Sulfate attack on cementitious materials containing limestone filler - A review

Cement and Concrete Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 241-254

  Irassar, E F ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

Author keywords

CaCO3; Degradation; Filler; Limestone; Sulfate attack; Thaumasite

Indexed keywords

CEMENTS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CONCRETES; DEGRADATION; DETERIORATION; FILLERS; SILICATE MINERALS; SODIUM; SULFATE MINERALS; SURFACES;

CACO3; CEMENT COMPOSITIONS; CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS; CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS; CONCRETE SPECIMENS; FIELD STUDIES; FIELD TESTS; FILLER; GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS; LABORATORY STUDIES; LIMESTONE FILLERS; LOW TEMPERATURES; MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITIONS; MIXTURE COMPOSITIONS; SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETES; SULFATE ATTACK; SURFACE DAMAGES; SURFACE DETERIORATIONS; THAUMASITE; W/C RATIOS;

LIMESTONE;

EID: 59649111247     PISSN: 00088846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.007     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Damtoft J.S., Herfort D., and Yde E. Concrete binders, mineral additions and chemical admixtures: state of the art and challenges for the 21st century. In: Dhir R.K., and Dyer T.D. (Eds). Modern Concrete Materials: Binders, Additions and Admixtures (1999), Thomas Telford, London 1-16
2. Ghezal A., and Khayat K.H. Optimizing self-consolidating concrete with limestone filler by using statistical factorial design methods. ACI Materials Journal 99 3 (2002) 264-272
3. Department of the Environment. Transport and the regions. The thaumasite form of sulfate attack: risks, diagnosis, remedial works and guidance on new construction (1999), DETR, London Report of the Thaumasite Expert Group
4. Irassar E.F. Sulphate attack and sulphate resistant cements. In: Ghosh S.N. (Ed). Advances in Cement Technology: Chemistry, Manufacture and Testing (2002), Thec Book Int., India 595-629
5. Mehta P.K. Sulfate attack on concrete - a critical review. In: Skalny J. (Ed). Material Science of Concrete vol. III (1992), American Ceramic Society, Westerville, USA 105-130
6. 3A Portland cement exposed to sodium sulfate solution. Cement and Concrete Research 27 7 (1997) 1061-1072
7. Cao H.T., Bucea L., Ray A., and Yozghatlian S. The effect of cement composition and pH of environment on sulfate resistance of Portland cements and blended cements. Cement and Concrete Composites 19 2 (1997) 161-171
8. Bonen D. A microstructural study of the effect produced by magnesium sulfate on plain and silica fume-bearing Portland cement mortars. Cement and Concrete Research 23 3 (1993) 541-553
9. Bensted J. Thaumasite - background and nature in deterioration of cements, mortars and concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites 21 2 (1999) 117-121
10. Crammond N.J. The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in the UK. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 809-818
11. Crammond N.J., and Halliwell M.A. The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in concretes containing a source of carbonate ions - a microstructural overview. In: Malhotra V.M. (Ed). Second CANMET/ACI International Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology, ACI SP 154, USA (1995) 357-380
12. Bensted J. Thaumasite -- direct, woodfordite and other possible formation routes. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 873-877
13. Kohler S., Heinz D., and Urbonas L. Effect of ettringite on thaumasite formation. Cement and Concrete Research 36 4 (2006) 697-706
14. Hagelia P., Sibbick R.G., Crammond N.J., and Larsen C.K. Thaumasite and secondary calcite in some Norwegian concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 1131-1140
15. Gaze M.E., and Crammond N.J. The formation of thaumasite in a cement: lime:sand mortar exposed to cold magnesium and potassium sulfate solutions. Cement and Concrete Composites 22 3 (2000) 209-222
16. Lagerblad B. Leaching performance of concrete based on studies of samples from old concrete constructions (2001), Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Sweden Technical Report TR-01-27, 80 pp.
17. Soroka I., and Setter N. Effect of calcareous fillers on sulfate resistance of Portland Cement. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 55 6 (1976) 594-595
18. Soroka I., and Setter N. Effect of mineral fillers on sulfate resistance of Portland cement mortars. In: Sereda P.J., and Litvan G.G. (Eds). Durability of building materials and components (1980), ASTM, USA 326-335 ASTM STP 691
19. Hooton R.D. Effects of carbonate additions on heat of hydration and sulfate resistance of Portland cements. In: Klieger P., and Hooton R.D. (Eds). Carbonate Additions to Cement (1990), ASTM, USA 73-81 ASTM STP 1064EB
20. 3A Portland cement. Cement Concrete Research 28 11 (1998) 1655-1667
21. Irassar E.F., González M.A., and Rahhal V.F. Sulphate resistance of type V cements with limestone filler and natural pozzolana. Cement and Concrete Composites 22 5 (2000) 361-368
22. Irassar E.F., Bonavetti V.L., and González M.A. Microstructural study of sulfate attack on ordinary and limestone Portland cements at ambient temperature. Cement and Concrete Research 33 1 (2003) 31-41
23. Irassar E.F., Bonavetti V.L., Trezza M.A., and Gonzalez M.A. Thaumasite formation in limestone filler cements exposed to sodium sulphate solution at 20 °C. Cement and Concrete Composites 27 1 (2005) 77-84
24. Irassar E.F., Bonavetti V.L., Trezza M.A., and Menendez G. Sulfate attack on sulfate-resistant Portland cement containing limestone filler. IBRACON Materials Journal (Brazil) 1 1 (2005) 17-32
25. Tezuka Y., Gomes D., Martins J., and Djanikian J.G. Durability aspect of cement with high limestone filler content. Proc 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, New Delhi, India (1992) 53-59
26. Mulenga D.M., Stark J., and Nobst P. Thaumasite formation in concrete and mortars containing fly ash. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 907-912
27. Justnes H. Thaumasite formed by sulfate attack on mortar with limestone filler. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 955-959
28. Bellmann F., and Stark J. Prevention of thaumasite formation in concrete exposed to sulphate attack. Cement and Concrete Research 37 8 (2007) 1215-1222
29. Lee S.T., Hooton R.D., Jung H.S., Park D.H., and Choi C.S. Effect of limestone filler on the deterioration of mortars and pastes exposed to sulfate solutions at ambient temperature. Cement and Concrete Research 38 1 (2008) 68-76
30. Matthews J.D. Performance of limestone filler cement concrete. In: Dhir R.K., and Jones M.R. (Eds). Euro-Cements: Impact of ENV 197 on Concrete Construction (1994), E&FN Spon, London, UK 113-147
31. Crammond N.J., and Halliwell M.A. Assessment of the conditions required for the thaumasite form of sulfate attack. In: Scrivener K.L., and Yound J.F. (Eds). Mechanisms of chemical degradation of cement-based systems (1997), E&FN Spon, London, U.K. 193-200
32. Barker A.P., and Hobbs D.W. Performance of Portland limestone cements in mortar prisms immersed in sulfate solutions at 5 °C. Cement Concrete Composites 21 2 (1999) 129-137
33. Hartshorn S.A., Sharp J.H., and Swamy R.N. Thaumasite formation in Portland-limestone cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 29 8 (1999) 1331-1340
34. Hartshorn S.A., Swamy R.N., and Sharp J.H. Engineering properties and structural implications of Portland limestone cement mortar exposed to magnesium sulphate attack. Advanced Cement Research 13 1 (2001) 31-46
35. Hartshorn S.A., Sharp J.H., and Swamy R.N. The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in Portland-limestone cement mortars stored in magnesium sulfate solution. Cement Concrete Composites 24 3-4 (2002) 351-359
36. Torres S.M., Sharp J.H., Swamy R.N., Lynsdale C.J., and Huntley S.A. Long term durability of Portland-limestone cement mortars exposed to magnesium sulfate attack. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 947-954
37. Torres S.M., Kirk C.A., Lynsdale C.J., Swamy R.N., and Sharp J.H. Thaumasite-ettringite solid solutions in degraded mortars. Cement and Concrete Research 34 8 (2004) 1297-1305
38. Torres S.M., Lynsdale C.J., Swamy R.N., and Sharp J.H. Microstructure of 5-year-old mortars containing limestone filler damaged by thaumasite. Cement and Concrete Research 36 2 (2006) 384-394
39. Kakali G., Tsivilis S., Skaropoulou A., Sharp J.H., and Swamy R.N. Parameters affecting thaumasite formation in limestone cement mortar. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 977-981
40. Tsivilis S., Sotiriadis K., and Skaropoulou A. Thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) in limestone cement pastes. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27 2-3 (2007) 1711-1714
41. Skaropoulou A., Kakali G., and Tsivilis S. A study on thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) using XRD, TG and SEM. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 84 1 (2006) 135-139
42. Skaropoulou A., Sotiriadis K., Kakali G., and Tsivilis S. A long term study on thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) in limestone cement pastes. In: Beaundion J.J., Makar J.M., and Raki L. (Eds). Proc 12 International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montreal, Canada (2007) paper T4-06.2, 11 pp.
43. Tsivilis S., Kakali A., Skaropoulou A., Sharp J.H., and Swamy R.N. Use of mineral admixtures to prevent thaumasite formation in limestone cement mortar. Cement Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 969-976
44. Tsivilis S., Skaropoulou A., Kakali G., Sharp J.H., and Swamy R.N. The effect of mineral admixtures on long term durability of limestone cement mortars exposed to sulfate attack. In: Beaundion J.J., Makar J.M., and Raki L. (Eds). Proc 12 International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montreal, Canada (2007) 12 paper T4-06.1
45. 4 solution. Cement and Concrete Research 32 6 (2002) 943-948
46. Hill J., Byars E.A., Sharp J.H., Lynsdale C.J., Cripps J.C., and Zhou Q. An experimental study of combined acid and sulfate attack of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 997-1003
47. Zhou Q., Hill J., Byars E.A., Cripps J.C., Lynsdale C.J., and Sharp J.H. The role of pH in thaumasite sulfate attack. Cement and Concrete Research 36 1 (2006) 160-170
48. Zhou Q., Byars E.A., Lynsdale C.J., Cripps J.C., Hill J., and Sharp J.H. Relative resistance of Portland and pozzolanic cements to the thaumasite form of sulfate attack. In: Beaundion J.J., Makar J.M., and Raki L. (Eds). Proc 12 International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montreal, Canada (2007) paper M4-03.4, 12 pp.
49. Borsoi A., Collepardi S., Coppola L., Troli R., and Collepardi M. Sulfate attack on blended Portland cement. In: Malhotra V.M. (Ed). Fifth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete (2000), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hill, USA 417-432 ACI SP 192
50. Collepardi M., Monosi S., Favoni O., and Olagot J.J.O. Resistance to sulfate attack of mixtures with limestone Portland blended cements. In: Malhotra V.M. (Ed). Sixth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete (2003), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hill, USA 941-950 ACI SP 212
51. Sawicz Z., and Heng S.S. Durability of concrete with addition of limestone powder. Magazine of Concrete Research 48 175 (1996) 131-137
52. Piasta W.G., Sawicz Z., Koprowski G., and Osiak Z. Influence of limestone powder on microstructure and mechanical properties of concrete under sulphate attack. Proc 10 International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Sweden (1997) paper 4iv018, 8 pp.
53. Gao J., Ma B.G., and Ba H.J. Influence of cement types and mineral admixtures on the resistance of mortar to thaumasite form of sulfate attack. In: Beaundion J.J., Makar J.M., and Raki L. (Eds). Proc 12 International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montreal, Canada (2007) paper T4.06.4, 12 pp.
54. Persson B. Sulphate resistance of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 33 12 (2003) 1933-1938
55. Trägårdh J., and Kalinowski M. Investigation of the conditions for a thaumasite form of sulfate attack in SCC with limestone filler. In: Wallevik O., and Nielsson I. (Eds). International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete (2003) RILEM Publications 033
56. Kalinowski M., and Trägårdh J. Thaumasite and gypsum formation in SCC with sulfate resistant cement exposed to a moderate sulfate concentration Second North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self- Consolidating Concrete and Fourth International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, Chicago, USA (2005) 319-325
57. Friebert M., and Stark J. Investigations to the durability of self compacting concrete. Beton 54 (2004) 184-186
58. Crammond N.J. The occurrence of thaumasite in modern construction - a review. Cement and Concrete Composites 24 3-4 (2002) 393-402
59. Thomas M.D.A., Rogers C.A., and Bleszynski R.F. Occurrences of thaumasite in laboratory and field concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 1045-1050
60. Diamond S. Thaumasite in Orange County, Southern California: an inquiry into the effect of low temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 1161-1164
61. Stark D.C. Occurrence of thaumasite in deteriorated concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 1119-1121
