Testing the second level of agenda setting: Effects of news frames on reader-assigned attributes of Hezbollah and Israel in the 2006 war in Lebanon

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 85, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 609-624

  Rill, Leslie A ^a   Davis, Corey B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MASS MEDIA; PERCEPTION; WAR;

EID: 59149103971     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900808500308     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (summer 1972): 176-87.
2. Bernard Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963).
3. Maxwell E. McCombs, "A Look at Agenda Setting: Past, Present and Future," Journalism Studies 6 (November 2005): 543-57.
4. Spiro Kiousis, "Compelling Arguments and Attitude Strength: Exploring the Impact of Second-Level Agenda Setting on Public Opinion of Presidential Candidate Images," Press/Politics 10 (spring 2005): 3-27;
5. R. Andrew Holbrook and Timothy G. Hill, "Agenda-Setting and Priming in Prime Time Television: Crime Dramas as Political Cues," Political Communication 22 (July-September 2005): 277-95;
6. Bruce W. Hardy and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, "Can a Poll Affect Perception of Candidate Traits?" Public Opinion Quarterly 69 (2005 Special Issue): 725-43.
7. McCombs and Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function";
8. Sei-Hill Kim, Dietram A. Scheufele, and James Shanahan, "Think about It This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and the Public's Evaluation of a Local Issue," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (spring 2002): 7-25;
9. Wayne Wanta, Guy Golan, and Cheolhan Lee, "Agenda Setting and International News: Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Foreign Nations," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 81 (summer 2004): 364-77;
10. John C. Tedesco, "Issue and Strategy Agenda Setting in the 2004 Presidential Election: Exploring the Candidate-Journalist Relationship," Journalism Studies 6 (May 2005): 187-201.
11. McCombs and Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function."
12. Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Evolution of Agenda-Setting Research: Twenty-Five Years in the Marketplace," Journal of Communication 43 (spring 1993): 58-67;
13. Maxwell E. McCombs, Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 2004);
14. Tedesco, "Issue and Strategy Agenda Setting."
15. G. Ray Funkhouser, "Trends in Media Coverage of the Issues of the '60's," Journalism Quarterly 50 (1973): 553-59;
16. Sidney Kraus and Dennis Davis, The Effects of Mass Communication on Political Behavior (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania University Press, 1976);
17. Kim, Scheufele, and Shanahan, "Think about It This Way."
18. Robert M. Entman, "Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 51-58.
19. Dietram A. Scheufele, "Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects of Political Communication," Mass Communication & Society 3 (spring /summer 2000): 297-316;
20. Dietram A. Scheufele and David Tewksbury, "Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models," Journal of Communication 57 (March 2007): 9-20.
21. Scheufele and Tewksbury, "Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming," 11.
22. Scheufele and Tewksbury, "Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming."
23. McCombs, "A Look at Agenda Setting."
24. Guy Golan and Wayne Wanta, "Second-level Agenda Setting and the New Hampshire Primary: A Comparison of Coverage in Three Newspapers and Public Perceptions of Candidates," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78 (summer 2001): 247-59;
25. McCombs, "A Look at Agenda Setting."
26. Wanta, Golan, and Lee, "Agenda Setting and International News," 367.
27. Scheufele, "Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited," 306.
28. Scheufele, "Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited."
29. Entman, "Framing: Toward Clarification," 53.
30. James N. Druckman, "Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects," The American Political Science Review 98 (November 2004): 671-86.
31. Scheufele, "Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited."
32. Scheufele, "Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited";
33. Jill A. Edy and Patrick C. Meirick, "Wanted, Dead or Alive: Media Frames, Frame Adoption, and Support for the War in Afghanistan," Journal of Communication 57 (March, 2007): 119-41.
34. Scheufele and Tewksbury, "Framing, Agenda-Setting, and Priming."
35. McCombs, "A Look at Agenda Setting," 546.
36. McCombs, "A Look at Agenda Setting."
