The Pampa de Chaparrí: Water, land, and politics on the north coast of Peru

Latin American Antiquity

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 243-263

  Hayashida, Frances M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 58849115155     PISSN: 10456635     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1045663500013900     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Billman, Brian R. 2002 Irrigation and the Origins of the Southern Moche State on the North Coast of Peru. Latin American Antiquity 13:371-400.
2. Cleland, Kathryn M., and Izumi Shimada 1992 Sicán Bottles: Marking Time in the Peruvian Bronze Age. Andean Past 3:193-225.
3. 1998 Paleteada Potters: Technology, Production Sphere, and Sub-Culture in Ancient Peru. In Andean Ceramics: Technology, Organization, and Approaches, edited by Izumi Shimada, pp. 111-150. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, Supplement to Vol. 15. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
4. Conrad, Geoffrey W. 1977 Chiquitoy Viejo: An Inca Administrative Centerin the Chicama Valley, Peru. Journal of Field Archaeology 4:1-17.
5. D'Altroy, Terence N. 2002 The Incas. Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts.
6. Deeds, Eric, James Kus, Michael E. Moseley, Fred Nials, Charles R.Ortloff, Lonnie Pippin, Shelia Pozorski and Thomas Pozorski 1978 Un estudio deirrigación prehispánica en Pampa Esperanza, Valle de Moche:Metodología y resultados preliminares. In El Hombre y La Cultura, Vol. I, edited by Ramíro Matos Mendieta, pp. 217-237. Editora Lasontay, Lima.
7. Delavaud, Claude C. 1984 Las regiones costeñas del Perúseptentrional. Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, Piura.
8. Deza, Jaime 2001 ¿Se seca la costa? Ideología y riegoprehispánico en el norte del Péru. Universidad Alas Perunas, Lima.
9. Dillehay, Tom D., and Alan L. Kolata 2004 Long-Term Human Response to Uncertain Environmental Conditions in the Andes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 101:4325-1330.
10. Dillehay, Tom D., Alan L. Kolata, and Mario Pino Q. 2004 Pre-Industrial Human and Environment Interactions in Northern Peru during the Late Holocene.The Holocene 14:272-281.
11. Donnan, Christopher B., and Guillermo A. Cock 1986 The Pacatnamu Papers, Vol. 1. Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles.
12. Doolittle, William E. 1990 Canal Irrigation in Prehistoric Mexico: The Sequence of Technological Change. University of Texas Press, Austin.
13. Eling, Jr., Herbert H. 1978 Interpretaciones preliminares del sistema deriego antiguo de Talambo en el Valle de Jequetepeque Perú. In El Hombre yla Cultura Andina, Vol. II, edited by Ramíro Matos Mendieta, pp.401-419. Editora Lasontay, Lima.
14. 1986 Pre-Hispanic Irrigation Sources and Systems in the Jequetepeque Valley, Northern Peru. In Andean Archaeology: Papers in Memory of Clifford Evans, edited by Ramiro Matos Mendieta, Jr. Eling, Herbert H. and Solveig A.Turpin, pp. 130-148. Monograph No. 27. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles.
15. 1987a The Role of Irrigation Networks in Emerging Complexity during Late Prehispanic Times: Jequetepeque Valley, North Coast, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.
16. 1987b The Rustic Boca Toma: Traditional Hydraulic Technology for the Future. In Arid Land Use Strategies and Risk Management in the Andes: A Regional Anthropological Perspective, edited by David L. Browman, pp. 171-193. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
17. Epstein, Stephen M., and Izumi Shimada 1983 Metalurgia de Sicán.Una reconstrucción de la producción de la aleación de cobreen el Cerro de los Cementerios, Perú. Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 5:379-430.
18. Erickson, Clark L. 1993 The Social Organization of Prehispanic Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin. In Economic Aspects of Water Management in the the Prehispanic New World, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and Barry L. Isaac, pp. 369-426. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 7.JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.
19. 2000 The Lake Titicaca Basin: A Pre-Columbian Built Landscape. In Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas, edited by David Lentz, pp. 311-356. Columbia University Press, New York.
20. 2003 Agricultural Landscapes as World Heritage: Raised Field Agriculturein Bolivia and Peru. In Managing Change: Sustainable Approaches to the Conservation of the Built Environment, edited by Jeanne-Marie Teutonico and Frank Matero, pp. 181-204. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
21. 2006 Intensification, Political Economy, and the Farming Community: In Defense of a Bottom-Up Perspective of the Past. In Agricultural Strategies, edited by Joyce Marcus and Charles Stanish, pp. 334-363. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California at Los Angeles.
