Can you hear us? : The lower class in lithuanian media and politics

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 12-22

  Balockaite, Rasa ^a  

^a VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY   (Lithuania)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60149086002     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216560102     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Cited in James Farganis, Readings in Social Theory (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), p. 233.
2. Karl Marx, Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy, newly translated by T.B. Bottomore (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 78.
3. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1971).
4. See James Martin, "Hegemony and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Gramsci," History of the Human Sciences 10, no. 1 (1997): 37-56.
5. Oscar Lewis in his Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty (New York: Random House, 1959).
6. Oscar Lewis, 'The Culture of Poverty," in Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology, ed. George Gmelch and Walter P. Zenner (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1996), p. 395.
7. Judith Goode and Edwin Eames, "Anthropological Critique of the Culture of Poverty," in Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology, ed. George Gmelch and Walter P. Zenner (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1996), pp. 405-417.
8. Lewis, "Culture of Poverty," pp. 395-396.
9. Cited in Robert Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: Norton, 1972), p. 4.
10. Lewis, "Culture of Poverty," p. 399.
11. Ibid.
12. See Martin, "Hegemony and the Crisis of Legitimacy."
13. Robert Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991).
14. Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995), p. 43.
15. Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer, The Dialectic of Enlightenment (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002).
16. Ibid., pp. 175-176.
17. Douglas Kellner, "The Frankfurt School and British Cultural Studies: The Missed Articulation Illuminations" (1996), www.uta.edu/huma/ illuminations/kell 16.htm.
18. Stuart Hall, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997).
19. Ibid., p. 225.
20. Ibid.; Simon Cottle, Ethnic Minorities and the Media (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2000); Teun Van Dijk, Racism and the Press (New York: Routledge, 1991).
21. Liesbet van Zoonen, "Feminist Perspectives on the Media," in Mass Media and Society, ed.
22. James Curran and Michael Gurevitch (New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, 1991), pp. 33-55; Liesbet van Zoonen, Feminist Media Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994);
23. Margaret Gallagher, "Feminist Media Perspectives," in A Companion to Media Studies, ed. Valdivia N. Angharad (Cambridge: Blackwell, 2003).
24. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York: Routledge, 1990);
25. Monique Wittig, The Straight Mind and Other Essays (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992).
26. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979);
27. Homi Bhabha, "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse," in The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994), chap. 4;
28. Gayatri Spivak, "Can the Subaltern Speak? Speculations on Widow Sacrifice," Wedge, no. 7/8 (winter/spring 1985): 120-130.
29. "Kaip žmonȩs vertina politika̧" (What Do People Think Regarding Politics), Lietuvos Rytas (April 4, 1990): 3.
30. Lithuanian Department of Statistics, Labor Force Survey, www.stat. gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id= 1413/.
31. Walter R. Iwaskiw, ed., Lithuania: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office/Library of Congress, 1995), http:// countrystudies. us/lithuania/.
32. Ibid.
33. For further illuminations of the confluence of state and criminal structures during the transitional period, see Janine Wedel, "Mafia Without Malfeasance, Clans Without Crime: How We Understand Social Change in Post-Communist Europe," in Ethnography of Crime, ed. Philip Parnell and Stephanie Kane (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003);
34. Vadim Volkov, "Violent Entrepreneurship in Post-Communist Russia," Europe-Asia Studies 51, no. 5 (July 1999): 741-754;
35. Yuri Voronin, "The Emerging Criminal State: Economic and Political Aspects of Organized Crime in Russia," Program on Transnational Organized Crime, nos. 2/3 (1996): 122-138.
