What constitutes a normal ante-mortem urine GHB concentration?

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 148-151

  Mari, Francesco ^a   Politi, Lucia ^a   Trignano, Claudia ^b   Di Milia, Maria Grazia ^a   Di Padua, Marianna ^a   Bertol, Elisabetta ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cut off; GHB; Urine

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; FEMALE; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; REFERENCE VALUES; SODIUM OXYBATE;

EID: 60349117269     PISSN: 1752928X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2008.08.014     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Lborit H. Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. Int J Neuropharmacol 3 (1964) 433-452
2. Tunnicliff G. Sites of action of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-a neuroactive drug with abuse potential. Clin Toxicol 35 (1977) 581-590
3. Snead III O.C. Evidence for a G protein-coupled gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor. J Neurochem 75 (2000) 1986
4. Colombo G., Agabio R., Lobina C., Reali R., and Gessa G.L. Involvement of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in the mediation of discriminative stimulus effects of gamma hydroxybutyric acid. Physiol Behav 64 (1998) 293-302
5. Feigenbaum J.J., and Howard S.G. Does gamma-hydroxybutyrate inhibit or stimulate central dopamine release?. Int J Neurosci 88 (1996) 53-69
6. Diana M., Mereu G., Mura A., Fadda F., Passino N., and Gessa G.L. Low doses of γ-hydroxybutyric acid stimulate the firing of dopaminergic neurons in unanesthetized rats. Brain Res 566 (1991) 208
7. Couper F.J., and Marinetti L.J. Γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-effects on humans performance and behaviour. Forensic Sci Rev 14 (2002) 101-121
8. Li J., Stokes S.A., and Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: a review of the effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid with recommendations for management. Ann Emerg Med 31 (1998) 729-736
9. Stillwell M.E. Drug-facilitated sexual assault involving gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. J Forensic Sci 47 (2002) 1133-1134
10. Kerrigan S. In vitro production of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in antemortem urine samples. J Anal Toxicol 26 (2002) 571-574
11. Multi-prep® "no vacuum" gravity series GVSA-200 method for the measurement of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in serum and urine using GC/MS. Biochemical Diagnostics, Inc.; May 2003.
12. Pöschl J., Kölker S., Bast T., Brüssau J., Ruef P., Linderkamp O., et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid sedation in neonates and children undergoing MR imaging. Klin Padiatr 219 (2007) 217-219
13. Haller C., Thai D., Jacob III P., and Dyer J.E. GHB urine concentrations after single-dose administration in humans. J Anal Toxicol 30 (2006) 360-364
14. Elian A.A. Determination of endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) levels in antemortem urine and blood. Forensic Sci Int 128 (2002) 120-122
15. Elliott S.P. The presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in post-mortem biological fluids. J Anal Toxicol 25 (2001) 152
16. Yeatman D.T., and Reid K. A study of urinary endogenous gamma-hydroxy-butyrate (GHB) levels. J Anal Toxicol 27 (2003) 40-42
17. Crookes C.E., Faulds M.C., Forrest A.R.W., and Galloway J.H. A reference range for endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyrate in urine by GC/MS. J Anal Toxicol 28 (2004) 644-649
18. Kavanagh P.V., Kenny P., and Feely J. The urinary excretion of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 53 (2001) 399-402
19. McCusker R.R., Paget-Wilkes H., Chronister C.W., and Goldberger B.A. Analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in urine by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 23 (1999) 301-305
20. Eklund A, Eriksson M. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): endogenous concentrations, abuse, traffic accidents and death. In: Presented at the 38th meeting of the international association of forensic toxicologists, Helsinki, Finland; 2000.
21. Le Beau M.A., Montgomery M.A., Morris-Kukoski C., Schaff J.E., Deakin A., and Levine B. A comprehensive study on the variations in urinary concentrations of endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). J Anal Toxicol 30 (2006) 98-105
22. Moriya F., Nishimura H., Furumiya J., and Hashimoto Y. Effects of drinking and smoking on endogenous levels of urinary gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, a preliminary study. Leg Med Tokyo 8 (2006) 231-234
23. Beránková K., Mutnanská K., and Balíková M. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid stability and formation in blood and urine. Forensic Sci Int 161 (2006) 158-162
24. Shima N., Miki A., Kamata T., Katagi M., and Tsuchihashi H. Urinary endogenous concentrations of GHB and its isomers in healthy humans and diabetics. Forensic Sci Int 149 (2005) 171-179
25. Abanades S., Farré M., Segura M., Pichini S., Pastor A., Pacifici R., et al. Disposition of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in conventional and nonconventional biologic fluids after single drug administration: issues in methodology and drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 29 (2007) 64-70