriculture and Business (Columbia: University of Missouri Extension, 1964), 4.
144. "Biggest Vegetable Factory on Earth," Life, Jan. 1955, 40- 43.
145. Edwin W. Williams, "Are Frosted Foods at the Crossroads?" QFF (Mar. 1939): 22.
146. The role of the warehouse in the twentieth-century economy is something of a "black box," hidden from view and therefore largely taken for granted. Landscape historian J. B. Jackson is to my knowledge the only scholar to write, if briefly, on the "steady flow" concept of modern warehousing in A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), 173-85.
147. WSJ, Dec. 3, 1946, 1. On the history of time as a commodity, see E. P. Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-97.
148. "Frozen Foods: Interim Report," 109; General Foods Corporation, Annual Report, 1945
149. Ezra Taft Benson, "Research Results in Progress," Address at a dinner in honor of the 25th Anniversary Celebration of the Founding of the Frozen Food Industry, Washington, D.C., Apr. 13, 1954, box 1.3/15, folder B3, USDAHC; NYT, Apr. 14, 1954, 43.
150. "Exemption Debate Moves Forward as Farm Groups Plan Own Study," QFF (Aug. 1957): 131.
151. Margaret R. Purcell, Transportation of Florida Frozen Orange Juice Concentrate: A Case Study of Carrier Competition Induced by Dynamic Industry Growth (Washington: USDA, 1955), 8, 31, 33, 37-38; "Asks Truckers for 'Greater Efficiency,' " QFF (Apr. 1953): 160.
152. American East Texas Motor Freight Lines, Inc. v. Frozen Food Express, 351 U.S. 49 (1956), quote at HR2; Home Transfer & Storage Co. v. United States, 141 F. Supp. 599 (1956); Sperling, Agricultural Exemption, 36-37
153. Neil Olmsted, "ICC Indecision Seen Forcing Fight to Widen Exempt Product List," QFF (Nov. 1956): 78.
154. Snitzler and Byrne, Interstate Trucking of Frozen Fruits and Vegetables under Agricultural Exemption, 1, 50.
155. Rose, Seely, and Barrett, Best Transportation System, 97-119.
156. House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, Interstate Commerce Act: Agricultural Exemptions, 4, 14, 24, 154, 378-79
157. John V. Lawrence to William C. Crow, Jan. 29, 1957, box 2, folder 15, entry 42, AMSR.
158. Robert M. Collins, The Business Response to Keynes, 1929-1964 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981)
159. Robert Griffith, "Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Corporate Commonwealth," American Historical Review 87 (Feb. 1982): 87-122.
160. Earl Butz to Sen. Ed C. Johnson, Sep. 3, 1954, box 2, folder 4, AMSR, entry 18; D. B. DeLoach to A. L. Ellis, Jan. 4, 1954, box 28, entry 11, AMSR; "Who Gets What You Spend for Food? Farmer's Share Shrinks, Labor Takes a Bigger Slice," USNWR, Mar. 9, 1956, 72-73.
161. Senate Judiciary Committee, Unfair Trade Practices in the Meat Industry, Hearings, 85th Cong., 1st sess., May 1-3, 7-10, 15, 22, 1957, 278
162. Robert Aduddell and Louis Cain, "The Consent Decree in the Meatpacking Industry, 1920-1956," BHR 55 (Autumn 1981): 359-61, 369-72.
163. J'Nell L. Pate, America's Historic Stockyards: Livestock Hotels (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 2005)
164. Mayer, "Monfort," 93
165. Wood, Kansas Beef, 292;" Revolution Hits Cattle Industry," Topeka (Kansas) Capital-Journal, Sep. 11, 1960, CIC.
166. Clark Bentley and Lawton Williams, "Asphalt Cowboy" (BMI / Shelby Singleton / Western Hills), recorded by Sleepy LaBeef, Plantation Records 66
167. Stan Holtzman, "The 'Bull Hauler': 'Other Drivers Call Us Stupid,' " OD ( Jul. 1965): 42; "The Livestock Hauler: 20th Century Trail Boss," OD (Feb. 1972): 123.
168. Robert Vandivier interview
169. Holtzman, " 'Bull Hauler," 44; " '5 Major Things to Watch' in Every Livestock Haul," KT (Feb. 1948): 14, 21; "Handle Stock Properly to Reduce Bruising," KT ( Jul. 1954): 23; "Livestock Hauler: 20th Century Trail Boss," 118.
170. Donna Hobbs, "Business Surrounded by Atmosphere of the 'Old West,' " KT ( Jul. 1962): 6-8; "Small Fleet of the Month," OD (Apr. 1970): 84
171. Tim Heerdt, "Hauling Livestock, A Boy's Perspective," WOT, Mar. 2004, 25
172. Earnest R. Sternberg, A History of Motor Truck Development (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1981), 46.
173. J. C. Winter to Charles B. Bowling, "Livestock Transportation Charges," Feb. 28, 1955, box 2, folder 2, entry 42, AMSR; Abdou, "Economic Aspects," 964; "Hauling as Many as 2900 Cattle a Day," KT (Apr. 1965): 4.