22. Espinoza Soriano, Waldemar 1969-70 Las mitmas yungas de Collique en Cajamarca, siglos XV, XVI, y XVII. Revista del Museo Nacional 36:9-57.
23. 1973 Colonias de mitmas multiples en Abancay, siglos XV y XVI: Unainformación inédita de 1575 para la etnohistoria andina. Revistadel Museo Nacional 39:225-299.
24. 1975 El valle de Jayanca en el reino de los Mochica: Siglos XV y XVI.Boletín del Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos 4:243-274.
25. Farrington, Ian S. 1974 Irrigation and Settlement Pattern: Preliminary Research Results from the North Coast of Peru. In Irrigation's Impact on Society, edited by Theodore E. Downing and McGuire Gibson, pp. 83-94.Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, No. 25. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.
26. 1977 Land Use, Irrigation and Society on the North Coast of Peru in the Prehispanic Era. Zeitschrift für Bewässerungswirtschaft 2:151-186.
27. 1978 Irrigación prehispánica y establecimientos en la Costanorte del Perú. In Tecnología andina, edited by Rogger Ravines, pp. 117-128. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.
28. 1980 The Archaeology of Irrigation Canals, with Special Reference to Peru. World Archaeology 2:287-305.
29. 1983 The Design and Function of the Intervalley Canal: Comments on a Paper by Ortloff, Moseley, and Feldman. American Antiquity 48:360-373.
30. 1985 Operational Strategies, Expansion, and Intensification within the Prehistoric Irrigation Agricultural System of the Moche Valley, Peru. In Prehistoric Intensive Agriculture in the Tropics, edited by Ian S. Farrington, pp. 621-652. BAR International Series 232. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
31. Farrington, Ian S., and Chris C. Park 1978 Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Agriculture in the Moche Valley, Peru: c. A.D. 1250-1532. Journal of Archaeological Science 5:255-268.
32. Figueroa, Alejandra, and Frances Hayashida 2004 Sitios amurallados en lacosta norte del Perú: Observaciones preliminares de Cerro Arena, Pampa de Chaparrí, Lambayeque. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP8:359-371.
33. Freeburg, Adam K. 2002 Prehispanic Canals on the North Coast of Peru: AnArchaeological Analysis Using GIS. Unpublished honors thesis, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
34. Guillet, David W. 1992 Covering Ground: Communal Water Managment and the State in the Peruvian Highlands. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
35. Gyarmati, János, and András Varga 1999 The Chacaras of War:An Inka State Estate in the Cochabamba Valley, Bolivia. Translated by Magdalena Seleanu. Museum of Ethnography, Budapest.
36. Hayashida, Frances M. 1998 New Insights into Inka Pottery Production. In Andean Ceramics: Technology, Organization, and Approaches, edited by Izumi Shimada, pp. 313-338. MASCA Research Papers, Vol. 15 supplement. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
37. 1999 Style, Technology, and Administered Production: The Manufacture of Inka Pottery in the Leche Valley, Peru. Latin American Antiquity 10:1-16.
38. 2003 Leyendo el registro arqueológico del dominio inka:Reflexiones desde la costa none del Perú. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 7:305-331.
39. Hayashida, Frances, Werner Häusler, Josef Riederer, and Ursel Wagner2003 Technology and Organization of Inka Pottery Production in the Leche Valley. Part II: Study of Fired Vessels. Hyperfine Interactions 150:153-163.
40. Helsley, Anne M. 1980 Excavations at Cerro Tambo Real, Lambayeque, Peru.Unpublished B.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton.
41. Heyerdahl, Thor, Daniel H. Sandweiss, and Alfredo Narváez 1995 The Pyramids of Túcume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City. Thames and Hudson, New York.
42. Hocquenghem, Anne-Marie 1998 Para vencer la muerte: Piura y Tumbes, raíces en el bosque seco y en la selva alta - horizontes en el Pacífico y en la Amazonia. Travaux de l'Institut Franç aisd'Études Andines 109. Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Lima.
43. Huertas Vallejos, Lorenzo 1987 Ecología e historia. Probanzas deindios y españoles referentes a las catastróficas lluvias en 1578, en los corregimientos de Trujillo y Saña. CES Solidaridad, Chiclayo.
44. Hunt, Eva, and Robert C. Hunt 1974 Irrigation, Conflict and Politics: AMexican Case. In Irrigation's Impact on Society, edited by Theodore E. Downingand McGuire Gibson, pp. 127-158. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 25. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
45. Hunt, Robert C. 1988 Size and Structure of Authority in Canal Irrigation Systems. Journal of Anthropological Research 44:335-355.
