Ecological determinants of survival and reproduction in the spotted hyena

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 90, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 461-471

  Watts, Heather E ^a   Holekamp, Kay E ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anthropogenic disturbance; Carnivore; Crocuta crocuta; Demography; Disease; Interspecific competition; Mortality; Sociality

Indexed keywords

CARNIVORE; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; MAMMAL; MORTALITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION GROWTH; POPULATION SIZE; PREY AVAILABILITY; RAINFALL; REPRODUCTION; SURVIVAL;

CROCUTA CROCUTA;

EID: 58849151440     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/08-MAMM-A-136.1     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. ALTIZER, S., A. DOBSON, P. HOSSEINI, P. HUDSON, M. PASCUAL, AND P. ROHANI. 2006. Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases. Ecology Letters 9:467-484.
2. ALTMANNV, J., AND S. C. ALBERTS. 2003. Intraspecific variability in fertility and offspring survival in a nonhuman primate: behavioral control of ecological and social sources. Pp. 140-169 in Offspring: the biodemography of fertility and family behavior (K. W. Wachter and R. A. Bulatao, eds.). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
3. BERGER, K. M., E. M. GESE, AND J. BERGER. 2008. Indirect effects and traditional trophic cascades: a test involving wolves, coyotes, and pronghorn. Ecology 89:818-828.
4. BESCHTA, R. L. 2003. Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications 13:1295-1309.
5. BLOUNT, J. D., D. C. HOUSTON, A. P. MOLLER, AND J. WRIGHT. 2003. Do individual branches of immune defense correlate? A comparative case study of scavenging and non-scavenging birds. Oikos 102:340-350.
6. BOERTJE, R. D., AND R. O. STEPHENSON. 1992. Effects of ungulate availability on wolf reproductive potential in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:2441-2443.
7. BOYDSTON, E. E., K. M. KAPHEIM, M. SZYKMAN, AND K. E. HOLEKAMP. 2003a. Individual variation in space use by female spotted hyenas. Journal of Mammalogy 84:1006-1018.
8. BOYDSTON, E. E., K. M. KAPHEIM, R. C. VAN HORN, L. SMALE, AND K. E. HOLEKAMP. 2005. Sexually dimorphic patterns of space use throughout ontogeny in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Zoology (London) 267:271-281.
9. BOYDSTON, E. E., K. M. KAPHEIM, H. E. WAITS, M. SZYKMAN, AND K. E. HOLEKAMP. 2003b. Altered behavior in a large African carnivore associated with increased human activity. Animal Conservation 6:207-219.
10. BURNHAM, K. P., and D. R. anderson. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference. Springer-Verlag, New York.
11. CARDILLO, M., A. PURVIS, W. SECHREST, J. L. GITTLEMAN, J. BIELBY, AND G. M. MACE. 2004. Human population density and extinction risk in the world's carnivores. PLoS Biology 2:e197.
12. CLUTTON-BROCK, T. H., S. D. ALBON, AND F. E. GUINNESS. 1982. Competition between female relatives in a matrilocal mammal. Nature 300:178-180.
13. COOK, R. D., AND S. WEISBERG. 1982. Residuals and influence in regression. Chapman & Hall, New York.
14. COOPER, S. M. 1991. Optimal hunting group size: the need for lions to defend their kills against loss to spotted hyaenas. African Journal of Ecology 29:130-136.
15. COOPER, S. M. 1993. Denning behavior of spotted hyaenas (Croatia crocuta) in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 31:178-180.
16. CRAWLEY, M. J. 1993. GLIM for ecologists. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom.
17. CREEL, S. 2001. Four factors modifying the effect of competition on carnivore population dynamics as illustrated by African wild dogs. Conservation Biology 15:271-274.
18. CREEL, S., AND D. CHRISTIANSON. 2008. Relationships between direct predation and risk effects. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23: 194-201.
19. CREEL, S., D. CHRISTIANSON, S. LILEY, AND J. A. WINNIE. 2007. Predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of elk. Science 315:960.
20. CREEL, S., AND N. M. CREEL. 2002. The African wild dog: behavior, ecology, and conservation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
21. CREEL, S., J. E. FOX, A. HARDY, J. SANDS, B. GARROTT, AND R. O. PETERSON. 2002. Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk. Conservation Biology 16:809-814.
22. CREEL, S., G. SPONG, AND N. CREEL. 2001. Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores. Pp. 35-60 in Carnivore conservation (J. L. Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. Macdonald, and R. K. Wayne, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
23. CROOKS, K. R., AND M. E. SOULÉ. 1999. Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400:563-566.
24. DOBSON, A. 1995a. The ecology and epidemiology of rinderpest virus in Serengeti and Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Pp. 485-505 in Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem (A. R. E. Sinclair and P. Arcese, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
25. DOBSON, F. S. 1995b. Regulation of population size: evidence from Columbian ground squirrels. Oecologia 102:44-51.
26. DURANT, S. M. 2000. Living with the enemy: avoidance of hyenas and lions by cheetahs in the Serengeti. Behavioral Ecology 11: 624-632.
