The Sustainability of Restored Rivers: Catchment-Scale Perspectives on Long Term Response

River Restoration: Managing the Uncertainty in Restoring Physical Habitat

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 251-286

  Gregory, Kenneth J ^a   Downs, Peter W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b Stillwater Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Catchment scale uncertainties; Dating techniques and climate change data; Digital elevation models and remote sensing; Fractional sediment transport models; Integrated river basin management (IRBM); Restored river sustainability; River channel adjustment uncertainty; Robust restoration planning

Indexed keywords

EID: 59849109484     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470867082.ch13     Document Type: Chapter

References (171)

1. Abbott MB, Bathurst JC, Cunge JA et al. 1986a. An introduction to the European Hydrological System - Système Hydrologique Européen, 'SHE', 1: history and philosophy of a physicallybased, distributed modelling system. Journal of Hydrology 87: 45-59.
2. Abbott MB, Bathurst JC, Cunge JA et al. 1986b. An introduction to the European Hydrological System - Système Hydrologique Européen, 'SHE', 2: structure of a physically-based, distributed modelling system. Journal of Hydrology 87: 61-77.
3. Andrews ED. 1980. Effective and bankfull discharges of streams in the Yampa river basin, Colorado and Wyoming. Journal of Hydrology 46: 311-330.
4. Arnell NW, Reynard NS. 1996. The effects of climate change due to global warming on river fl ows in Great Britain. Journal of Hydrology 183: 397-424.
5. Ascough II JC, Baffaut C, Nearing MA, Liu BY. 1997. The WEPP watershed model: I. hydrology and erosion. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 40: 921-933.
6. Baker VR. 2003a. A bright future for old fl ows: origins, status and future of palaeofl ood hydrology. In: Thorndycraft VR, Benito G, Barriendos M, Llasat MC (Eds), Palaeofl oods, Historical Data and Climatic Variability: Applications in Flood Risk Assessment. CSIC: Madrid, Spain; 13-18.
7. Baker VR. 2003b. Palaeofl oods and extended discharge records. In: Gregory KJ, Benito, G (Eds), Palaeohydrology: Understanding Global Change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 307-323.
8. Baker VR. 2006. Palaeofl ood hydrology in a global context In: Gregory KJ, Walling DE, Macklin MG (Eds), Past Hydrological Events Related to Understanding Global Change. Catena [66:] 161-168.
9. Bathurst JC, Kilsby C, White S. 1996. Modelling the impacts of climate change and land-use change on basin hydrology and soil erosion in Mediterranean Europe. In: Brandt CJ, Thornes JB (Eds), Mediterranean Desertifi cation and Land Use. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 355-387.
10. Beaumont P. 1978. Man's impact on river systems: a worldwide review. Area 10: 38-41.
11. Benda L. 1990. The infl uence of debris fl ows on channels and valley fl oors in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 15: 457-466.
12. Benito G, Thorndycraft VR. 2004. Use of systematic, palaeofl ood and historical data for the improvement of fl ood risk estimation. In: Benito G, Thorndycraft VR (Eds), Systematic Palaeofl ood and Historical Data for the Improvement of Flood Risk Estimation. CSIC: Madrid, Spain; 5-14.
13. Benito G, Machad MJ, Perez-Gonzalez A, Sopena A. 1998. Palaeofl ood hydrology of the Tagus River, Central Spain. In: Benito G, Baker VR, Gregory KJ (Eds), Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 317-333.
14. Benito G, Diez-Herrero A, Fernandez de Villalta M, 2003. Magnitude and frequency of fl ooding in the Tagus Basin (central Spain) over the last millenium. Climatic Change 58, 171-192.
15. Benito G, Thorndycraft VR, Enzel Y et al. 2004. Palaeofl ood data and analysis. In: Benito G, Thorndycraft VR (Eds), Systematic Palaeofl ood and Historical Data for the Improvement of Flood Risk Estimation. CSIC: Madrid, Spain; 15-27.
16. Boon PJ. 1992. Essential elements in the case for river conservation. In: Boon PJ, Calow P, Petts GE (Eds), River Conservation and Management. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 11-23.
17. Brierley GJ, Fryirs KA. 2000. River styles, a geomorphic approach to catchment characterization: implications for river rehabilitation in Bega catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Environmental Management 25: 661-679.
18. Brierley GJ, Fryirs K. 2004. Geomorphology and River Management: Applications of the River Styles Framework Blackwell: Oxford.
19. Brierley GJ, Stankoviansky M. 2002. Geomorphic response to land use change. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27: 339-462.
20. Brierley GJ, Fryirs K, Outhet D, Massey C. 2002. Application of the River Styles framework as a basis for river management in New South Wales, Australia. Applied Geography 22: 91-122.
21. Brookes A. 1995. River channel restoration: theory and practice. In: Gurnell A, Petts GE (Eds), Changing River Channels. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 369-388.
22. Brown AG. 1987. Holocene fl oodplain sedimentation and the channel response of the Lower Severn, United Kingdom. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, NF 31: 293-310.
23. Brown AG. 1995. Holocene channel and fl oodplain change: a UK perspective. In: Gurnell A, Petts GE (Eds), Changing River Channels. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 43-64.
24. Brown AG. 1996. Floodplain palaeoenvironments. In: Anderson MG, Walling DE, Bates PD (Eds), Floodplain Processes. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 95-138.
25. Brown AG. 1998. The maintenance of diversity in multiple channel fl oodplains. In: Bailey RG, Jose PV, Sherwood BR (Eds), United Kingdom Floodplains. Westbury: Otley, UK; 83-92.
26. Brown AG. 2002. Learning from the past: palaeohydrology and palaeoecology. Freshwater Biology 47: 817-829.
27. Brown AG, Quine TA. 1999. Fluvial processes and environmental change: an overview. In: Brown AG, Quine TA (Eds), Fluvial Processes and Environmental Change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 1-27.
28. Brunsden D. 2001. A critical assessment of the sensitivity concept in geomorphology. Catena 42: 99-123.
29. Brunsden D, Thornes JB. 1979. Landscape sensitivity and change. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS4: 463-484.
30. Burkham DE. 1981. Uncertainties resulting from changes in river form. American Society Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal Hydraulics Division 107: 593-610.
31. Byrne RB, Ingram BL, Starratt S et al. 2001. Carbon-isotope, diatom, and pollen evidence for Late Holocene salinity in a brackish marsh in the San Francisco Estuary. Quaternary Research 55: 66-76.
32. Chin A, Gregory KJ. 2005. Managing urban river channel adjustments. Geomorphology 69: 28-45.
33. Carson MA, Griffiths GA. 1989. Gravel transport in the braided Waimakariri River: mechanisms, measurements and predictions. Journal of Hydrology 109: 201-220.
34. Clark MJ. 2002. Dealing with uncertainty: adaptive approaches to sustainable river management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12: 347-363.
35. Colman SM, Pierce KL. 2000. Classifi cation of Quaternary geochronologic methods. In: Noller JS, Sowers JM, Lettis WR (Eds), Quaternary Geochronology: Methods and Applications. American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC; 2-5.
36. Cui Y. 2007. The Unifi ed Gravel-Sand (TUGS) Model: simulating sediment transport and subsurface gravel/sand grain size distributions in gravel-bedded rivers. Water Resources Research; doi:10.1029/2006WR005330.
37. Cui Y, Parker G. 2005. Numerical model of sediment pulses and sediment supply disturbances in mountain rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 131: 646-656
38. Cui Y, Parker G, Lisle TE et al. 2003a. Sediment pulses in mountain rivers: 1. Experiments. Water Resources Research 39: doi:1029/2002WR001803.
39. Cui Y, Parker G, Pizzuto JE, Lisle TE. 2003b. Sediment pulses in mountain rivers: 2. Comparison between experiments and numerical predictions. Water Resources Research 39: doi:1029/2002WR001805.
40. Cui Y, Parker G, Braudrick C et al. 2006a. Dam Removal Express Assessment Models (DREAM). Part 1: Model development and validation. Journal of Hydraulic Research 44: 291-307.
41. Cui Y, Braudrick C, Dietrich WE et al. 2006b. Dam Removal Express Assessment Models (DREAM). Part 2: Sample runs/ sensitivity tests. Journal of Hydraulic Research 44: 308-323.
42. Dietrich WE, Dunne T, Humphrey NF, Reid LM. 1982. Construction of sediment budgets for drainage basins. In: Swanson FJ, Janda RJ, Dunne T, Swanston DN (Eds), Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins. General Technical Report PNW-141, Pacifi c Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, US Forest Service, Portland, 5-23.