46. Janusek, John W., and Alan L. Kolata 2004 Top-down or Bottom-up: Rural Settlement and Raised Fields Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23:404-430.
47. Julien, Catherine J. 1998 Coca Production on the Inca Frontier: The Yungas of Chuquioma. Andean Past 5:129-160.
48. Keatinge, Richard W. 1974 Chimu Rural Adminstrative Centres in the Moche Valley, Peru. World Archaeology 6:66-82.
49. 1975 Urban Settlement Systems and Rural Sustaining Communities: AnExample from Chan Chan's Hinterland. Journal of Field Archaeology 2:215-227.
50. Keatinge, Richard W., and Geoffrey W. Conrad 1983 Imperialist Expansionin Peruvian Prehistory: Chimú Administration of a Conquered Territory.Journal of Field Archaeology 10:255-283.
51. Keatinge, Richard W., and Kent C. Day 1973 Socio-Economic Organization ofthe Moche Valley, Peru during the Chimu Occupation of Chan Chan. Journal of Anthropological Research 29:275-295.
52. Kelly, William W. 1983 Concepts in the Anthropological Study of Irrigation. American Anthropologist 85:880-886.
53. Kolata, Alan L. 1990 The Urban Concept of Chan Chan. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by Michael E. Moseley and Alana Cordy-Collins, pp. 107-144. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
54. Kolata, Alan L., Michael W. Binford, Mark Brenner, John W. Janusek and Charles Ortloff 2000 Environmental Thresholds and the Empirical Reality of State Collapse: A Response to Erickson (1999). Antiquity 74:424-426.
55. Kosok, Paul 1965 Life, Land and Water in Ancient Peru. Long Island University Press, New York.
56. Kus, James S. 1972 Selected Aspects of Irrigated Agriculture in the Chimu Heartland, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles.
57. 1980 La agriculture estatal en la costa norte del Perú. América Indigena 40:713-729.
58. 1984 The Chicama-Moche Canal: Failure or Success? An Alternative Explanation for an Incomplete Canal. American Antiquity 49:408-415.
59. La Lone, Mary B., and Darrell E. La Lone 1987 The Inka State in the Southern Highlands: State Administrative and Production Enclaves. Ethnohistory34:47-62.
60. Lansing, J. Stephen 1991 Priests and Programmers: Technologies of Powerin the Engineered Landscape of Bali. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
61. Lansing, J. Stephen, and James N. Kremer 1993 Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temple Networks: Coadaptation on a Rugged Fitness Landscape.American Anthropologist 95:97-114.
62. Mackey, Carol J. 1987 Chimu Administration in the Provinces. In The Origins and Development of the Andean State, edited by Jonathan Haas, Shelia Pozorski, and Thomas Pozorski, pp. 121-129. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
63. 2003 La Transformación socioeconómica de Farfán bajoel gobierno Inka. Boletin de Arqueología PUCP 7:321-353.
64. Mackey, Carol J., and A. M. Ulana Klymyshyn 1990 The Southern Frontier ofthe Chimu Empire. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by Michael E. Moseley and Alana Cordy-Collins, pp. 195-226. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
65. Mitchell, William P. 1973 The Hydraulic Hypothesis: A Reappraisal.Current Anthropology 14:532-534.
66. 1975 Irrigation and Community in the Central Peruvian Highlands. American Anthropologist 78:25-44.
67. Moore, Jerry D. 1988 Prehistoric Raised Field Agriculture in the Casma Valley, Peru. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:265-276.
68. 1991 Cultural Responses to Environmental Catastrophes: Post-El NiñoSubsistence on the Prehistoric North Coast of Peru. Latin American Antiquity2:27-47.
69. 1996a The Archaeology of Plazas and the Proxemics of Ritual. American Anthropologist 98:789-802.
70. 1996b Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Archaeology of Public Buildings. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. Moseley, Michael E. 1983 The Good Old Days Were Better: Agrarian Collapseand Tectonics. American Anthropologist 85:773-799.
72. Moseley, Michael E., and Kent C. Day (editors) 1982 Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
73. Moseley, Michael E., and Eric Deeds 1982 The Land in front of Chan Chan:Agrarian Expansion, Reform, and Collapse in the Moche Valley. In Chan Chan:Andean Desert City, edited by Michael E. Moseley and Kent C. Day, pp. 25-54.University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
74. Moseley, Michael E., Robert A. Feldman, Charles R. Ortloff, and Alfredo Narváez 1983 Principles of Agrarian Collapse in the Cordillera Negra, Peru. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 52:299-327.