62. Hobbs D.W. Thaumasite sulfate attack in field and laboratory concretes: implications for specifications. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 1195-1202
63. Hobbs D.W., and Taylor M.G. Nature of the thaumasite sulfate attack mechanism in field concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 30 4 (2000) 529-533
64. Mingyu H., Fumei L., and Mingshu T. The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in concrete of Yongan Dam. Cement and Concrete Research 36 10 (2006) 2006-2008
65. Ma B., Gao X., Byars E.A., and Zhou Q. Thaumasite formation in a tunnel of Bapanxia Dam in Western China. Cement and Concrete Research 36 4 (2006) 716-722
66. Hooton R.D., and Thomas M.D.A. The use of limestone in portland cements: Effects on thaumasite form of sulfate attack (2002), PCA, Skokie, Illinois, USA PCA R&D Serial No 2558
67. Crammond N.J., Collett G.W., and Longworth T.I. Thaumasite field trial at Shipston on Stour: three-year preliminary assessment of buried concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 1035-1043
68. ACI 201 committee. Guide to Durable Concrete 201.2R-01 (2000), American Concrete Institute, USA 41 pp.
69. EN 206-1, Concrete - Part 1: Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity (2000), Brussels, Belgium 64 pp.
70. Brown P.W. An evaluation of the sulfate resistance of cements in a controlled environment. Cement and Concrete Research 11 5-6 (1981) 719-727
71. Mehta P.K., and Gjorv O.E. A new test for sulfate resistance of cements. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2 6 (1974) 510-514
72. Lawrence C.D. The influence of binder type on sulfate resistance. Cement Concrete Research 22 6 (1992) 1047-1058
73. Verbeck G.J. "Field and laboratory studies of the sulphate resistance of concrete," performance of concrete-resistance of concrete to sulphate and other environmental conditions. Thorvaldson Symposium (1968), University of Toronto Press, Toronto 113-124 Also reprinted as PCA Research Department Bulletin 227, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill., 1969
74. Khatri R.P., Sirivivatnanon V., and Yang J.L. Role of permeability in sulphate attack. Cement and Concrete Research 27 8 (1997) 1179-1189
75. Hearn N., and Young J.F. w/c ratio, porosity and sulfate attack - a review. In: Marchand J., and Skalny J. (Eds). Materials Science of Concrete: Sulfate Attack Mechanisms (1999), The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, USA 189-205
76. Garboczi E.J., and Bentz D.P. Diffusivity-porosity relation for cement paste. In: Marchand J., and Skalny J. (Eds). Materials Science of Concrete: Sulfate Attack Mechanisms (1999), The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, USA 259-164
77. Gospodinov P., Kazandjiev R., and Mironova M. The effect of sulfate ion diffusion on the structure of cement stone. Cement and Concrete Composites 18 6 (1996) 401-407
78. Tixier R., and Mobasher B. Modeling of damage in cement-based materials subjected to external sulfate attack. I: Formulation. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 15 4 (2003) 305-313
79. F.P. Glasser, J. Marchand, E. Samson, Durability of concrete - Degradation phenomena involving detrimental chemical reactions, Cement and Concrete Research 38 (2) (2008) 226-246. Also In: J.J. Beaundion, J.M. Makar and L. Raki (Eds), Proc 12 International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montreal, Canada, 2007, paper THPL-1, 48p
80. Bonavetti V., Donza H., Rahhal V., and Irassar E.F. High strength concrete with limestone filler cements. In: Malhotra V.M., et al. (Ed). High-Performance Concrete, and Performance and Quality of Concrete Structures. ACI Special Publication vol. 186 (1999), Farmington Hill, MI, USA 567-580
81. Bonavetti V.L., Donza H.A., Menéndez G., Cabrera O.A., and Irassar E.F. Limestone filler cement in low w/c concrete A rational Use of Energy. Cement and Concrete Research 33 6 (2003) 865-871
82. Cyr M., Lawrence P., and Ringot E. Efficiency of mineral admixtures in mortars: quantification of the physical and chemical effects of fine admixtures in relation with compressive strength. Cement and Concrete Research 36 2 (2006) 264-277
83. Fagerlund G. Imaginable effects of limestone filler on chloride transport (2005), Lund Institute of Technology, Division of Building Materials, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Report TVBM-7187, 49 pp.
