Pathology of the prostate in radical cystectomy specimens: A critical review

Surgical Oncology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 73-84

  Autorino, Riccardo ^a   Di Lorenzo, Giuseppe ^b   Damiano, Rocco ^c   Giannarini, Gianluca ^d   De Sio, Marco ^a   Cheng, Liang ^e   Montironi, Rodolfo ^f  

^a SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY MAGNA GRAECIA OF CATANZARO   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^e INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; Cystoprostatectomy; Pathology; Prostate cancer; Urothelial cancer

Indexed keywords

BLADDER TUMOR; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CYSTECTOMY; DISEASE COURSE; HIGH GRADE PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE BIOPSY; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW;

CYSTECTOMY; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 60249085337     PISSN: 09607404     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2008.07.006     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Stein J.P., and Skinner D.G. Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of a standard procedure. World J Urol 24 3 (2006) 296-304
2. Spitz A., Stein J.P., Lieskovsky G., and Skinner D.G. Orthotopic urinary diversion with preservation of erectile and ejaculatory function in men requiring radical cystectomy for nonurothelial malignancy: a new technique. J Urol 161 (1999) 1761
3. Srougi M., Dall'Oglio M., Nesrallah L.J., Arruda H.O., and Ortiz V. Radical cystectomy with preservation of sexual function and urinary continence: description of a new technique. Int Braz J Urol 29 4 (2003 Jul-Aug) 336-341
4. Colombo R., Bertini R., Salonia A., Naspro R., Ghezzi M., Mazzoccoli B., et al. Overall clinical outcomes after nerve and seminal sparing radical cystectomy for the treatment of organ confined bladder cancer. J Urol 171 5 (2004) 1819-1822
5. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., Murray T., Xu J., and Thun M.J. Cancer statistics 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 57 (2007) 43-66
6. Kinoshita Y., Singh A., Rovito Jr. P.M., Wang C.Y., and Haas G.P. Double primary cancers of the prostate and bladder: a literature review. Clin Prostate Cancer 3 (2004) 83-86
7. Ruffion A., Manel A., Massoud W., Decaussin M., Berger N., Paparel P., et al. Preservation of prostate during radical cystectomy: evaluation of prevalence of prostate cancer associated with bladder cancer. Urology 65 4 (2005) 703-707
8. Delongchamps N.B., Mao K., Theng H., Zerbib M., Debré B., and Peyromaure M. Outcome of patients with fortuitous prostate cancer after radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. Eur Urol 48 6 (2005) 946-950
9. Sheldon C.A., Williams R.D., and Fraley E.E. Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: a review of the literature and critical appraisal of classification. J Urol 124 (1980) 626
10. Liskow A.S., Neugut A.L., Benson M., Olsson C.A., Birkhoff J., and Chang C.H. Multiple primary neoplasms in association with prostate cancer in black and white patients. Cancer 59 (1987) 380
11. Chun T.Y. Coincidence of bladder and prostate cancer. J Urol 157 (1997) 65-67
12. Kurokawa K., Ito K., Yamamoto T., Takechi H., Miyamoto S., Suzuki K., et al. Comparative study on the prevalence of clinically detectable prostate cancer in patients with and without bladder cancer. Urology 63 2 (2004) 268-272
13. Singh A., Kinoshita Y., Rovito Jr. P.M., Landas S., Silberstein J., Nsouli I., et al. Higher than expected association of clinical prostate and bladder cancers. J Urol May 173 5 (2005) 1526-1529
14. Singh A., Jones R.F., Friedman H., Hathir S., Soos G., Zabo A., et al. Expression of p53 and pRb in bladder and prostate cancers of patients having both cancers. Anticancer Res. 19 6B (1999) 5415-5417
15. Amara N., Palapattu G.C., Schrage M., et al. Prostate stem cell antigen is overexpressed on human transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 61 (2001) 4660-4665
16. McNeal J.E., Redwine E.A., Freiha F.S., et al. Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma: correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Am J Surg Pathol 12 (1988) 897-906
17. Abbas F., Hochberg D., Civantos F., and Soloway M. Incidental prostatic adenocarcinoma in patients undergoing cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. Eur Urol 30 (1996) 322-326