75. Murra, John V. 1980 The Economic Organization of the Inca State. Researchin Economic Anthropology, Supplement 1. JAI Press, Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut.
76. 1991 Visita de los valles de Sonqo en los yunka de coca de La Paz(1568-1570). Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana, Madrid.
77. Narváez, Alfredo and Ana Maria Hoyle 1985 Evidencia inca en Chan Chan. Boletín del INC Departamental de La Libertad 1:51-61.
78. Netherly, Patricia J. 1984 The Management of Late Andean Irrigation Systems on the North Coast of Peru. American Antiquity 49:227-254.
79. 1988 From Event to Process: The Recovery of Late Andean Organizational Structure by the Means of Spanish Colonial Written Records. In Peruvian Prehistory, edited by Richard W. Keatinge, pp. 257-275. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
80. 1990 Out of Many, One: The Organization of Rule on the North Coast of Peru. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by Michael E. Moseley and Alana Cordy-Collins, pp. 461-687. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
81. 1993 The Nature of the Andean State. In Configurations of Power: Holistic Anthropology in Theory and Practice, edited by John S. Henderson and Patricia J. Netherly, pp. 11-35. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
82. Nolan, James L. 1980 Prehispanic Irrigation and Polity in the Lambayeque Sphere. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
83. Nordt, Lee, Frances Hayashida, C. Thomas Hallmark, and Corey Crawford2004 Late Prehistoric Soil Fertility and Agricultural Production in Northwest Coastal Peru. Geoarchaeology 19:21-46.
84. Ortloff, Charles R. 1993 Chimu Hydraulics Technology and Statecraft onthe North Coast of Peru, A.D. 1000-1470. In Economic Aspects of Water Managementin the Prehispanic New World, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and Barry L.Isaac, pp. 327-367. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 7. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.
85. 1995 Surveying and Hydraulic Engineering of the Pre-Columbian Chimú State: A.D. 900-1450. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5:55-74.
86. Ortloff, Charles R., Robert A. Feldman, and Michael E. Moseley 1985Hydraulic Engineering and Historical Aspects of the Pre-Columbian Intravalley Canal Systems of the Moche Valley, Peru. Journal of Field Archaeology 12:77-98.
87. Ortloff, Charles R., Michael E. Moseley, and Robert A. Feldman 1982Hydraulic Engineering Aspects of the Chimu Chicama-Moche Intervalley Canal.American Antiquity 47:572-595.
88. Ostrom, Elinor, Joanna Burger, Christopher B. Field, Richard B. Norgaard, and David Policansky 1999 Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges. Science 284:279-282.
89. Pichón, Francisco J., Jorge E. Uquillas, and John Frechione(editors) 1999 Traditional and Modern Natural Resource Management in Latin America. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
90. Pozorski, Thomas 1987 Changing Priorities within the Chimu State: The Role of Irrigation Agriculture. In The Origins and Development of the Andean State, edited by Jonathan Haas, Shelia Pozorski, and Thomas Pozorski, pp.111-120. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
91. Pozorski, Thomas, and Shelia Pozorski 1982 Reassessing the Chicama-Moche Intervalley Canal: Comments on "Hydraulic Engineering Aspects of the Chimu Chicama-Moche Intervalley Canal." American Antiquity 47:851-868.
92. Pozorski, Thomas, Shelia Pozorski, Carol J. Mackey, and Alexandra M.Ulana Klymyshyn 1983 Pre-Hispanic Ridged Fields of the Casma Valley, Peru. The Geographical Review 73:407-416.
93. Ramírez, Susan 1990 The Inca Conquest of the North Coast: AHistorian's View. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and Alana Cordy-Collins, pp. 507-538. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
94. 1996 The World Upside Down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
95. Rodríguez Suy Suy, Víctor Antonio 1970 Irrigació nprehistórica en el valle de Moche. In Actas y memorias del XXXIX Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, pp. 1-26. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.
96. Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, María 1988a Historia del Tahuantinsuyu. Historia Andina No. 13. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.
97. 1988b Conflicts over Coca Fields in XVIth-Century Peru. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology No. 21. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.
98. Rowe, John Howland 1948 The Kingdom of Chimor. Acta Americana 6:26-59.
99. Sandweiss, Daniel H. 1995 Cultural Background and Regional History. In The Pyramids of Túcume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City, edited by Thor Heyerdahl, Daniel H. Sandweiss, and Alfredo Narváez, pp. 56-78.Thames and Hudson, New York.