84. González M.A., Rahhal V.F., Bonavetti V.L., Donza H., and Irassar E.F. Effect of curing on early chloride diffusion of filler cement concrete. In: Swamy R.N. (Ed). Proc. International Conference on Infrastructure Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Improving the Quality Life Through Better Construction: A Vision for the Next Millennium (1999), Sheffield Academic Press, UK 137-148
85. Persson B. Assessment of the chloride migration coefficient, internal frost resistance, salt frost scaling and sulphate resistance of self-compacting concrete - with some interrelated properties (2001), Lund Institute of Technology, Division of Building Materials, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Report TVBM-3100
86. Zhu W., and Bartos P.J.M. Permeation properties of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 33 6 (2003) 921-926
87. Ye G., Liu X., De Schutter G., Poppe A.M., and Taerwe L. Influence of limestone powder used as filler in SCC on hydration and microstructure of cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites 29 1 (2007) 94-102
88. Jawed I., Goto S., and Kondo R. Hydration of tetracalcium aluminoferrites in presence of lime and sulfates. Cement and Concrete Research 6 4 (1976) 441-454
89. Höglund L.O. Some notes on ettringite formation in cementitious materials - influence of hydration and thermodynamic constraints for durability. Cement and Concrete Research 22 2-3 (1992) 217-228
90. Gollop R.S., and Taylor H.F.W. Microstructural and microanalytical studies of sulfate attack: III. Sulfate-resisting portland cement. Reactions with sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions. Cement and Concrete Research 25 7 (1995) 1581-1590
91. Santhanam M., Cohen M.D., and Olek J. Mechanism of sulfate attack: a fresh look. Part 2: Proposed mechanisms. Cement and Concrete Research 33 3 (2003) 341-346
92. Gabrisova A., Havlica J., and Sahu S. Stability of calcium sulphoaluminate hydrates in water solutions with various pH values. Cement and Concrete Research 21 6 (1991) 1023-1027
93. Mehta P.K. Effect of fly ash composition on sulfate resistance of cement. ACI Journal Proc 83 6 (1986) 994-1000
94. Irassar E.F., Sota J., and Batic O. Evaluation of sulfate resistance of blended Portland cements. Proc. Int. Conference Measurements and Testing in Civil Engineering - RILEM -GAMAC, I,. Lyon, France (1988) 301-310
95. Lawrence P., Cyr M., and Ringot E. Mineral admixtures in mortars. Effect of inert materials on short-term hydration. Cement and Concrete Research 33 12 (2003) 1939-1947
96. 2-CH-CC-H). Proc 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, New Delhi, India (1992) 430-436
97. Bonavetti V.L., Rahhal V.F., and Irassar E.F. Studies on the carboaluminate formation in limestone filler blended cement. Cement and Concrete Research 31 6 (2001) 853-859
98. Irassar E.F. A discussion of the paper "durability of the hydrated limestone-silica fume Portland cement mortars under sulphate attack" by J. Zelic, R. Krstulovic, E. Tkalcec and P.Karlo. Cement and Concrete Research 30 5 (2000) 831-832
99. Matschei T., Lothenbach B., and Glasser F.P. The AFm phase in Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research 37 2 (2007) 118-130
100. Matschei T., Lothenbach B., and Glasser F.P. The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research 37 4 (2007) 551-558
101. Nobst P., and Stark J. Investigations on the influence of cement type on thaumasite formation. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 899-906
102. Aguilera J., Martinez-Ramirez S., and Pajares-Colomo I. M.T. Blanco-Varela Formation of thaumasite in carbonated mortars. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 8 (2003) 991-996
103. 3A content, temperature and storage medium on thaumasite formation in carbonated mortar. Cement and Concrete Research 36 4 (2006) 707-715
104. Tikalsky P.J., Roy D., Scheetz B., and Krize T. Redefining cement characteristics for sulfate-resistant Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research 32 8 (2002) 1239-1246
105. Shanahan N., and Zayed A. Cement composition and sulfate attack. Part I. Cement and Concrete Research 37 4 (2007) 618-623
106. Torres S.M., Kirk C.A., Lynsdale C.J., Swamy R.N., and Sharp J.H. Thaumasite-ettringite solid solutions in degraded mortars. Cement and Concrete Research 34 8 (2004) 1297-1305
107. Barnett S.J., Halliwell M.A., Crammond N.J., Adam C.D., and Jackson A.R.W. Study of thaumasite and ettringite phases formed in sulfate/blast furnace slag slurries using XRD full pattern fitting. Cement and Concrete Composites 24 3-4 (2002) 339-346
108. Wang J.G. Sulfate attack on hardened cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 24 4 (1994) 735-742