18. Conrad S., Hautmann S.H., Henke R.P., Erbersdobler A., Simon J., Straub M., et al. Detection and characterization of early prostate cancer by six systematic biopsies and fine needle aspiration cytology in prostates from bladder cancer patients. Eur Urol 39 Suppl. 4 (2001) 25-29
19. Revelo M.P., Cookson M.S., Chang S.S., Shook M.F., Smith Jr. J.A., and Shappell S.B. Incidence and location of prostate and urothelial carcinoma in prostates from cystoprostatectomies: implications for possible apical sparing surgery. J Urol 171 2 Pt 1 (2004) 646-651
20. Montironi R., Mazzucchelli R., Santinelli A., Scarpelli M., Lopez Beltran A., and Bostwick D.G. Incidentally detected prostate cancer in cystoprostatectomies: pathological and morphometric comparison with clinically detected cancer in totally embedded specimens. Hum Pathol 36 (2005) 646-654
21. Yang C.R., Ou Y.C., Ho H.C., Kao Y.L., Cheng C.L., Chen J.T., et al. Unsuspected Prostate Carcinoma and Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasm in Taiwanese Patients Undergoing Cystoprostatectomy. Mol Urol 3 1 (1999) 33-39
22. Cindolo L., Benincasa G., Autorino R., Domizio S., De Rosa G., Testa G., et al. Prevalence of silent prostatic adenocarcinoma in 165 patients undergone cystoprostatectomy: a retrospective study. Oncol Rep 8 2 (2001 Mar-Apr) 269-271
23. Winkler Winkler M.H., Livni N., Mannion E.M., Hrouda D., and Christmas T. Characteristics of incidental prostatic adenocarcinoma in contemporary radical cystoprostatectomy specimens. BJU Int 99 3 (2007 Mar) 554-558
24. Moutzouris G., Barbatis C., Plastiras D., Mertziotis N., Katsifotis C., Presvelos V., et al. Incidence and histological findings of unsuspected prostatic adenocarcinoma in radical cystoprostatectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 33 1 (1999) 27-30
25. Lee S.H., Chang P.L., Chen S.M., Sun G.H., Chen C.L., Shen B.Y., et al. Synchronous primary carcinomas of the bladder and prostate. Asian J Androl 8 3 (2006) 357-359
26. Hsing A.W., Tsao L., and Devesa S.S. International trends and pattern of prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Int J Cancer 85 (2000) 60-67
27. Damiano R., Di Lorenzo G., Cantiello F., De Sio M., Perdonà S., D'Armiento M., et al. Clinicopathologic features of prostate adenocarcinoma incidentally discovered at the time of radical cystectomy: an evidence-based analysis. Eur Urol 52 3 (2007) 648-657
28. Hayat M.J., Howlader N., Reichman M.E., and Edwards B.K. Cancer statistics, trends, and multiple primary cancer analyses from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program. Oncologist 12 1 (2007) 20-37
29. Holund B. Latent prostatic cancer in a consecutive autopsy series. Scand J Urol Nephrol 14 (1980) 29-35
30. Stamey T.A., Freiha F.S., McNeal J.E., Redwine E.A., Whittemore A.S., and Schmid H.P. Localized prostate cancer. Relationship of tumor volume to clinical significance for treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer 71 Suppl. 3 (1993) 933-938
31. Epstein J.I., Chan D.W., Sokoll L.J., et al. Nonpalpable stage T1c prostate cancer: prediction of insignificant disease using free/total prostate specific antigen levels and needle biopsy findings. J Urol 160 (1998) 2407-2411
32. Dugan J.A., Bostwick D.G., Myers R.P., et al. The definition and preoperative prediction of clinically insignificant prostate cancer. JAMA 275 (1996) 288-294
33. Irwin M.B., and Trapasso J.G. Identification of insignificant prostate cancer: analysis of preoperative parameters. Urology 44 6 (1994) 862-867
34. Stamey T.A., Johnstone I.M., McNeal J.E., et al. Preoperative serum prostate specific antigen levels between 2 and 22 ng/ml correlate poorly with post prostatectomy cancer morphology: prostate specific antigen cure rates appear constant between 2 and 9 ng/ml. J Urol 167 (2002) 103-111
35. Sebo T.J., Cheville J.C., Riehle D.L., Lohse C.M., Pankratz V.S., Myers R.P., et al. Perineural invasion and MIB-1 positivity in addition to Gleason score are significant preoperative predictors of progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 26 4 (2002) 431-439
36. Prange W., Erbersdobler A., Hammerer P., Graefen M., Hautmann S.H., Hautmann R.E., et al. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in cystoprostatectomy specimens. Eur Urol 39 Suppl. 4 (2001 Apr) 30-31