27. DURANT, S. M., M. KELLY, AND T. M. CARO. 2004. Factors affecting life and death in Serengeti cheetahs: environment, age, and sociality. Behavioral Ecology 15:11-22.
28. EAST, M. L., T. BURKE, K. WILHELM, C. GREIG, AND H. HOFER. 2003. Sexual conflicts in spotted hyenas: male and female mating tactics and their reproductive outcome with respect to age, social status and tenure. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 270:1247-1254.
29. ESTES, J. A., M. T. TINKER, T. M. WILLIAMS, AND D. F. DOAK. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282:473-476.
30. FRANK, L. G., S. E. GLICKMAN, AND I. POWCH. 1990. Sexual dimorphism in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Zoology (London) 221:308-313.
31. FRANK, L. G., K. E. HOLEKAMP, AND L. SMALE. 1995. Dominance, demography, and reproductive success of female spotted hyenas. Pp. 364-384 in Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem (A. R. E. Sinclair and P. Arcese, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
32. FULLER, T. K., AND P. R. SIEVERT. 2001. Carnivore demography and the consequences of changes in prey availability. Pp. 163-178 in Carnivore conservation (J. L. Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. Macdonald, and R. K. Wayne, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
33. FUNK, S. M., C. V. FIORELLO, S. CLEAVELAND, AND M. E. GOMPPER. 2001. The role of disease in carnivore ecology and conservation. Pp. 443-466 in Carnivore conservation (J. L. Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. Macdonald, and R. K. Wayne, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
34. GAILLARD, J.-M., M. FESTA-BIANCHET, AND N. G. YOCCOZ. 1998. Population dynamics of large herbivores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13: 58-63.
35. GANNON, W. L., R. S. SIKES, AND THE ANIMAL CARE AND Use COMMITTEE of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY of MAMMALOGISTS. 2007. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 809-823.
36. GRIFFIN, S. C., T. VALOIS, M. L. TAPER, AND L. S. MILLS. 2007. Effects of tourists on behavior and demography of Olympic marmots, Conservation Biology 21:1070-1081.
37. GROSS, J. E., F. J. SINGER, AND M. E. MOSES. 2000. Effects of disease, dispersal, and area on bighorn sheep restoration. Restoration Ecology 8:25-37.
38. HAIRSTON, N. G., F. E. SMITH, AND L. B. SLOBODKIN. 1960. Community structure, population control, and competition. American Naturalist 94:421-425.
39. HAYWARD, M. W. 2006. Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology (London) 270:606-614.
40. HEBBLEWHITE, M., et al. 2005. Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology 86:2135-2144.
41. HENKE, S. E., AND F. C. BRYANT. 1999. Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in the western Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1066-1081.
42. HOFER, H., AND M. L. EAST. 1993. The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. III. Attendance and maternal care. Animal Behaviour 46:575-589.
43. HOFER, H., AND M. L. EAST. 2003. Behavioral processes and costs of co-existence in female spotted hyenas: a life history perspective. Evolutionary Ecology 17:315-331.
44. HOLEKAMP, K. E., J. O. OGUTU, L. G. FRANK, H. T. DUBLIN, AND L. SMALE. 1993. Fission of a spotted hyena clan: consequences of female absenteeism and causes of female emigration. Ethology 93:285-299.
45. HOLEKAMP, K. E., L. SMALE, AND M. SZYKMAN. 1996. Rank and reproduction in the female spotted hyaena. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 108:229-237.
46. HOLEKAMP, K. E., M. SZYKMAN, E. E. BOYDSTON, AND L. SMALE. 1999. Association of seasonal reproductive patterns with changing food availability in an equatorial carnivore, the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 116:87-93.
47. HOLT, R. D., AND G. A. POLIS. 1997. A theoretical framework for intraguild predation. American Naturalist 149:745-764.
48. HONER, O. P., et al. 2007. Female mate-choice drives the evolution of male-biased dispersal in a social mammal. Nature 448:798-801.
49. HUNTER, M. D., AND P. W. PRICE. 1992. Playing chutes and ladders: heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom up and top down forces in natural communities. Ecology 73:724-732.
50. KAT, P. W., K. A. ALEXANDER, J. S. SMITH, AND L. MUNSON. 1995. Rabies and African wild dogs in Kenya. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 262:229-233.
51. KERLEY, L. L., J. M. GOODRICH, D. G. MIQUELLE, E. N. SMIRNOV, H. B. QUIGLEY, AND M. G. HORNOCKER. 2002. Effects of roads and human disturbance on Amur tigers. Conservation Biology 16: 97-108.
52. KISSUI, B. M., AND C. PACKER. 2004. Top-down population regulation of a top predator: lions in the Ngorongoro Crater. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 271:1867-1874.
53. KOLOWSKI, J. M., AND K. E. HOLEKAMP. 2006. Spatial, temporal, and physical characteristics of livestock depredations by large carnivores along a Kenyan reserve border. Biological Conservation 128:529-541.
54. KOLOWSKI, J. M., D. KATAN, K. R. THEIS, AND K. E. HOLEKAMP. 2007. Daily patterns of activity in the spotted hyena. Journal of Mammalogy 88:1017-1028.