43. Dollar ESJ. 2000. Fluvial geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography 24: 385-406.
44. Downs PW, Gregory KJ. 1995. The sensitivity of river channels to adjustment. Professional Geographer 47: 168-175.
45. Downs PW, Gregory KJ. 2004. River Channel Management: Towards Sustainable Catchment Hydrosystems. Arnold: London, UK
46. Downs PW, Kondolf GM. 2002. Post-project appraisals in adaptive management of river channel restoration. Environmental Management 29: 477-496.
47. Downs PW, Priestnall G. 2003. Modelling catchment processes. In: Kondolf GM, Piégay H. (Eds), Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 205-230.
48. Downs PW, Stallman J. 2005. Sequential sediment budgets in an ungauged watershed: Redwood Creek, Marin County, California, Eos Transactions AGU 86(52), Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract H54A-0617.
49. Downs PW, Gregory KJ, Brookes A. 1991. How integrated is river basin management? Environmental Management 15: 299-309.
50. Endreny TA. 2001. A global initiative for hydro-social-ecological watershed research. Water Resources Impact 3: 20-24.
51. Ferrier KL, Kirchner JW, Finkel RC. 2005. Erosion rates over millennial and decadal timescales at Caspar Creek and Redwood Creek, Northern California Coast Ranges. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30: 1025-1038.
52. Fitzpatrick FA, Knox JC. 2000. Spatial and temporal sensitivity of hydrogeomorphic response and recovery to deforestation, agriculture, and fl oods. Physical Geography 21: 89-108.
53. Frissell CA, Nawa RK. 1992. Incidence and causes of physical failure of artifi cial structures in streams of Western Oregon and Washington. North American Journal of Fisheries Management [12:] 182-197.
54. Fryirs K, Brierley G. 1998. The character and age structure of valley fi lls in upper Wolumba Creek catchment, South Coast, New South Wales. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23: 271-87.
55. Fryirs K, Brierley GJ. 2000. A geomorphic approach to the identifi cation of river recovery potential. Physical Geography 21: 244-277.
56. Fryirs K, Brierley GJ. 2001. Variability in sediment delivery and storage along river courses in Bega catchment, NSW Australia; implications for geomorphic river recovery. Geomorphology [38:] 237-265.
57. Fryirs K, Brierley GJ, Preston NJ, Kasai M. 2006. Buffers, barriers and blankets: The (dis)continuity of catchment-scale sediment cascades. Catena doi:10.1016/j.catena.2006.07.007.
58. Gaeuman DA, Schmidt JC, Wilcock PR. 2005. Complex channel responses to changes in stream fl ow and sediment supply on the Lower Duchesne River, Utah. Geomorphology 64: 185-206.
59. Gomez B, Marron D. 1991. Neotectonic effects on sinuosity and channel migration, Belle Fourche River, western South Dakota. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16: 227-235.
60. Gopal B, Bose B, Goswami AB. 2000. River conservation in the Indian subcontinent. In: Boon PJ, Davies BR, Petts GE (Eds), Global Perspectives on River Conservation: Science, Policy and Practice, John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 233-261.
61. Graf WL. 1977. The rate law in fl uvial geomorphology. American Journal of Science 277: 178-191.
62. Graf WL. 1984. A probabilistic approach to the spatial assessment of river channel instability. Water Resources Research 20: 953-962.
63. Graf WL. 2000. Locational probability for a dammed, urbanizing stream: Salt River, Arizona, USA. Environmental Management [25:] 321-335.
64. Graf WL. 2001. Damage control: restoring the physical integrity of America's rivers. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91: 1-27.
65. Gregory KJ (Ed.). 1983. Background to Palaeohydrology: A Perspective. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK.
66. Gregory KJ. 2003a. The limits of wood in world rivers: present, past and future. In: Gregory SV, Boyer KL, Gurnell AM (Eds), The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers. American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, Maryland; 1-20.
67. Gregory KJ. 2003b. Palaeohydrology, environmental change and river channel management. In: Gregory KJ, Benito G (Eds), Palaeohydrology: Understanding Global Change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 357-378.
68. Gregory KJ. 2004a. Palaeohydrology and river channel management. In: Kale VS, Gregory KJ, Joshi VU (Eds), Progress in Palaeohydrology: Focus on Monsoonal areas. Geological Society of India, 64, 383-394.