37. Abdelhady M., Abusamra A., Pautler S.E., Chin L., and Izawa J.I. Clinically significant prostate cancer found incidentally in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens. BJU Int 99 (2007) 326-329
38. Ward J.F., Bartsch G., Sebo T.J., Pinggerra G.M., Blute M.L., and Zincke H. Pathologic characterization of prostate cancers with a very low serum prostate specific antigen (0-2 ng/ml) incidental to cystoprostatectomy: is PSA a useful indicator of clinical significance?. Urol Oncol 22 (2004) 40-47
39. Montironi R., Mazzucchelli R., Barbisan F., et al. HER2 expression and gene amplification in pT2 Gleason score 6 prostate cancer incidentally detected in cystoprostatectomies: comparison with clinically detected androgen-dependent and androgen-independent cancer. Hum Pathol 37 (2006) 1137-1144
40. Santinelli A., Mazzucchelli R., Barbisan F., Lopez-Beltran A., Cheng L., Scarpelli M., et al. alpha-Methylacyl coenzyme A racemase, Ki-67, and topoisomerase IIalpha in cystoprostatectomies with incidental prostate cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 128 4 (2007) 657-666
41. Bostwick D.G. Progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to early invasive adenocarcinoma. Eur Urol 30 2 (1996) 145-152
42. Aydin O., Cosar E.F., Varinli S., Bugdatci R., and Tansung Z. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in prostate specimens: frequency, significance and relationship to the sampling of the specimen (a retrospective study of 121 cases). Int Urol Nephrol 31 (1999) 687-697
43. Hosseini S.Y., Danesh A.K., Parvin M., et al. Incidental prostatic adenocarcinoma in patients with PSA less than 4 ng/ml undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer in Iranian men. Int Braz J Urol 33 2 (2007) 167-175
44. Wiley E.L., Davidson P., McIntire D.D., and Sagalowsky A.I. Risk of concurrent prostate cancer in cystoprostatectomy specimens is related to volume of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology 46 (1997) 692-696
45. Androulakakis P.A., Schneider H.M., Jacobi G.H., and Hohenfellner R. Coincident vesical transitional cell carcinoma and prostatic carcinoma: clinical features and treatment. Br J Urol 58 (1986) 153-156
46. Pritchett T.R., Moreno J., Warner N.E., Lieskovsky G., Nichols P.W., and Cook B.A. Skinner DG.Unsuspected prostatic adenocarcinoma in patients who have undergone radical cystoprostatectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 139 6 (1988) 1214-1216
47. Konski A., Rubin P., Disantagnese P.A., Mayer E., and Keys H. Simultaneous presentation of adenocarcinoma of prostate and transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. Urology 37 (1991) 202-206
48. Kouriefs C., Fazili T., Masood S., Naseem M.S., and Mufti G.R. Incidentally detected prostate cancer in cystoprostatectomy specimens. Urol Int 75 3 (2005) 213-216
49. Terris M.K., Freiha F.S., McNeal J.E., and Stamey T.A. Efficacy of clinically undetected prostate cancer. J Urol 146 (1991) 78
50. Rocco B., de Cobelli O., Leon M.E., Ferruti M., Mastropasqua M.G., Matei D.V., et al. Sensitivity and detection rate of a 12-core trans-perineal prostate biopsy: preliminary report. Eur Urol 49 5 (2006 May) 827-833
51. Fahmy N.M., Mahmud S., and Aprikian A.G. Delay in the surgical treatment of bladder cancer and survival: systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol 50 6 (2006) 1176-1182
52. Kefer J.C., Voelzke B.B., Flanigan R.C., Wojcik E.M., Waters W.B., and Campbell S.C. Risk assessment for occult malignancy in the prostate before radical cystectomy. Urology 66 6 (2005 Dec) 1251-1255
53. Vallancien G., Abou El Fettouh H., Cathelineau X., Baumert H., and Fromont G. Guillonneau B.Cystectomy with prostate sparing for bladder cancer in 100 patients: 10-year experience. J Urol 168 6 (2002 Dec) 2413-2417
54. Terrone C., Porpiglia F., Cracco C., Tarabuzzi R., Cossu M., Renard J., et al. Supra-ampullar cystectomy and ileal neobladder. Eur Urol 50 6 (2006) 1223-1233
55. Melicow M.M., and Hollowell J.W. Intraurothelial cancer. Carcinoma in situ. Bowen's disease of the urinary system: discussion of thirty cases. J Urol 68 (1952) 763-771
56. Bates Jr. H.R. Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 101 (1969) 206-207