174. House Agriculture Committee, Equalize Livestock Marketing Competition, 87th Cong., 1st sess., 3, 16, 29, 30, 55, 89.
175. Roger B. Porter, The U.S.-U.S.S.R. Grain Agreement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); WSJ, Mar. 29, 1973, 1, 30; WSJ, Apr. 9, 1973, 4; WSJ, Apr. 3, 1973, 2; NYT, Apr. 8, 1973, 1; NYT, Apr. 3, 1973, 1; Mayer, "Monfort," 91.
176. "Triumph of Logic," Forbes, Dec. 15, 1968, 48; House Agriculture Committee, Prohibit Feeding of Livestock, 24.
177. Jerry Fetterolf, "Final Touches Are Due on Emporia Packing Plant," Wichita Eagle, Apr. 27, 1969, MIC; "Ahead of the Herd in Automation," BW, Jun. 27, 1964, 106.
178. Tinstman and Peterson, Iowa Beef Processors, 8; House Small Business Committee, Small Business Problems in the Marketing of Meat, Part 5, 34
179. Ratner, "Role of Truck Transportation," 14-17.
180. Starr H. Lloyd, "Food Distribution: A Study in Beef," Transportation and Distribution Management 12 (Sep. 1972): 21-24; "Amarillo's IBP: Where Beef Is King," ATN, Mar. 1977, 18.
181. Lloyd, "Food Distribution," 21, 23; "Private Fleet Cuts Delivery Time, Cargo Losses for Monfort of Colorado," ATN, Sep. 1973, 6
182. Edward Miller, "Monfort Pride," WOT, May 2007, 40- 41.
183. "Indianapolis Milkmen 'Mass-Shopped,'" MD (Oct. 1960): 10.
184. Gus Rothe, "Bottle Recovery Drive," MD ( Jan. 1945): 30-31, 68
185. A. Maurice Davis et al., "Packaging," MD ( Jul. 1962): 39- 40.
186. Hugh L. Cook, Paper Packaged Milk in Wisconsin: Its Part in Expanding Distribution Areas (Madison: University of Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, 1953), 24.
187. Cook, Paper Packaged Milk, 3, 7, 10-17; "Meeting Competition with Paper," MD ( Jan. 1954): 68, 90
188. Faye Henle, "Diversified Dairies: The Search for Greener Pastures Is Paying Off," Barron's, Apr. 22, 1957, 11-13; Golden Guernsey Dairy Cooperative, "The Heart of Golden Guernsey Dairy Cooperative" n.d. (1960s), 4, box 1, folder 1, GG.
189. Cook, Paper Packaged Milk, 6; "Survey Reveals Information on Store Distribution," MD ( Jul. 1946): 66; "Skimmed from the News," MD (May 1954): 30.
190. Don Merlin, "The Milk Industry Rides a Tiger," MD (Dec. 1960): 24 -25, 69; "Bowman Chain Store Marketing Organization," Feb. 1, 1960, box 30, folder 6, series II, subseries 4, BDC.
191. Minutes of Resolutions Committee Meeting of Consolidated Badger Cooperative, Apr. 15, 1958, reel 2, CBC; Torgerson, Building Markets, 102-3
192. Williams et al., Organization and Competition, 31-32.
193. Percy S. Hardiman, interview by Dale Trelevan, Aug. 3, 1976, WHS, tape 3, side 1; "Objectives and Purposes of Suggested Reorganization," 1969, box 2, folder 9, AMPI.
194. Williams et al., Organization and Competition, 8; NYT, Mar. 23, 1967, 22.
195. "Overdrive Dissects Mike Parkhurst," OD (Sep. 1971): 8-9, 10, 13; "Who We Are, Why We Are, Where We Are," OD (Feb. 1962): 25; "Truckin' with OD," Time, Sep. 1, 1975, 56
196. Harry Crews, "The Trucker Militant," Esquire, Aug. 1977, 146.
197. Jack Temple Kirby, The Countercultural South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995).
198. Axel Madsen, Open Road: Truckin' on the Biting Edge (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, 1982), 134; Hank Miller to the Editor, OD ( Jan. 1963): 5; Otto Riemer, Hammer Down (Winona, MN: Apollo Books, 1985), 23.
199. Interstate Commerce Commission, The Independent Trucker: Nationwide Survey of Owner-Operators (Washington: ICC Bureau of Economics, 1978), 5
200. Frederic Will, Big Rig Souls: Truckers in America's Heartland (West Bloomfield, MI: A & M, 1992), 129.
201. NYT, Dec. 4, 1966, D33; Fodor, "Truck Song," 19; Dixie Deen, "Six Days on the Road Puts Ravin' Dave Dudley on Country Music Map," MCN 4 ( July 1966): 11.
