Reel-to-reel wet coating as an efficient up-scaling technique for the production of bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 93, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 476-483

  Blankenburg, Lars ^a   Schultheis, Karin ^a   Schache, Hannes ^a   Sensfuss, Steffi ^a   Schrödner, Mario ^a  

^a ILMENAU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Organic photovoltaics; Polymer solar cell; Reel to reel; Slot die coating; Wet coating

Indexed keywords

COATINGS; CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; DIES; ESTERS; ETHYLENE; FATTY ACIDS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; POLYMERS; POLYSTYRENES; REELS; SOLAR CELLS; SOLAR ENERGY; SOLAR EQUIPMENT;

ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; POLYMER SOLAR CELL; REEL TO REEL; SLOT DIE COATING; WET COATING;

PLASTIC COATINGS;

EID: 60449108889     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.12.013     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Brabec C.J., and Sariciftci N.S. Conjugated polymer based plastic solar cells. In: Hadzioannou G., and van Hutten P.F. (Eds). Semiconducting Polymers (2000), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 515-560
2. Sariciftci N.S., Braun D., Zhang C., Srdanov V.I., Heeger A.J., Stucky G., and Wudl F. Semiconducting polymer-buckminsterfullerene heterojunctions: diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 62 (1993) 585-587
3. Jenekhe S.A., and Yi S. Efficient photovoltaic cells from semiconducting polymer heterojunctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 2635-2637
4. Janssen R.A.J., Hummelen J.C., and Sariciftci N.S. Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. MRS Bull. 30 (2005) 33-36
5. Halls J.J.M., Walsh C.A., Greenham N.C., Marseglia E.A., Friend R.H., Moratti S.C., and Holmes A.B. Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks. Nature 376 (1995) 498-500
6. Yu G., Gao J., Hummelen J.C., Wudl F., and Heeger A.J. Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Science 270 (1995) 1789-1791
7. Frechet J.M.J., and Thompson B.C. Polymer-fullerene composite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (2007) 2-22
8. J. Poortmans (Eds.), Special issue: organic solar cells, Prog. Photovoltaics: Res. Appl. 15(8) (2007) 657-754.
9. In: Brabec C., Dyakonov V., and Scherf U. (Eds). Organic Photovoltaics (2008), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
10. Hoppe H., and Sariciftci N. Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 16 (2006) 45-61
11. Günes S., Neugebauer H., and Sariciftci N.S. Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells. Chem. Rev. 107 (2007) 1324-1338
12. Bundgaard E., and Krebs F.C. Low band gap polymers for organic photovoltaics. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 (2007) 954-985
13. Jørgensen M.C., Norrman K., and Krebs F.C. Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 686-714
14. F.C. Krebs, Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: A review of printing and coating techniques, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 (2009) 394-412, doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2008.10.004.
15. Padinger F., Rittberger R.S., and Sariciftci N.S. Effects of postproduction treatment on plastic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 11 13 (2003) 1-4
16. Brabec C.J., Hauch J.A., Schilinsky P., and Waldauf C. Production aspects of organic photovoltaics and their impact on the commercialization. MRS Bull. 30 (2005) 50-52
17. Li G., Shrotriya V., Huang J., Yao Y., Moriarty T., Emery K., and Yang Y. High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat. Mater. 4 (2005) 864-868
18. Kim Y., Cook S., Tuladhar S.M., Choulis S.A., Nelson J., Durrant J.R., Bradley D.D.C., Giles M., McCulloch I., Ha C.-S., and Ree M. A strong regioregularity effect in self-organizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene: fullerene solar cells. Nat. Mater. 5 (2006) 197-203