57. Schellhammer P.F., Bean M.A., and Whitmore W.F.J. Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, patterns and prognosis. J Urol 118 (1977) 399-403
58. Montie J.E., Wood Jr. D.P., Pontes J.E., Boyett J.M., and Levin H.S. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate in cystoprostatectomy specimens removed for bladder cancer. Cancer 63 2 (1989) 381-385
59. Nixon R.G., Chang S.S., Lafleur B.J., Smith J.A., and Cookson M.S. Carcinoma in situ and tumor multifocality predict the risk of prostatic urethral involvement at radical cystectomy in men with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 167 2 Pt 1 (2002) 502-505
60. Esrig D., Freeman J.A., Elmajian D.A., Stein J.P., Chen S.C., Groshen S., et al. Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate with a proposed staging classification for stromal invasion. J Urol 156 3 (1996) 1071-1076
61. Palou J., Baniel J., Klotz L., Wood D., Cookson M., Lerner S., et al. Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate. Urology 69 1 Suppl (2007) 50-61
62. Pettus J.A., Al-Ahmadie H., Barocas D.A., Koppie T.M., Herr H., Donat S.M., et al. Risk assessment of prostatic pathology in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy. Eur Urol 53 2 (2008) 370-375
63. Donat S.M., Wei D.C., McGuire M.S., and Herr H.W. The efficacy of transurethral biopsy for predicting the long-term clinical impact of prostatic invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 165 (2001) 1580
64. Liedberg F., Chebil G., and Mansson W. Urothelial carcinoma in the prostatic urethra and prostate: current controversies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 7 3 (2007) 383-390
65. Sobin L.H., and Wittekind C. Classification of malignant tumors. TNM classification of malignant tumors (2002), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York p. 199-201
66. Pagano F., Bassi P., Ferrante G.L., Piazza N., Abatangelo G., Pappagallo G.L., et al. Is stage pT4a (D1) reliable in assessing transitional cell carcinoma involvement of the prostate in patients with a concurrent bladder cancer? A necessary distinction for contiguous or noncontiguous involvement. J Urol 155 1 (1996) 244-247
67. Njinou Ngninkeu B., Lorge F., Moulin P., Jamart J., and Van Cangh P.J. Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate: a clinicopathological retrospective study of 76 cases. J Urol 169 1 (2003) 149-152
68. Ayyathurai R., Gomez P., Luongo T., Soloway M.S., and Manoharan M. Prostatic involvement by urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: clinicopathological features and outcome after radical cystectomy. BJU Int 100 5 (2007) 1021-1025
69. Shen S.S., Lerner S.P., Muezzinoglu B., Truong L.D., Amiel G., and Wheeler T.M. Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma in patients with bladder cancer and its prognostic significance. Hum Pathol 37 (2006) 726-734
70. Donat S.M., Genega E.M., Herr H.W., and Reuter V.E. Mechanisms of prostatic stromal invasion in patients with bladder cancer: clinical significance. J Urol 165 4 (2001) 1117-1120
71. Hameed O., and Humphrey P.A. Immunohistochemistry in diagnostic surgical pathology of the prostate. Semin Diagn Pathol 22 1 (2005) 88-104
72. Varma M., Berney D.M., Jasani B., and Rhodes A. Technical variations in prostatic immunohistochemistry: need for standardization and stringent quality assurance in PSA and PSAP immunostaining. J Clin Pathol 57 7 (2004 Jul) 687-690
73. Genega E.M., Hutchinson B., Reuter V.E., and Gaudin P.B. Immunophenotype of high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 13 11 (2000) 1186-1191
74. Kunju L.P., Mehra R., Snyder M., and Shah R.B. Prostate-specific antigen, high-molecular-weight cytokeratin (clone 34bE12), and/or p63. Am J Clin Pathol 125 (2006) 675-681
75. Bassily N.H., Vallorosi C.J., Akdas G., Montie J.E., and Rubin M.A. Coordinate expression of cytokeratin 7 and 20 in prostate adenocarcinoma and bladder urothelial carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 113 3 (2000) 383-388
76. Chuang A.Y., DeMarzo A.M., Veltri R.W., Sharma R.B., Bieberich C.J., and Epstein J.I. Immunohistochemical differentiation of high-grade prostate carcinoma from urothelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 31 8 (2007) 1246-1255