37. McCombs, "A Look at Agenda Setting."
38. Scheufele and Tewksbury, "Framing, Agenda-Setting, and Priming."
39. Vincent Price, David Tewksbury, and Elizabeth Powers, "Switching Trains of Thought: The Impact of News Frames on Readers' Cognitive Responses," Communication Research 24 (October 1997): 481-506.
40. McCombs, "A Look at Agenda Setting."
41. Maxwell McCombs, Juan-Pablo Llamas, Esteban Lopez-Escobar, Federico Rey, "Candidate Images in Spanish Elections: Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effects," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (winter 1997): 703-13.
42. Golan and Wanta, "Second-level Agenda Setting."
43. Wanta, Golan, and Lee, "Agenda Setting and International News."
44. Wanta, Golan, and Lee, "Agenda Setting and International News."
45. Wanta, Golan, and Lee, "Agenda Setting and International News,"
46. Wayne Wanta, Pu-Tsung King, and Maxwell E. McCombs, "A Comparison of Factors Influencing Issue Diversity in the U.S. and Taiwan," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 7 (winter 1995): 353-65.
47. Klaus Schoenbach and Holli Semetko, "Agenda-Setting, Agenda-Reinforcing or Agenda-Deflating? A Study of the 1990 German National Election," Journalism Quarterly 69 (winter 1992): 837-46;
48. Claes H. DeVreese, "Television Reporting of Second-Order Elections," Journalism Studies 4 (May 2003): 183-98;
49. Young Min, "Campaign Agenda Formation: The News Media in the Korean Congressional Election of 2000," Asian Journal of Communication 14 (September 2004): 192-204.
50. Olaf Werder, "Debating the Euro: Media Agenda-Setting in a Cross-National Environment," Gazette: International Journal for Communication Studies 64 (June 2002): 219-33;
51. Ingrid A. Lehmann, "Exploring the Transatlantic Media Divide Over Iraq: How and Why U.S. and German Media Differed in Reporting on UN Weapons Inspections in Iraq, 2002-2003," Press/Politics 10 (winter 2005): 63-89.
52. Tim Butcher and Ramsay Short, "Israeli troops prepare to invade Lebanon. Reservists called up after Hezbollah gunmen kidnap two soldiers and kill eight," The Daily Telegraph, July 13, 2006, sec. News, International, p. 17.
53. Butcher and Short, "Israeli troops prepare to invade."
54. Butcher and Short, "Israeli troops prepare to invade," 17.
55. Michael Slackman, "Vast Lebanon Throng Hails Hezbollah Chief, Who Calls the Militia Stronger," The New York Times, September 23, 2006, sec. A, p. 7., col. 1.
56. Slackman, "Vast Lebanon Throng."
57. "Online Papers Modestly Boost Newspaper Readership," The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, July 30, 2006, retrieved October 14, 2006 at http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/282.pdf. According to Pew Center Research, two-thirds of young citizens report reading a newspaper less than three days a week, watching television news at least four days per week, and using the Internet for news four days per week or less.
58. Phil Davis, "Dolphin May Get a Prosthetic Tail," USA Today, September 25, 2006, retrieved September 25, 2006 at http:// www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/ 2006-09-25-prosthetic-tail_x.htm?loc=interstitialskip.
59. Using computer terminals, participants typed their responses to this questionnaire into word processors, removing any spatial limits on the length of responses.
60. For the negative Hezbollah condition group, the top ten words (from most frequent to least frequent in the stimulus article) were Iran, Middle East, terror, violent, group, extremist, power, radical forces, Syria. The ten most frequent words (from most frequent to least frequent in the stimulus article) in the positive Hezbollah condition were money, aid, Beirut, government, group, handout, $12,000, bomb, destruction, war mongers. For the negative Israel condition group, the top ten words (from most frequent to least frequent in the stimulus article) were bomb, attacked, killing, Operation Dispelled Illusion, terror, abductions, civilians, soldiers, government, war-torn. The ten most frequent words (from most frequent to least frequent in the stimulus article) in the positive Israel condition were terror, freedom, soldier, Gaza, kidnapped, war-torn, fighting, peaceful democracy, human rights.
61. Each research participant was asked to respond to the following open-ended questions: "If you had a friend who had no knowledge about the recent war in Lebanon, what would you tell them about Hezbollah?" "If you had a friend who had no knowledge about the recent war in Lebanon, what would you tell them about Israel?"
62. Wanta, Golan, and Lee, "Agenda Setting and International News."
63. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy.