The impact of fitness leader behavior and cohesion on a exerciser's affective state

International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 53-68

  Loughead, Todd M ^a   Patterson, Michelle M ^b   Carron, Albert V ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

^b Appleby College   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Affect; Cohesion; Leadership; Mediation

Indexed keywords

EID: 60249089469     PISSN: 1612197X     EISSN: 1557251X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671854     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Baranowski, T., Anderson, C., & Carmack, C. (1998). Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions: How are we doing? How might we do better? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15, 266-297.
2. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
3. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
4. Berger, B. G., & Motl, R. W. (2000). Exercise and mood: A selective review and synthesis of research employing the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 69-92.
5. Blanchard, C., Poon, P., Rodgers, W., & Pinel, B. (2000). Group Environment Questionnaire and its applicability in an exercise setting. Small Group Research, 31, 210-224.
6. Brawley, L. R., Carron, A. V., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1988). Exploring the relationship between cohesion and group resistance to disruption. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 199-213.
7. Buckworth, J., & Dishman, R. K. (2002). Exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
8. Carron, A. V. (1982). Cohesiveness in sport groups: Interpretations and considerations. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 123-138.
9. Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1998). The measurement of cohesiveness in sport groups. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. (pp. 213-226). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
10. Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (2002). The Group Environment Questionnaire test manual. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
11. Carron, A. V., & Spink, K. S. (1993). Team building in an exercise setting. The Sport Psychologist, 7, 8-18.
12. Carron, A. V., & Spink, K. S. (1995). The group size-cohesion relationship in minimal groups. Small Group Research, 26, 86-105.
13. Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 244-266.
14. Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1988). Group cohesion and individual adherence to physical activity. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 127-138.
15. Cashel, C. M., Lane, S. W. L., Montgomery, D. (1996). Emotional response patterns of participants during a wilderness experience. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 1, 9-18.
16. Chang, K., & Chelladurai, P. (2003). System based quality dimensions in fitness services: Development of the Scale in Quality in Fitness Services (SQFS). The Services Industries Journal, 23, 65-83.
17. Courneya, K. S. (1995). Cohesion correlates with affect in structured exercise classes. Perceptual and Motor Skill, 81, 1021-1022.
18. Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E. E., & Petruzzello, S. J. (1999). Measuring state anxiety in the context of acute exercise using the State Anxiety Inventory: An attempt to resolve the brouhaha. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 21, 205-229.
19. Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S. J. (1999). Acute aerobic exercise and affect. Sports Medicine, 28, 337-374.
20. Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2002). Analysis of the affect measurement conundrum in exercise psychology: IV. A conceptual case of the affect circumplex. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 35-63.
21. Estabrooks, P. A. (2000). Sustaining exercise participation through group cohesion. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 28, 63-67.
22. Estabrooks, P. A., & Carron, A. V. (2000a). The Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire: An instrument for the assessment of cohesion in exercise classes. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 4, 230-243.
23. Estabrooks, P. A., & Carron, A. V. (2000b). Predicting scheduling self-efficacy in older adult exercisers: The role of task cohesion. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 41-50.
24. Fox, L. D., Rejeski, W. J., & Gauvin, L. (2000). Effects of leadership style and group dynamics on enjoyment of physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 277-283.
25. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counselling psychology research. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 51, 115-134.
26. Hackman, J. R. (1992). Group influences on individuals in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette & L. H. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 199-267). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
27. Hausenblas, H. A., & Carron, A. V. (1996). Group cohesion and self-handicapping in female and male athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 132-143.
28. Hoyle, R. H., & Kenny, D. A. (1999). Sample size, reliability, and tests of statistical mediation. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical strategies for small sample research (pp. 195-222). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29. Kenny, D. A., & La Voie, L. (1985). Separating individual and group effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 339-348.
30. Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. (1978). Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, 22, 375-403.
31. Kozub, S. A., & McDonnell, J. F. (2000). Exploring the relationship between cohesion and collective efficacy in rugby teams. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23, 120-129.
32. Krull, J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001). Multilevel modeling of individual and group level mediated effects. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 249-277.
33. Landers, D. M. & Arent, S. (2001). Physical activity and mental health. In R. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 740-765). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
34. Leith, L. M. (1994). Foundations of exercise and mental health. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
35. Loughead, T. M., & Carron, A. V. (2004). The mediating role of cohesion in the leader behavior-satisfaction relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 355-371.
36. Loughead, T. M., Colman, M. M., & Carron, A. V. (2001). Investigating the mediational relationship of leadership, class cohesion, and adherence in an exercise setting. Small Group Research, 32, 558-575.
37. Lox, C. L., Jackson, S., Tuholski, S. W., Wasley, D., & Treasure, D. C. (2000). Revisiting the measurement of exercise-induced feeling states: The Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 4, 79-95.
38. Miller, B. M., Bartholomew, J. B., & Springer, B. A. (2005). Post-exercise affect: The effect of mode preference. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 263-272.
39. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
40. Pease, D. G., & Kozub, S. A. (1994). Perceived coaching behaviors and team cohesion in high school girls basketball teams. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, S93.
41. Prapavessis, H., & Carron, A. V. (1996). The effect of group cohesion on competitive state anxiety. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 64-74.
42. Prapavessis, H., & Carron, A. V. (1997). Cohesion and work output. Small Group Research, 28, 294-301.
43. Raudenbush, S., & Bryk, A. (2002). Hierarchical linear models (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
44. Raudenbush, S., Bryk, A., Cheong, Y. F., Congdon, R., & du Toit, M. (2004). Hierarchical Linear & Nonlinear Modeling (Version 6) [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
45. Rehor, P. R., Dunnagan, T., Stewart, C., & Cooley, D. (2001). Alteration of mood state after a single bout of noncompetitive and competitive exercise programs. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93, 249-256.
46. Remers, L., Widmeyer, W. N., Williams, J. M., & Myers, L. (1995). Possible mediators and moderators of the class size-member adherence relationship in exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, 38-49.
47. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
48. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and methods (pp. 618-655). Oxford: Wiley.
49. Schriesheim, J. (1980). The social context of leader-subordinate relations: An investigation of the effects of group cohesiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 183-194.
50. Spink, K. S. (1995). Cohesion and intention to participate of female sport team athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 416-427.
51. Spink, K. S., & Carron, A. V. (1992). Group cohesion and adherence in exercise classes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 78-86.
52. Spink, K. S., & Carron, A. V. (1993). The effects of team building on the adherence patterns of female exercise participants. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15, 39-49.
53. Spink, K. S., & Carron, A. V. (1995). Group cohesion effects in exercise classes. Small Group Research, 25, 26-42.
54. Turner, E. E., Rejeski, W. J., & Brawley, L. R. (1997). Psychological benefits of physical activity are influenced by the social environment. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 119-130.
55. Westre, K. R., & Weiss, M. R. (1991). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and group cohesion in high school football teams. The Sport Psychologist, 5, 41-54.
56. White, R., & Lippitt, R. (1968). Leader behavior and member reaction in three social climates. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.), Group Dynamics: Research and Theory (3rd ed., pp. 318-335) New York: Harper & Row.