69. Gregory KJ. 2004b. Human activity transforming and designing river landscapes. Geographica Polonica 77: 5-20.
70. Gregory KJ. 2005. Editor's Introduction. In: Gregory KJ (Ed.), Physical Geography. Volume 1. Sage Publications: London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi; XIX-LVIII.
71. Gregory KJ, Chin A. 2002. Urban stream channel hazards. Area [34:] 312-321.
72. Gregory KJ, Davis RJ. 1992. Coarse woody debris in stream channels in relation to river channel management in wooded areas. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 7: 117-136.
73. Gregory KJ, Benito G, Dikau R et al. 2006. Past hydrological events related to understanding global change: An ICSU Research Project. Catena 66: 2-13.
74. Gurnell AM, Gregory KJ, Petts GE. 1995. The role of coarse woody debris in forest aquatic habitats: implications for management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems [5:] 143-166.
75. Gurnell AM, Peiry J-L, Petts GE. 2003. Using historical data in fl uvial geomorphology. In: Kondolf GM, Piégay H (Eds), Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 205-230.
76. Harvey AM. 2002. Effective timescales of coupling within fl uvial systems. Geomorphology 44: 175-201.
77. Harvey MD, Watson CC. 1986. Fluvial processes and morphological thresholds in incised channel restoration. Water Resources Bulletin 22: 359-68.
78. Herrera RG, Prieto M del R, Herrera RG. 2003. Floods in the semi-arid Agentinian Chaco during the 17th to 19th centuries. In: Thorndycraft VR, Benito G, Barriendos M, Llasat MC (Eds), Palaeofl oods, Historical Data and Climatic Variability: Applications of Flood Risk Assessment, CSIC: Madrid, Spain; 107-112.
79. Hey RD. 1997. River engineering and management in the 21st century. In: Thorne CR, Hey RD, Newson MD (Eds), Applied Geomorphology for River Engineering and Management. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 3-11.
80. Holling CS (Ed.). 1978. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York.
81. Hooke JM. 1980. Magnitude and distribution of rates of river bank erosion. Earth Surface Processes 5: 143-
82. Hooke JM. 2003. Coarse sediment connectivity in river channel systems: a conceptual framework and methodology. Geomorphology [56:] 79-94.
83. House PK, Baker VR. 2001. Palaeohydrology of fl ash fl oods in small desert watersheds in western Arizona. Water Resources Research 37: 1825-1839.
84. Hunt CE. 2000. New approaches to river management in the United States of America. In: Smits AJM, Nienhuis PH, Leuven RSEW (Eds), New Approaches to River Management. Backhuys: Leiden, The Netherlands; 119-139.
85. Hynes HBN. 1975. The stream and its valley. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 19: 1-15.
86. Jacobeit J, Glaser R, Luterbacher J et al. 2003. Links between fl ood events in central Europe since AD 1500 and the largescale atmospheric circulation. In: Thorndycraft VR, Benito G, Barriendos M, Llasat MC (Eds), Palaeofl ood, Historical Data and Climatic Variability: Applications for fl ood risk assessment. CSIC: Madrid; 269-274.
87. Jain V, Sinha R. 2003. Hyperavulsive-anabranching Baghmati river system, north Bihar plains, eastern India. Zeitschrift fur-Geomorphologie 47: 101-116.
88. James A. 1999. Time and the persistence of alluvium: river engineering, fl uvial geomorphology, and mining sediment in California. Geomorphology 31: 265-290.
89. Johnson PA, Brown ER. 2001. Incorporating uncertainty in the design of stream channel modifi cations. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37: 1225-1236.
90. Kirchner JW, Finkel RC, Riebe CS et al. 2001. Mountain erosion over 10 yr, 10 k.y., and 10 m.y. time scales. Geology 29: 591-594.
91. Kirkby MJ, Abrahart R, McMahon MD et al. 1998. MEDALUS soil erosion models for global change. Geomorphology 24: 35-49.
92. Knox JC. 2003. North American paleofl oods and future fl oods: Responses to climatic change. In: Benito G, Gregory KJ (Eds), Palaeohydrology: Understanding Global Change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 143-164.
93. Kondolf GM. 2001. Historical change to the San Francisco Bay-Delta watershed: implications for ecosystem restoration. In: Nijland HJ, Cals MJR (Eds), River Restoration in Europe: Practical Approaches - Proceedings of the Conference on River Restoration, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2000. Institute for Inland Water Management and Waster Water Treatment /RIZA: Lelystad, The Netherland; 327-338.