19. Peet J., Kim J.Y., Coates N.E., Ma W.L., Moses D., Heeger A.J., and Bazan G.C. Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols. Nat. Mater. 6 (2007) 497-500
20. ®OPV technology: efficiency, process, scaling, and reliability, Dutch Solar Cell R&D Seminar, 2008.
21. Kim J.Y., Lee K., Coates N.E., Moses D., Nguyen T.-Q., Dante M., and Heeger A.J. Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing. Science 317 (2007) 222-225
22. Lungenschmied C., Dennler G., Neugebauer H., Sariciftci N.S., Glatthaar M., Meyer T., and Meyer A. Flexible, long-lived, large-area, organic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 (2007) 379-384
23. Krebs F.C., and Spanggard H. Significant improvement of polymer solar cell stability. Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 5235-5237
24. Krebs F.C., Alstrup J., Spanggaard H., Lars K., and Kold E. Production of large-area polymer solar cells by industrial silk screen printing, lifetime considerations and lamination with polyethyleneterephthalate. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 83 (2004) 293-300
25. Krebs F.C., Spanggard H., Kiær T., Niancardo M., and Alsstrup J. Large area plastic solar cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 138 (2007) 106-111
26. Dennler G., Lungenschmied C., Neugebauer H., Sariciftci N.S., and Labouret A. Flexible, conjugated polymer-fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction solar cells: basics, encapsulation, and integration. J. Mater. Res. 20 (2005) 3224-3233
27. Al-Ibrahim M., Roth H.-K., and Sensfuss S. Efficient large-area polymer solar cells on flexible substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 9 (2004) 1481-1493
28. Al-Ibrahim M., Konkin A., Roth H.-K., Egbe D.A.M., Klemm E., Zhokhavets U., Gobsch G., and Sensfuss S. Phenylene-ethynylene/phenylene-vinylene hybrid polymers: optical and electrochemical characterization, comparison with poly [2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] and application in flexible polymer solar cells. Thin Solid Films 474 1-2 (2005) 201-210
29. Sensfuss S., and Al-Ibrahim M. Optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymer/ fullerene binary pairs with variety LUMO level differences. In: Sun S.-S., and Sariciftci N.S. (Eds). Organic Photovoltaics: Mechanisms, Materials and Devices (2005), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA 529-557
30. Al-Ibrahim M., Sensfuss S., Gobsch G., and Ambacher O. Effects of solvent and annealing on the improved performance of solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene): fullerene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 201120-201122
31. Green M.A., Emery K., Hishikawa Y., and Warta W. Solar cell efficiency tables. Prog. Photovoltaics: Res. Appl. 16 (2008) 61-67
32. Green R., Morfa A., Ferguson A.J., Kopidakis N., Rumbles G., and Shaheen S.E. Performance of bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices prepared by airbrush spray deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (2008) 1-3 (033301)
33. Schilinsky P., Waldauf C., and Brabec C.J. Performance analysis of printed bulk heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 16 (2006) 1669-1672
34. Brabec C.J., and Durrant J.R. Theme article-solution-processed organic solar cells. MRS Bull. 33 (2008) 670-675
35. Hoth C.N., Choulis S.A., Schilinsky P., and Brabec C.J. High photovoltaic performance of inkjet printed polymer:fullerene blends. Adv. Mater. 19 (2007) 3973-3978
36. Ver-Bruggen S. Sun screens-can organic solar cells invigorate Korea's display and electronics industry?. Plastic Electron. 1 3 (2008) 42-50
37. Krebs F.C. In: Krebs F.C. (Ed). Polymer Photovoltaics-A Practical Approach (2008), SPIE Press, Bellingham, Washington, USA 1-10 (Chapter 1)
