Two-fraction model of initial sediment motion in gravel-bed rivers

Science

Volumn 280, Issue 5362, 1998, Pages 410-412

  Wilcock, Peter R ^a  

^a The Johns Hopkins University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRITICAL FLOW; GRAIN; GRAVEL BED RIVER; GRAVEL BED ROVER; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT;

ARTICLE; MODEL; MOTION; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIVER; SAND; SEDIMENT;

EID: 0032540444     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5362.410     Document Type: Article

References (42)

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2. J. H. Mackin, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 59, 463 (1948); E. W. Lane, Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 81, 1 (1955).
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6. E. Meyer-Peter and R. Müller, Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of the International Association for Hydraulic Research, Stockholm (1948), p. 39; F. Engelund and E. Hansen, A Monograph on Sediment Transport in Alluvial Streams (Teknisk Vorlag, Copenhagen, 1972).
7. E. Meyer-Peter and R. Müller, Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of the International Association for Hydraulic Research, Stockholm (1948), p. 39; F. Engelund and E. Hansen, A Monograph on Sediment Transport in Alluvial Streams (Teknisk Vorlag, Copenhagen, 1972).
8. L. B. Leopold, in Dynamics of Gravel-bed Rivers, P. Billi, R. D. Hey, C. R. Thorne, P. Tacconi, Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1992), chap. 14.
9. K. Ashida and M. Michiue, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 206, 59 (1972).
10. G. Parker, P. C. Klingeman, D. L. McLean, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 108, 544 (1982).
11. Much of the size variation in sand-gravel beds results from spatial variation in sand content, which can be consistently correlated with sand proportion on the bed surface, visually estimated, mapped at the reach scale, and spatially averaged. Size variation within the sand and gravel fractions requires local samples [P. R. Wilcock et al., Water Resour. Res. 32, 2897 (1996)].
12. Size distributions used throughout this report are those of the bulk bed.
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14. R. Bagnold, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 372, 453 (1980).
15. R. A. Kuhnle, in (4), chap. 7.
16. c are summarized in M. C. Miller, I. N. McCave, P. D. Komar, Sedimentology 24, 507 (1977) and recently reviewed by J. M. Buffington and D. R. Montgomery, Water Resour. Res. 33, 1993 (1997).
17. c are summarized in M. C. Miller, I. N. McCave, P. D. Komar, Sedimentology 24, 507 (1977) and recently reviewed by J. M. Buffington and D. R. Montgomery, Water Resour. Res. 33, 1993 (1997).
18. J. D. Fenton and J. E. Abbott, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 352, 523 (1977).
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20. P. A. Carling and N. A. Reader, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 7, 349 (1982).
21. In a series of experimental runs in a small flume (9), water discharge, water depth, and sediment feed rate were held constant and the percentage of sand S in the sediment feed was varied from run to run. For S ≤ 20, the observed transport followed the relation for pure gravel. For S ≥ 50, the transport matched that of a pure sand feed. For S = 30 and 40, the observed transport was intermediate between that of sand and gravel. Although a clear transition between sand and gravel behavior was demonstrated, the small flow depths, large Froude numbers, and narrow bimodal size distribution used prevented direct extrapolation to the field case.
22. W. L. Jackson and R. L. Beschta, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 7, 517 (1982); P. A. Carling, ibid. 8, 1 (1983); P. Diplas and G. Parker, Proj. Rep. 190, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota (1985); F. Iseya and H. Ikeda, Geogr. Ann. 69A, 15 (1987); R. I. Ferguson, K. L. Prestegaard, P. J. Ashworth, Water Resour. Res. 25, 635 (1989); R. Seal and C. Paola, ibid. 31, 1409 (1995).