94. Kondolf GM, Downs PW. 1996. Catchment approach to planning channel restoration. In: Brookes A, Shields FD Jnr (Eds), River Channel Restoration: Guiding Principles for Sustainable Projects. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 129-148.
95. Kondolf GM, Larson M. 1995. Historical channel analysis and its application to riparian and aquatic habitat restoration. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 5: 109-126.
96. Kondolf GM, Smeltzer MW, Railsback SF. 2001. Design and performance of a channel reconstruction project in a coastal California gravel-bed stream. Environmental Management 28: 761-776.
97. Lach J, Wyzga B. 2002. Channel incision and fl ow increase of the upper Wisloka River, southern Poland, subsequent to the reafforestation of its catchment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27: 445-462.
98. Lane SN, Richards KS, Chandler JH. 1998. Landform monitoring, modelling and analysis: landform in geomorphological research. In: Lane SN, Richards KS, Chandler JH (Eds), Landform Monitoring, Modelling and Analysis. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 1-18.
99. Leopold LB, Langbein WB. 1963. Association and indeterminacy in geomorphology. In: Albritton CC (Ed.), The Fabric of Geology. Addison-Wesley: Reading, Massachusetts, USA; 184-92.
100. Leuven RSEW, Smits AJM, Nienhuis PH. 2000. Introduction. In: Smits AJM, Nienhuis PH, Leuven RSEW (Eds), New Approaches to River Management. Backhuys: Leiden The Netherland; 329-347.
101. Lowell RB, Culp JM, Dube MG. 2000. A weight-of-evidence approach for Northern River risk assessment: integrating the effects of multiple stressors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19: 1182-1190.
102. Macklin MG, Lewin J. 1997. Channel, fl oodplain and drainage basin response to environmental change. In: Thorne CR, Hey RD, Newson MD (Eds), Applied Fluvial Geomorphology for River Engineering and Management. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 15-45.
103. Macklin MG, Rumsby BT, Newson MD. 1992. Historical fl oods and vertical accretion of fi ne-grained alluvium in the lower Tyne valley, northeast England. In: Billi P, Hey RD, Thorne CR, Tacconi P (Eds), Dynamics of Gravel-bed Rivers. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 573-589.
104. Meade RH. 1985. Wavelike movement of bedload sediment, East Fork River, Wyoming. Environmental Geology Water Science [7:] 215-225
105. McHarg IL. 1969. Design with Nature. Doubleday/Natural History Press: New York, USA.
106. McHarg IL. 1992: Design with Nature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK.
107. Montgomery DR, Dietrich WE. 1994. A physically based model for the topographic control on shallow landsliding. Water Resources Research 30: 1153-1171.
108. Montgomery DR, Macdonald LH. 2002. Diagnostic approach to stream channel assessment and monitoring. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38, 1-6.
109. Montgomery DR, Grant GE, Sullivan K. 1995. Watershed analysis as a framework for implementing ecosystem management. Water Resources Bulletin 31: 369-385.
110. Montgomery DR, Dietrich WE, Sullivan K. 1998. The role of GIS in watershed analysis. In: Lane SN, Richards KS, Chandler JH (Eds), Landform Monitoring, Modelling and Analysis. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 241-262.
111. Montgomery DR, Collins BD, Buffi ngton JM, Abbe TB. 2003. Geomorphic effects of wood in rivers. In: Gregory SV, Boyer KL, Gurnell AM (Eds), The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers, American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, Maryland; 21-48.
112. Mosley MP. 1975. Channel changes on the River Bollin, Cheshire, 1872-1973. The East Midland Geograapher 6, 185-199.
113. Nakamura F, Swanson FJ. 2003. Dynamics of wood in rivers in the context of ecological disturbance. In: In: Gregory SV, Boyer KL, Gurnell AM (Eds), The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers, American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, Maryland, USA; 279-297.
114. Nakamura F, Swanson FJ, Wondzell SM. 2000. Disturbance regimes of stream and riparian systems - a disturbance cascade perspective. Hydrological Processes 14: 2849-2860.
115. Nanson GC, Erskine WD. 1988. Episodic changes of channels and fl oodplains on coastal rivers in New South Wales. Fluvial Geomorphology of Australia. Academic Press Australia; 201-221.