36. Jack Daniel and Anita Allen, "Newsmagazines, Public Policy and Black Agenda," in Discourse and Discrimination, ed. Geneva Smitherman-Donaldson and Teun A. Van Dijk (Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1988), p. 28. Bowie observed that 97 percent of all newspaper news executives were white, and 60 percent of the nation's daily newspapers employed no minority journalists. Wilson and Gutierrez reported that from 1978 to 1984 minority employment in daily newspapers grew from 4.0 percent to 5.8 percent. Bowie also reported that blacks owned less than 2 percent of the licensed and operating radio and television stations. See Nolan A. Bowie, "Blacks and the Mass Media: The Reason for Action, the Actions to Take," in Communications and Society Forum Report (Washington, DC: Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, 1984), 2;
37. Clint C. Wilson and Felix Gutierrez, Minorities and Media (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985), p. 161.
38. Richard Dyer, The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 1.
39. Tony Freeth, "Racism on Television: Bringing the Colonies Back Home," i It Ain't Half Racist, Mum-Fighting Racism in the Media, ed. Phil Cohen and Carl Gardner (London: Comedia, 1985), pp. 26-27.
40. Lithuanian National Radio and Television, www.lrt.lt.
41. Adorno and Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, p. 198.
42. Ibid., pp. 175-176.
43. Edita Lukaite, "Per savaitȩ-daugiau nuotykiu̧ nei per visa̧ gyvenima̧" (One Week: Ammore Adventurous Than Whole Life), Lietuvos žinios, no. 12 (May 30, 2004).
44. Lewis, "Culture of Poverty," p. 78.
45. Data from "Iš pirmykščio tarpkultūrinio performanso istorijos" (From the Primitive Transcultural Performance History), Šiaurės Atėnai, no. 36 (September 20, 1997): 11.
46. "Liüdna, kad 'Be tabu' bobutȩ liko nuošaly" (It Is a Pity to See "No Taboo" (Granny Is Left Behind), reader's open letter available at www.delfi. It, August 5, 2005.
47. James Scott, Domination and the Art of Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
48. Hall, Representation, p. 225.
49. The litas is the Lithuanian currency; 1 litas = 0.3.
50. Darius Kuolys, "Apie Švietima̧ laisvȩ ir jos fantoma̧" (About Enlightenment, Freedom, and Its Phantom), Veidas (2003): 28.
51. Arvydas Šliogeris, "Referendumas yra pseudodemokratinė demagogija" (Referendum Is a Pseudo-Democratic Demagogy), www.delfi.lt (November 11, 2004).
52. "Preliminarius rinkim rezultatus komentuoja žurnalistai, politologai ir politikai" (Journalists, Politicians, and Political Scientists Comment on Preliminary Election Results), www.omni.lt (December 22, 2002).
53. Vladimiras Laučius, "Maištas prieš prota̧" (The Revolt Against Reason), Lietuvos žinios (January 6, 2003).
54. "Rinkejams trūksta politinės logikos, tvirtina RAIT vadovė" (Electorate Is Lacking Political Logic, the Leader of RAIT, Market Analysis and Research Company, Says), www.delfi.lt (October 4, 2004).
55. "V. Landsbergis: rinkėjai vis lipa ant populizmo grėblio, ir guzas kaktoje-vis didesnis" (Electorate Hitting the Same Pole Again, and the Bruise Is Every Time Bigger, V. Landsbergis [former leader of Sajūdis, National Independence Movement, currently member of European Parliament] Says), www.politika.lt (November 11, 2005).
56. Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: WW. Norton, 1995), pp. 117-18.
57. Research shows that a high level of distrust toward basic state institutions is endemic for the former Soviet bloc countries in general, which illuminates the scope and causes of the organic crisis in post-Soviet states (Europa ir mes [Europe and Us Kultūros ir meno insittutuas [Vilmius: Gervel, 2001], 90).
58. A 1999 shooting spree in the parliament of Armenia resulted in the deaths of the country's prime minister and seven others.
59. The Labor Party promised, as part of its election campaign, a miraculous growth of welfare in 11, 111, and 1, 111 days in Lithuania.
60. Alina Vaitkienė, "Ubagu̧ karalius' auditorijos ieškojo Plungėje" (The King of the Poor Looking for an Audience in Plunge), Plunge (September 29, 2004).
61. V. Kanapeckas, "Lietuvos politikos marginalijos: Laisvės Sajunga ir Vytautas Šustauskas" (Political Marginals in Lithuania : Lithuanian Freedom Union and Vytautas Šustauskas), www.balsas.lt (November 29, 2002).
62. Virginijus Savukynas, "Visuomenė pagal Rolanda̧ Paksa̧" (Society According to Rolandas Paksas), Kultūros barai (March 2-7, 2004).
63. Guerrilla Girls, 1989 (www.guerrillagirls.com/posters.getnaked.shtml).
64. Butler, Gender Trouble, p. 147.
65. Peter Sloterdijk, Critique of Cynical Reason, trans. Michael Eldred (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), pp. 76, 82, 83.