202. Horstman, Sing Your Heart Out, 321.
203. Kenneth W. Fitzgerald, "The Trucker's Balladeer," ORPD, Apr. 1977, 44
204. Malone, Country Music U.S.A., 320.
205. Fitzgerald, "The Trucker's Balladeer," 44; C. O. Bruce, Jr. to the Editor, OD (Aug. 1966): 7-8
206. Raymond, "Hitch Your Truck to a Country Star," 179; "Truckers Everywhere Love Country Music," ORPD, Sep. 1978, 30.
207. Virginia Alderman, "Truckers Jamboree," Country Song Roundup, May 1975, CMHF, Dick Curless File; Ted Gioia, Work Songs (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006), 35-62, 169-81.
208. Linda Buis to the Editor, OD (Sep. 1964): 15-16; Krueger, Gypsy on 18 Wheels, 74 - 75; NYT, Nov. 10, 1975, 58
209. Chris Darrell Roberts, Jim Thornton, and Scott Turner, "Little Pink Mack," performed by Kay Adams, Tower 269.
210. Marcella Hurley Koch, "Her Producers Accept and Respect This Lady Hauler," MMH (Oct. 1962): 16; NYT, Nov. 10, 1975, 58; " 'Westward the Women' Had Nothing on the Jones Gals Who Run Trucks," KT ( Jan. 1954): 12.
211. Merle Haggard, "Movin' On," Capitol 4085.
212. John J. Harris to the Editor, OD (Nov. 1963): 11-12.
213. Leone, Negro in the Trucking Industry; Russell, Out of the Jungle, 121-22; House Small Business Committee, Regulatory Problems of the Independent Owner-Operator in the Nation's Trucking Industry, Part 1, Hearings, 94th Cong., 2nd sess., May 19, 20, 26, Jun. 5, 1976, 275; WSJ, Nov. 9, 1966, 32.
214. Terkel, Working, 210; "Overdrive Dissects Mike Parkhurst," 21.
215. J. Gonzalez to the Editor, "Flexibility," OD ( Jan. 1973): 18
216. M. P. Funkhouser to the Editor, "Trucker Urges Nationwide Shutdown," OD (Sep. 1973): 13.
217. Harry Maurer, "Organizing the 'Gypsies,'" Nation, Jan. 11, 1975, 11; NYT, Dec. 5, 1973, 34; "The Shutdown," OD ( Jan. 1974): 40; NYT, Dec. 6, 1973, 1; NYT, Dec. 15, 1973, 70; NYT, Dec. 6, 1973, 46; NYT, Dec. 17, 1973, 43.
218. NYT, Jan. 21, 1974, 14; NYT, Jan. 25, 1974, 12; Wyckoff and Maister, Owner-Operator, 58-59; NYT, Jan. 28, 1974, 19; NYT, Feb. 4, 1974, 1, 22.
219. NYT, Jan. 27, 1974, 34; NYT, Feb. 1, 1974, 58; NYT, Feb. 6, 1974, 20; NYT, Feb. 8, 1974, 65; NYT, Feb. 9, 1974, 1, 14; NYT, Feb. 12, 1974, 69; NYT, Apr. 2, 1974, 7; NYT, May 14, 1974, 75; Maurer, "Organizing the 'Gypsies,' " 14.
220. NYT, Jan. 31, 1974, 19
221. Maurer, "Organizing the 'Gypsies,' " 15
222. Charles Bisanz, "The Anatomy of a Mass Public Protest Action: A Shutdown by Independent Truck Drivers," Human Organization 36, no. 1 (1977): 63-69; "The Shutdown," OD, 40.
223. NYT, Aug. 9, 1977, 27; Convoy, dir. Sam Peckinpah, 110 min., EMI Films, 1978, videocassette.
224. McCall quoted in Kenneth L. Woodward, Peter S. Greenberg, and Susan Malsch, "The Trucker Mystique," NW, Jan. 26, 1976, 44; NYT, Jun. 28, 1978, C17
225. Frank Rich, "Duck Soup," Time, Jul. 10, 1978, 78; Will, Big Rig Souls, 84.
226. "One Hellacious Uproar," 22; NYT, Jun. 15, 1979, 1; NYT, Jun. 15, 1979, 1; NYT, Jun. 17, 1979, 22; NYT, Jun. 20, 1979, 1; "Spreading Toll of Truckers' Strike," USNWR, Jul. 2, 1979, 4; NYT, Jun. 22, 1979, B4
227. Bonventre et al., "Truckers in Revolt," 45.
228. Richard N. Farmer, "The Case for Unregulated Truck Transportation," JFE 46 (May 1964): 408.
229. Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee, Economic Regulation of the Trucking Industry, Part 2, Hearings, 96th Cong., 1st sess., Jun. 26, 27, 1979, 378-79, 359, 377.
230. House Public Works and Transportation Committee, Motor Carrier Act of 1980, H. Rpt. 96-1069, 96th Cong., 2nd sess., Jun. 3, 1980, 1, 7, 10, 20.
231. Maurer, "Organizing the Gypsies," 12.
232. "Tell Overdrive: Ronald Reagan," OD ( Jan. 1981): 30-31.