116. Newson MD, Lewin J. 1991. Climatic change, river fl ow extremes and fl uvial erosion - scenarios for England and Wales. Progress in Physical Geography 15: 1-17.
117. Nicholas AP, Ashworth PJ, Kirkby MJ et al. 1995. Sediment slugs: large scale fl uctuations in fl uvial sediment transport rates and storage volumes. Progress in Physical Geography 19: 500-519.
118. NRC [National Research Council]. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
119. Nienhuis PH, Leuven RSEW, Ragas AMJ (Eds). 1998. New Concepts for Sustainable Management of River Basins. Backhuys: Leiden, The Netherlands.
120. Passmore DG, Macklin MG, Brewer PA et al. 1993. Variability of late Holocene braiding in Britain. In: Best JL, Bristow CS (Eds), Braided Rivers. Geological Society Special Publication [75:] Bath, UK; 205-229.
121. Petts GE, Amoros C (Eds). 1996. Fluvial Hydrosystems. Chapman and Hall: London, UK.
122. Phillips JD. 2001. Human impacts on the environment: unpredictability and primacy of place. Physical Geography 27: 1-23.
123. Phillips JD. 2003a. Toledo Bend Reservoir and geomorphic response in the Lower Sabine River. River Research and Applications [19:] 137-159.
124. Phillips JD. 2003b. Sources of nonlinearity and complexity in geomorphic systems. Progress in Physical Geography 27: 1-23.
125. Pickett STA, White PS. 1985. Patch dynamics: a synthesis. In: Pickett STA, White PS (Eds), The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press: New York; 371-384.
126. Piégay H, Walling DE, Landon N et al. 2003. Contemporary changes in sediment yield in an alpine mountain basin due to afforestation (the upper Drôme in France). Catena 55: 183-212.
127. Reid LM. 1998. Cumulative watershed effects and watershed analysis. In: Naiman RJ, Bilby RE (Eds), River Ecology and Management: Lessons for the Pacifi c Coastal Ecosystem. Springer: New York; 476-501.
128. Reid LM, Dunne T. 1996. Rapid Evaluation of Sediment Budgets. GeoEcology Texts. Catena Venlug GmbH: Reiskirchen, Germany.
129. Reid LM, McCammon BP. 1993. A Procedure for Watershed Analysis, Interagency Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team, USDA Forest Service, Region 6.
130. Rice S, Church M. 1998. Grain size along two gravel-bed rivers: statistical variation, spatial pattern and sedimentary links. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23: 345-364.
131. Rumsby BT, Macklin MG. 1994. Channel and fl oodplain response to recent abrupt climate change: the Tyne basin, northern England. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19: 499-515.
132. Rumsby BT, Macklin MG. 1996. River response to the last neoglacial (the 'Little Ice Age') in northern, western and central Europe. In: Branson J, Brown AG, Gregory KJ (Eds), Global Continental Changes: the Context of Palaeohydrology. Geological Society Special Publication 115: London; 217-233.
133. Rutherfurd I. 2000. Some human impacts on Australian stream channel morphology. In: Brizga S, Finlayson B (Eds), River Management: The Australasian Experience. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 11-49.
134. Schaller M, von Blanckenburg F, Novius N, Kubik, PW. 2001. Large-scale erosion rates from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclide in European river sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 188: 441-458.
135. Schulze RE. 1997. Impacts of global climate change in a hydrologically vulnerable region: challenges to South African hydrologists. Progress in Physical Geography 21: 113-136.
136. Schumm SA. 1973. Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems. In: Morisawa M (Ed.), Fluvial Geomorphology.
137. SUNY Binghampton Publications in Geomorphology: New York; 299-309
138. Schumm SA. 1979. Geomorphic thresholds: the concept and its applications. Transaction of the Institution of British Geographers NS4: 485-515.
139. Schumm SA. 1991. To Interpret the Earth: Ten Ways to be Wrong. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
140. Sear DA. 1994. River restoration and geomorphology. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4: 169-177.
141. Sear DA, Newson MD, Brookes A. 1995. Sediment-related river maintenance: the role of fl uvial geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 20: 629-647.
142. Simon A. 1989. A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 14: 11-26 Smith K. 1992. Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster. Routledge: London, UK.
143. Smith SM, Prestegaard KL. 2005. Hydraulic performance of a morphology-based stream channel design. Water Resources Research 41: doi:10.2029/2004WR003926.