55. KRUUK, H. 1972. The spotted hyena: a study of predation and social behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
56. LAMPREY, R. H., AND R. S. REID. 2004. Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife? Journal of Biogeography 31:997-1032.
57. LAURENSON, M. K. 1995. Implications of high offspring mortality for cheetah population dynamics. Pp. 385-399 in Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem (A. R. E. Sinclair and P. Arcese, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
58. LINDEQUE, M., AND J. D. SKINNER. 1982. Aseasonal breeding in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta, Erxleben), in southern Africa. African Journal of Ecology 20:271-278.
59. MDUMA, S., A. R. E. SINCLAIR, AND R. HILBORN. 1999. Food regulates the Serengeti wildebeest: a 40-year record. Journal of Animal Ecology 68:1101-1122.
60. MECH, D. L. 1977. Productivity, mortality, and population trends in wolves in northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 58: 559-574.
61. MENGE, B. A. 2000. Top-down and bottom-up community regulation in marine rocky intertidal habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 250:257-289.
62. MILLS, M. G. L. 1990. Kalahari hyaenas: comparative behavioral ecology of two species. Unwin Hyman, London, United Kingdom.
63. MILLS, M. G. L., AND H. HOFER. 1998. Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
64. NAGELKERKE, N. J. D. 1991. A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika 78:691-692.
65. OGUTU, J. O., AND H. T. DUBLIN. 2002. Demography of lions in relation to prey and habitat in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 40:120-129.
66. PACKER, C., et al. 1988. Reproductive success of lions. Pp. 363-383 in Reproductive success (T. H. Clutton-Brock, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
67. PALOMARES, F., AND T. M. CARD. 1999. Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. American Naturalist 153:492-507.
68. PATTERSON, B. D., S. M. KASIKI, E. SELEMPO, AND R. W. KAYS. 2004. Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Park, Kenya. Biological Conservation 119:507-516.
69. POLISAR, J., I. MAXIT, D. SCOGNAMILLO, L. FARRELL, M. E. SUNQUIST, AND J. F. EISENBERG. 2003. Jaguars, pumas, their prey base, and cattle ranching: ecological interpretations of a management problem. Biological Conservation 109:297-310.
70. R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM. 2007. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org. Accessed 18 September 2007.
71. ROELKE-PARKER, M. E., et al. 1996. A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo). Nature 379:441-445.
72. RUSSELL, A. F., P. N. M. BROTHERTON, G. M. MCILRATH, L. L. SHARPE, AND T. H. CLUTTON-BROCK. 2003. Breeding success in cooperative meerkats: effects of helper number and maternal state. Behavioral Ecology 14:486-492.
73. SABERWAL, V. K., J. P. GIBBS, R. CHELLAM, AND A. J. T. JOHNSINGH. 1994. Lion-human conflict in the Gir Forest, India. Conservation Biology 8:501-507.
74. SCHALLER, G. B. 1972. The Serengeti lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
75. STAT SOFT. 2002. STATISTICA (data analysis software system). StatSoft, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
76. SWITALSKI, T. A. 2003. Coyote foraging ecology and vigilance in response to gray wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:985-993.
77. THOMPSON, D., M. LONERGAN, AND C. DUCK. 2005. Population dynamics of harbour seals Phoca vitulina in England: monitoring growth and catastrophic declines. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:638-648.
78. TOLLRIAN, R., AND C. D. HARVELL. 1999. The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
79. TRINKEL, M., P. H. FLEISCHMANN, AND G. KASTBERGER. 2006. Comparison of land-use strategies of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta, Erxleben) in different ecosystems. African Journal of Ecology 44:537-539.
80. TRINKEL, M., AND G. KASTBERGER. 2005. Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. African Journal of Ecology 43:220-224.
81. WALSH, P. D., et al. 2003. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature 422:611-614.
82. WATTS, H. E., AND K. E. HOLEKAMP. 2008. Interspecific competition influences reproduction in spotted hyenas. Journal of Zoology (London) 276:402-410.
83. WHITE, T. C. R. 1978. The importance of a relative shortage of food in animal ecology. Oecologia 33:71-86.
84. WIELGUS, R. B., AND F. L. BUNNELL. 1994. Dynamics of a small, hunted brown bear Ursus arctos population in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Biological Conservation 67:161-166.
85. WILMERS, C. C., AND W. M. GETZ. 2005. Gray wolves as climate change buffers in Yellowstone. PLoS Biology 3:e92.
86. WOODROFFE, R., AND L. G. FRANK. 2005. Lethal control of African lions (Panthera leo): local and regional population impacts. Animal Conservation 8:91-98.
87. WOODROFFE, R., AND J. R. GINSBERG. 1998. Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science 280:2126-2128.
88. WOODROFFE, R., AND J. R. GINSBERG. 1999. Conserving the African wild dog Lycaon pictus. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline. Oryx 33:132-142.
89. YOUNG, T. P. 1994. Natural die-offs of large mammals: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 8:410-418.