100. Scarborough, Vernon L. 2003 The Flow of Power: Ancient Water Systems and Landscapes. School of American Research, Santa Fe.
101. Schaedel, Richard P. 1951 Major Ceremonial and Population Centers in Northern Peru. In The Civilizations of Ancient America, edited by Sol Tax, pp.232-243. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
102. Sherbondy, Jeanette 1987 The Incaic Organization of Terraced Irrigationin Cuzco, Perú. In Pre-Hispanic Agricultural Fields in the Andean Region, edited by William M. Denevan, K. Mathewson, and Gregory Knapp, pp. 365-371. BARInternational Series 359. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
103. 1992 Water and Power: The Role of Irrigation Districts in the Transitionfrom Inca to Spanish Cuzco. In Irrigation at High Altitudes: The Social Organization of Water Control in the Andes, edited by William P. Mitchell and David W. Guillet, pp. 69-98. Society for Latin American Anthropology Publication Series, No. 12. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.
104. Shimada, Izumi 1981 The Batán Grande-La Leche Archaeological Project: The First Two Seasons. Journal of Field Archaeology 8:405-446.
105. 1982 Horizontal Archipelago and Coast-Highland Interaction in North Peru:Archaeological Models. Senri Ethnological Studies 10:137-209.
106. 1994 Pampa Grande and the Mochica Culture. University of Texas Press, Austin.
107. 2000 The Late Prehispanic Coastal States. In The Inca World: The Development of Pre-Columbian Peru A.D. 1000-1543, edited by Laura Laurencich Minelli, pp. 49-110. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
108. Shimada, Izumi, and R. Cavallaro 1986 Monumental Adobe Architecture ofthe Late Prehispanic Northern North Coast. Journal de la Sociétédes Américanistes 71:41-78.
109. Shimada, Izumi, Stephen M. Epstein, and Alan K. Craig 1982 BatánGrande: A Prehistoric Metallurgical Center in Peru. Science 216:952-959.
110. Sidky, H. 1996 Irrigation and State Formation in Hunza. University Pressof America, Lanham, Maryland.
111. Stanish, Charles 1994 The Hydraulic Hypothesis Revisited: Lake Titicaca Basin Raised Fields in Theoretical Perspective. Latin American Antiquity5:312-332.
112. Téllez, Sandra, and Frances Hayashida 2004 Campos de cultivosprehispánicos en la Pampa de Chaparrí. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 8:373-390.
113. Topic, John 1990 Craft production in the Kingdom of Chimor. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by Michael E.Moseley and Alana Cordy-Collins, pp. 145-176. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
114. Trawick, Paul B. 2001 Successfully Governing the Commons: Principles of Social Organization in an Andean Irrigation System. Human Ecology 29:1-25.
115. 2003 Against the Privatization of Water: An Indigenous Model for Improving Existing Laws and Successfully Governing the Commons. World Development 31:977-996.
116. Treacy, John M. 1994 Las chacras de Coporaque: andenería y riegoen el valle del Colca. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.
117. Tschauner, Hartmut 2001 Socioeconomic and Political Organization in the Late Prehispanic Lambayeque Sphere, Northern North Coast of Peru. Ph.D.dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
118. Wachtel, Nathan 1982 The Mitimas of the Cochabamba Valley: The Colonization Policy of Huayna Capac. In The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D. Wirth, pp. 199-235.Academic Press, New York.
119. Walker, John H. 2004 Agricultural Change in the Bolivian Amazon.University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology No. 13, Pittsburgh.
120. Wilkinson, Tony J. 2003 Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East.University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
121. Wilson, David 1988 Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Lower Santa Valley, Peru: A Regional Perspective on the Origins and Development of Complex North Coast Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
122. Wittfogel, Karl A. 1957 Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Yokoyama, Reiko, Ryozo Matsumoto, and Lucénida Carrión S.
123. 1999 Socio-Cultural Development and Metalworking in the Late Intermediate Chongoyape Region: Excavavations at the Site of Campamento de Paredones, North Peru. América Antigua 2:1-38.
124. Zevallos Quiñones, Jorge 1975 La visita del pueblo de Ferreñafe (Lambayeque) en 1568. Historia y Cultura 9:155-178.
125. Zimmerer, Karl S. 2000 Rescaling Irrigation in Latin America: The Cultural Images and Political Ecology of Water Sources. Ecumene 7:150-175.