144. Smits AJM, Nienhuis PH, Leuven RSEW (Eds). 2000. New Approaches to River Management. Backhuys: Leiden, The Netherlands.
145. Soar PJ, Thorne CR. 2001. Channel Restoration Design for Meandering Rivers. Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory ERDC/ CHL CR-01-1, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center: Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
146. Sowers JM, Noller JS, Lettis WR. 2000. Methods for dating Quaternary sediment. In: Noller JS, Sowers JM, Lettis WR (Eds), Quaternary Geochronology: Methods and Applications. American Geophysical Union: Washington DC.
147. Starkel L. 2003. Short term hydrological changes. In: Gregory KJ, Benito G (Eds), Palaeohydrology. Understanding Global Change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 337-356.
148. Starkel L, Basu S. 2000. Rains, Landslides and Floods in the Darjeeling Himalaya. Indian National Science Academy: New Delhi.
149. Stillwater Sciences, 2004. Sediment budget for Redwood Creek watershed, Marin County, California, prepared for Golden Gate National Recreation Area, February 2004.
150. Stokes S, Walling DE. 2003. Radiogenic and isotopic methods for the direct dating of fl uvial sediments. In: Kondolf GM, Piégay H (Eds), Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 233-267.
151. Swanson FJ. 2003. Wood in rivers: a landscape perspective. In: Gregory SV, Boyer KL, Gurnell AM (Eds), The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers. American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, Maryland; 299-313.
152. Thomas MF. 2003. Extreme events in the context of late Quaternary environmental change. Geographica Polonica 76: 139-155.
153. Thorndycraft VR, Benito G, Llasat MC, Barriendos M. 2003. Palaeofl oods, historical data and climatic variability: applications in fl ood risk assessment. In: Thorndycraft VR, Benito G, Barriendos M, Llasat MC (Eds), Palaeofl oods, Historical Data and Climatic Variability: Applications for Flood Risk Assessment. CSIC: Madrid, Spain; 3-9.
154. Thorne CR. 1993. Guidelines for the use of stream reconnaissance record sheets in the fi eld. Contract Report HL-93-2, Waterways Experimental Station, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg.
155. Thorne CR, Hey RD, Newson MD (Eds). 1997a. Applied Fluvial Geomorphology in River Engineering and Management. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK.
156. Thorne CR, Newson MD, Hey RD. 1997b. Application of applied fl uvial geomorphology: problems and potential. In: Thorne CR, Hey RD, Newson MD (Eds), Applied Fluvial Geomorphology in River Engineering and Management. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, UK; 365-370.
157. Thornes JB. 2003. Extremeness of extreme events. Geographica Polonica 76: 157-173.
158. Thornes JB, Shao JX, Diaz E et al. 1996. Testing the MEDALUS hillslope model. Catena 26: 137-160.
159. Trimble SW. 1983. A sediment budget for Coon Creek Wisconsin, 1853-1975. American Journal of Science 283: 454-474.
160. Walters CJ. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. Macmillan: New York.
161. Ward JV. 1989. The four-dimensional nature of the lotic ecosystem. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8: 2-8.
162. Ward JV, Stanford JA. 1995. Ecological connectivity in alluvial river ecosystems and its disruption by fl ow regulation. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11: 105-119.
163. Ward JV, Tockner K, Arscott DB, Claret C. 2002. Riverscape landscape diversity. Freshwater Biology 47: 517-539.
164. Wiens JA. 2002. Riverine landscapes: taking landscape ecology into the water. Freshwater Biology 47: 501-515.
165. Wilcock PR. 1998. Two-fraction model of initial sediment motion in gravel-bed rivers Science 280: 410-412.
166. Wilcock PR, Crowe JC. 2003. A surface-based transport model for sand and gravel. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129: 120-128.
167. Williams CC, Millington AC. 2004. The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development. Geographical Journal [170:] 99-104.
168. Wischmeier WH, Smith DD. 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses - a Guide to Conservation Planning. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Handbook 537, USDA: Washington, DC.
169. Wolman MG, Miller JP. 1960. Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes. Journal of Geology 68: 54-74.
170. Wolman MG, Gerson R. 1978. Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes 3: 189-208.
171. Wu F-C, Chou Y-J. 2003. Simulation of gravel-sand bed response to fl ushing fl ows using a two-fraction entrainment approach: Model development and fl ume experiment. Water Resources Research 39: doi:10.1029/2003WR002184.