Violent entrepreneurship in post-communist Russia

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 741-754

  Volkov, Vadim ^a  

^a EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY AT ST PETERSBURG   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRIME; ENTREPRENEUR; VIOLENCE;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0032863738     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139998697     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. In this study I rely on data obtained from different sources: recent journalistic publications and books, interviews with experts, businessmen, representatives of criminal groups and the state police organs as well as from personal observations. I am thankful to Andrei Konstantinov for generous help.
2. On the genesis of regular racket in Moscow see V. Karyshev, Zapiski 'banditskogo advokata': zakulisnaya zhizn' bratvy glazami ' zashchitnika mafii' (Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf, 1988), pp. 30-40; also M. Kleimenov & O. Dmitriev, 'Reket v Sibiri', Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1995, 3, pp. 115-121.
3. On the genesis of regular racket in Moscow see V. Karyshev, Zapiski 'banditskogo advokata': zakulisnaya zhizn' bratvy glazami ' zashchitnika mafii' (Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf, 1988), pp. 30-40; also M. Kleimenov & O. Dmitriev, 'Reket v Sibiri', Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1995, 3, pp. 115-121.
4. S. Dyakov & A. Dolgova (eds), Organizovannaya prestupnost' (Moscow, Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1989), p. 98
5. The perception of entrepreneurial risks and ways of dealing with them are well reflected in a recent study of the emerging markets in Russia. See V. Radaev, Formirovanie novykh rossiiskikh rynkov: transaktsionnye izderzhki, formy kontrolya i delovaya etika (Moscow, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii, 1998), pp. 116-127.
6. Evidence of this is provided in the dissertation by Federico Varese, The Emergence of the Russian Mafia: Dispute Settlement and Protection in a New Market Economy, DPhil thesis. The Faculty of Social Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, 1996, and F. Varese, 'Is Sicily the Future of Russia? Private Protection and the Rise of the Russian Mafia', Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, 35, 1, 1994, pp. 224-258.
7. Evidence of this is provided in the dissertation by Federico Varese, The Emergence of the Russian Mafia: Dispute Settlement and Protection in a New Market Economy, DPhil thesis. The Faculty of Social Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, 1996, and F. Varese, 'Is Sicily the Future of Russia? Private Protection and the Rise of the Russian Mafia', Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, 35, 1, 1994, pp. 224-258.
8. A. Konstantinov, Banditskii Peterburg (Petersburg, Folio-press, 1997), p. 175.
9. D. North, Institutions, Institutional Changes and Economic Performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990).
10. No comparative calculations of transaction costs have been made so far. A theoretical argument for the economic efficiency of informal rule-enforcers was advanced by Svetozar Pejovic, 'The Transition Process in an Arbitrary State: The Case for the Mafia', IB Review, 1, 1, 1997, pp. 18-23.
11. See V. Chalidze, Criminal Russia: Essays on Crime in the Soviet Union (New York, Random House, 1977); D. Likhachev, 'Cherty pervobytnogo primitivizma vorovskoi rechi', Yazyk i myshlenie, Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Science, vol. III-IV (Moscow, Academy of Science, 1935); A. Gurov, Krasnaya Mafiya (Moscow, Mico, 1995); A. Gurov & I. Ryabinin, Ispoved' vora v zakone (Moscow, Rosagropromizdat, 1991); V. Radzinkin, Vory v zakone i prestupnye klany (Moscow, Kriminologicheskaya assotsiatsiya, 1995).
12. See V. Chalidze, Criminal Russia: Essays on Crime in the Soviet Union (New York, Random House, 1977); D. Likhachev, 'Cherty pervobytnogo primitivizma vorovskoi rechi', Yazyk i myshlenie, Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Science, vol. III-IV (Moscow, Academy of Science, 1935); A. Gurov, Krasnaya Mafiya (Moscow, Mico, 1995); A. Gurov & I. Ryabinin, Ispoved' vora v zakone (Moscow, Rosagropromizdat, 1991); V. Radzinkin, Vory v zakone i prestupnye klany (Moscow, Kriminologicheskaya assotsiatsiya, 1995).
13. See V. Chalidze, Criminal Russia: Essays on Crime in the Soviet Union (New York, Random House, 1977); D. Likhachev, 'Cherty pervobytnogo primitivizma vorovskoi rechi', Yazyk i myshlenie, Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Science, vol. III-IV (Moscow, Academy of Science, 1935); A. Gurov, Krasnaya Mafiya (Moscow, Mico, 1995); A. Gurov & I. Ryabinin, Ispoved' vora v zakone (Moscow, Rosagropromizdat, 1991); V. Radzinkin, Vory v zakone i prestupnye klany (Moscow, Kriminologicheskaya assotsiatsiya, 1995).