38. K. Schultheis, L. Blankenburg, S. Sensfuss, M. Schrödner, Polymer photovoltaics: first steps to large scale R2R-production using wet coating techniques, in: Proceedings of the Cintelliq Conference, Frankfurt, 2007.
39. M. Schrödner, K. Schultheis, L. Blankenburg, H. Schache, S. Sensfuss, Reel-to-reel film coating technique for production of functional layers for polymer photovoltaics and electronics, in: International Symposium TPE08, Rudolstadt, 2008.
40. Durst F., and Wagner H.-G. Slot coating. In: Kistler S.F., and Schweizer P.M. (Eds). Liquid Film Coating (1997), Chapman & Hall, London 401-426
41. Darrow D. Slot die coating. In: Cohen E.D. (Ed). Web Coating Blog (2007). (March 19) 〈http://www.webcoatingblog.com/blog/2007/03/slot_die_coatin.html〉
42. Apsel F. Funktionalisierung von Oberflächen mittels Beschichtung aus dem fluiden Zustand. Mat.-wiss. u. Werkstofftech. 32 (2001) 795-799
43. Destruel P., Bock H., Séguy I., Jolinat P., Oukachmih M., and Bedel-Pereira E. Influence of indium tin oxide treatment using UV-ozone and argon plasma on the photovoltaic parameters of devices based on organic discotic materials. Polym. Int. 55 (2006) 601-607
44. Kim J.-S., Cacialli F., and Friend R. Surface conditioning of indium-tin oxide anodes for organic light-emitting diodes. Thin Solid Films 445 (2003) 358-366
45. Al-Ibrahim M., Roth H.-K., Schrödner M., Konkin A., Zhokhavets U., Gobsch G., Scharff P., and Sensfuss S. The influence of the optoelectronic properties of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) on the device parameters in flexible polymer solar cells. Org. Electron. 6 (2005) 65-77
46. Al-Ibrahim M., Roth H.-K., Zhokhavets U., Gobsch G., and Sensfuss S. Flexible large area polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 85 (2005) 13-20
47. Ma W., Yang C., Gong X., Lee K., and Heeger A.J. Thermally stable, efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology. Adv. Funct. Mater. 15 (2005) 1617-1622
48. Dennler G., Scharber M.C., Ameri T., Denk P., Forberich K., Waldauf C., and Brabec C.J. Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction tandem solar cells-towards 15% energy-conversion efficiency. Adv. Mater. 20 (2008) 579-583
49. Scharber M.C., Mühlbacher D., Koppe M., Denk P., Waldauf C., Heeger A.J., and Brabec C.J. Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells-towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency. Adv. Mater. 18 (2006) 789-794
50. Yang X., Loos J., Veenstra S.C., Verhees W.J.H., Wienk M.W., Kroon J.M., Michels M.A.J., and Janssen R.A.J. Nanoscale morphology of high-performance polymer solar cells. Nano Lett. 5 (2005) 579-583
51. Katz E.A., Gevorgyan S., Orynbayev M.S., and Krebs F.C. Out-door testing and long-term stability of plastic solar cells. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 36 (2006) 307-311
52. Hauch J.A., Schilinsky P., Choulis S.A., Childers R., Biele M., and Brabec C.J. Flexible organic P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction modules with more than 1 year outdoor lifetime. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 727-731
53. Krebs F.C. Air stable polymer photovoltaics based on a process free from vacuum steps and fullerenes. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 715-726
54. Gevorgyan S.A., and Krebs F.C. Bulk heterojunction based on native polythiophene. Chem. Mater. 20 (2008) 4386-4390
55. 〈http://www.vitexsys.com/encapsulation.html〉
56. 〈http://www.polo.fraunhofer.de/〉
57. N. Alleborn, Einführung und Überblick über industrielle Verfahren zum Auftrag dünner flüssiger Filme, in: Proceedings of Fundamentals and Methods in Coating, LSTM Erlangen 2005, p. 1.
58. P.M. Schweizer, Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Mehrfachbeschichtung, in: Proceedings of Fundamentals and Methods in Coating, LSTM Erlangen 2005, p. 15.
59. Pranevicius L. Vapor deposition coating technology. In: Tracton A.A. (Ed). Coatings Technology Handbook (2006), CRC, Boca Raton 31.1-31.30