23. W. L. Jackson and R. L. Beschta, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 7, 517 (1982); P. A. Carling, ibid. 8, 1 (1983); P. Diplas and G. Parker, Proj. Rep. 190, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota (1985); F. Iseya and H. Ikeda, Geogr. Ann. 69A, 15 (1987); R. I. Ferguson, K. L. Prestegaard, P. J. Ashworth, Water Resour. Res. 25, 635 (1989); R. Seal and C. Paola, ibid. 31, 1409 (1995).
24. W. L. Jackson and R. L. Beschta, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 7, 517 (1982); P. A. Carling, ibid. 8, 1 (1983); P. Diplas and G. Parker, Proj. Rep. 190, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota (1985); F. Iseya and H. Ikeda, Geogr. Ann. 69A, 15 (1987); R. I. Ferguson, K. L. Prestegaard, P. J. Ashworth, Water Resour. Res. 25, 635 (1989); R. Seal and C. Paola, ibid. 31, 1409 (1995).
25. W. L. Jackson and R. L. Beschta, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 7, 517 (1982); P. A. Carling, ibid. 8, 1 (1983); P. Diplas and G. Parker, Proj. Rep. 190, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota (1985); F. Iseya and H. Ikeda, Geogr. Ann. 69A, 15 (1987); R. I. Ferguson, K. L. Prestegaard, P. J. Ashworth, Water Resour. Res. 25, 635 (1989); R. Seal and C. Paola, ibid. 31, 1409 (1995).
26. W. L. Jackson and R. L. Beschta, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 7, 517 (1982); P. A. Carling, ibid. 8, 1 (1983); P. Diplas and G. Parker, Proj. Rep. 190, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota (1985); F. Iseya and H. Ikeda, Geogr. Ann. 69A, 15 (1987); R. I. Ferguson, K. L. Prestegaard, P. J. Ashworth, Water Resour. Res. 25, 635 (1989); R. Seal and C. Paola, ibid. 31, 1409 (1995).
27. W. L. Jackson and R. L. Beschta, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 7, 517 (1982); P. A. Carling, ibid. 8, 1 (1983); P. Diplas and G. Parker, Proj. Rep. 190, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota (1985); F. Iseya and H. Ikeda, Geogr. Ann. 69A, 15 (1987); R. I. Ferguson, K. L. Prestegaard, P. J. Ashworth, Water Resour. Res. 25, 635 (1989); R. Seal and C. Paola, ibid. 31, 1409 (1995).
28. C. Paola and R. Seal, Water Resour. Res. 31, 395 (1995).
29. W. W. Emmett, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1139 (1980); _, R. H. Myrick, H. A. Martinson, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 85-486 (1985); W. W. Emmett, R. H. Myrick, R. H. Meade, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 80-1189 (1980).
30. W. W. Emmett, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1139 (1980); _, R. H. Myrick, H. A. Martinson, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 85-486 (1985); W. W. Emmett, R. H. Myrick, R. H. Meade, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 80-1189 (1980).
31. W. W. Emmett, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1139 (1980); _, R. H. Myrick, H. A. Martinson, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 85-486 (1985); W. W. Emmett, R. H. Myrick, R. H. Meade, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 80-1189 (1980).
32. R. T. Milhous, thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis (1973). See (9) for bed size distribution.
33. The size distributions used are those reported for bulk samples of the bed.
34. T. Lisle, Water Resour. Res. 25, 1303 (1989).
35. P. R. Wilcock and B. W. McArdell, ibid. 29, 1297 (1993).
36. P. R. Wilcock, in (4), chap. 6; J. Hydraul. Eng. 119, 491 (1993); R. A. Kuhnle, ibid., p. 1400.
37. P. R. Wilcock, in (4), chap. 6; J. Hydraul. Eng. 119, 491 (1993); R. A. Kuhnle, ibid., p. 1400.
38. s on transport. The size distribution of the bed surface (on which transport immediately depends) is rarely known and varies with transport rate, so that a simple correlation between transport and bed grain size is not possible (23).
39. E. Yatsu, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 36, 655 (1955).
40. G. H. S. Smith and R. I. Ferguson, J. Sediment. Res. A65, 423 (1995).
41. G. Parker, in Issues and Directions in Hydraulics, T. Nakato and R. Ettema, Eds. (Balkema, Rotterdam, 1996), pp. 115-133.
42. I thank C. Paola, J. Pizzuto, and M. G. Wolman for comments on an earlier draft of this report. W. Emmett, R. Kuhnle, T. Lisle, and R. Milhous provided helpful discussion and supplementary information regarding their field data. Supported by U.S. Forest Service (Stream Systems Technology Center) Partnership Agreement 28-CCS5-019.