14. See V. Chalidze, Criminal Russia: Essays on Crime in the Soviet Union (New York, Random House, 1977); D. Likhachev, 'Cherty pervobytnogo primitivizma vorovskoi rechi', Yazyk i myshlenie, Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Science, vol. III-IV (Moscow, Academy of Science, 1935); A. Gurov, Krasnaya Mafiya (Moscow, Mico, 1995); A. Gurov & I. Ryabinin, Ispoved' vora v zakone (Moscow, Rosagropromizdat, 1991); V. Radzinkin, Vory v zakone i prestupnye klany (Moscow, Kriminologicheskaya assotsiatsiya, 1995).
15. See V. Chalidze, Criminal Russia: Essays on Crime in the Soviet Union (New York, Random House, 1977); D. Likhachev, 'Cherty pervobytnogo primitivizma vorovskoi rechi', Yazyk i myshlenie, Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Science, vol. III-IV (Moscow, Academy of Science, 1935); A. Gurov, Krasnaya Mafiya (Moscow, Mico, 1995); A. Gurov & I. Ryabinin, Ispoved' vora v zakone (Moscow, Rosagropromizdat, 1991); V. Radzinkin, Vory v zakone i prestupnye klany (Moscow, Kriminologicheskaya assotsiatsiya, 1995).
16. A. Konstantinov & M. Dikselyus, Banditskaya Rossiya (Petersburg, Bibliopolis, 1998).
17. According to MVD data, the number of organised criminal groups increased from 952 in 1991 to 6743 in 1996. Cited in A. Dolgova (ed.), Prestupnost' i reformy v Rossii (Moscow, Kriminologicheskaya assotsiatsiya, 1998), p. 254.
18. See, for example G. Dunn, 'The Major Mafia Gangs in Russia', in P. Williams (ed.), Russian Organised Crime: A New Threat (London, Frank Cass, 1997).
19. For an account of trademarks of the Sicilian mafia see D. Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993).
20. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1997, 2(8), p. 10.
21. Obshchaya gazeta, 20-26 August 1998, p. 4.
22. Cited in Economist, 1994, 19, pp. 57-58.
23. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 21 September 1995.
24. W. Webster et al., Russian Organised Crime. Global Organised Crime Project (Washington; Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1997), p. 2.
25. J. Blasi et al., Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 116.
26. Ibid., p. 119.
27. Zashchita i bezopasnost', 1998, 2, pp. 4-5.
28. Radaev, Formirovanie novykh rossiiskikh rynkov, pp. 129, 174, 185.
29. Novaya gazeta, 13-19 July 1998, p. 3.
30. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1997, 3(9), p. 36.
31. Bezopasnost' lichnosti i biznesa. Spravochnik' 98 (St Petersburg, Agentstvo AT, 1998), p. 4.
32. Ekspert, 1996, 2, p. 22.
33. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1997, 4-5 (October), p. 61.
34. Ekspert, 1997, 11, p. 40.
35. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1997, 1(7), pp. 8-9.
36. A. Maksimov, Rossiiskaya prestupnost': kto est' kto (Moscow, Eksim-press, 1998), pp. 260-266.
37. O. Kryshtanovskaya, 'Nelegal'nye struktury v Rossii', Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1995, 8, p. 96.
38. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1997, 1(7), pp. 32-33.
39. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1997, 3(9), pp. 34-36.
40. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1996, 6, p. 9.
41. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1997, 1(7), pp. 32-33.
42. Operativnoe prikrytie, 1997, 2(8), p. 33.
43. Ekspert, 1996, 2, p. 20.
44. Ibid.
45. For example, D. North & R. Thomas, The Rise of The Western World (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1973); F. Lane, Venice and History (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966); C. Tilly, 'War Making and State Making as Organised Crime', in P. Evans et al. (eds), Bringing the State Back in (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986).
46. For example, D. North & R. Thomas, The Rise of The Western World (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1973); F. Lane, Venice and History (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966); C. Tilly, 'War Making and State Making as Organised Crime', in P. Evans et al. (eds), Bringing the State Back in (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986).
47. For example, D. North & R. Thomas, The Rise of The Western World (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1973); F. Lane, Venice and History (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966); C. Tilly, 'War Making and State Making as Organised Crime', in P. Evans et al. (eds), Bringing the State Back in (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986).
48. M. Weber, 'Politics as Vocation', in H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (London, Routledge, 1970), pp. 77-78.
49. N. Elias, The Civilizing Process. Vol. 1-2. The History of Manners and State Formation and Civilization (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1993).
50. F. Lane, 'Economic Consequences of Organised Violence', The Journal of Economic History, 18, 4, 1958, p. 410.