Men's and women's drive for muscularity: Gender differences and cognitive and behavioral correlates

International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 69-84

  Kyrejto, Jacob W ^a   Mosewich, Amber D ^a   Kowalski, Kent C ^a   Mack, Diane E ^b   Crocker, Peter R E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^b BROCK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Drive for muscularity; Gender; Muscle tone

Indexed keywords

EID: 60249102284     PISSN: 1612197X     EISSN: 1557251X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671855     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Bane, S., & McAuley, E. (1998). Body image and exercise. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 311-322). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
2. Blouin, A. G., & Goldfield, G. S. (1995). Body image and steroid use in male bodybuilders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 159-166.
3. Blood, S. K. (2005). Body work: The social construction of women's body image. London: Routledge.
4. Butler, R. C., & Ryckman, R. M. (1993). Perceived and ideal physiques in male and female university students. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 751-752.
5. Cafri, G., Thompson, J. K., Ricciardelli, L., McCabe, M., Smolak, L., & Yesalis, C. (2005). Pursuit of the muscular ideal: Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 215-239.
6. Cash, T. F. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 38-46). New York: Guilford Press.
7. Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (2002). Future challenges for body image theory, research, and clinical practice. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 509-516). New York: Guilford Press.
8. Davis, C., Karvinen, K., & McCreary, D. R. (2005). Personality correlates of a drive for muscularity in young men. Personality & Individual Differences, 39, 349-359.
9. Duggan, S. L., & McCreary, D. R. (2004). Body image, eating disorders and drive for muscularity in gay and heterosexual men: The influence of media images. Journal of Homosexuality, 47, 45-58.
10. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
11. Foster, G. D., & Matz, P. E. (2002). Weight loss and changes in body image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 405-413). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Gift, A. G. (1989). Visual analogue scales: Measurement of subjective phenomena. Nursing Research, 38, 286-288.
13. Hall, M. A. (1996). Feminism and sporting bodies: Essays on theory and practice. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
14. Hart, E. A., Leary, M. R., & Rejeski, W. J. (1989). The measurement of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 94-104.
15. Huberty, C. J., & Morris, J. D. (1989). Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 302-308.
16. Jacobi, L., & Cash, T. F. (1994). In pursuit of the perfect appearance: Discrepancies among self-ideal perceptions of multiple physical attributes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 379-396.
17. Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., Crocker, P. R. E., Niefer, C. B., & Fleming, T.-L. (2006). Coping with social physique anxiety in adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 275.e9-275.e16.
18. Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371-376.
19. Markula, P. (1995). Firm but shapely, fit but sexy, strong but thin: Postmodern aerobicizing female bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 15, 109-137.
20. Martin, K. A., & Lichtenberger, C. M. (2002). Fitness enhancement and changes in body image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 414-421). New York: Guilford Press.
21. McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Body image and strategies to lose weight and increase muscle among boys and girls. Health Psychology, 22, 39-46.
22. McCreary, D. R., Karvinen, K., & Davis, C. (2006). The relationship between the drive for muscularity and anthropometric measures of muscularity and adiposity. Body Image, 3, 145-152.
23. McCreary, D. R., & Sasse, D. K. (2000). An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American College Health, 48, 297-304.
24. McCreary, D. R., Sasse, D. K., Saucier, D. M., & Dorsch, K. D. (2004). Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the drive for muscularity scale in men and women. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5, 49-58.
25. McCreary, D. R., Saucier, D. M., & Courtenay, W. H. (2005). The drive for muscularity and masculinity: Testing the associations among gender-role traits, behaviors, attitudes, and conflict. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, 83-94.
26. Morrison, T. G., & Harriman, R. L. (2005). Additional evidence for the psychometric soundness of the Drive for Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 618-620.
27. Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., & Hopkins, C. (2003). Striving for bodily perfection? An exploration of the drive for muscularity in Canadian men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5, 111-120.
28. Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., Hopkins, C., & Rowan, E. T. (2004). Muscle mania: Development of a new scale examining the drive for muscularity in Canadian males. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4, 30-39.
29. Muth, J. L., & Cash, T. F. (1997). Body-image attitudes: What differences does gender make? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1438-1452.
30. Pope, H. G., Jr., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The Adonis complex: The secret crisis of male body obsession. New York: The Free Press.
31. Raudenbush, B., & Meyer, B. (2003). Muscular dissatisfaction and supplement use among male intercollegiate athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 161-170.
32. Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and examination of relative coping. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6, 2-30.
33. Tiggemann, M. (2005). Television and adolescent body image: The role of program content and viewing motivation. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 24, 361-381.
34. Vincent, W. J. (1999). Statistics in kinesiology (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.